Model Of Perfectionism Research Articles

Develop a Model of Perfectionism for Abnormal Personality Traits

Introduction: Perfectionism is a psychological issue that psychologists have studied extensively. Research shows that perfectionism can either enhance or hinder performance. Aim: The purpose of this research was to develop a model of perfectionism for abnormal personality traits. Method: This study utilized a mixed exploratory approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative phase involved 20 university experts knowledgeable about perfectionism in sports, with the sample size reaching theoretical saturation. The quantitative phase included 232 players from the national team's training camps, selected through convenience sampling. Using the onion research method, a model of perfectionism for abnormal personality traits in national team players was developed based on interviews and expert input. A 10-component questionnaire was created from this model. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software were used to test relationships within the model. Results: The research yielded a model of perfectionism for abnormal personality traits in national team players, consisting of components such as negativity, expectations of others, coach criticism, self-control, individual standards, positivism, striving for excellence, fear of failure, and performance doubts. Conclusion: The results suggest that perfectionism significantly influences players' attitudes and behaviors, particularly in relation to abnormal personality traits.

PERFECTIONISM IN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

The paper presents the results of a study of the relationship between the components of psychological well-being and perfectionism in students. Psychological well-being is a basic subjective construct that expresses a person’s perception and assessment of their functioning, taking into account the existing capabilities. Perfectionism is considered as a personal characteristic that may influence the overall and professional development of students. The description of the internal structure of perfectionism is based on a three-dimensional model of perfectionism developed by Paul L. Hewitt and Gordon Flett.

Perfectionism, Feelings of Not Mattering, and Suicide Ideation: An Integrated Test of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model and the Existential Model of Perfectionism

The Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model (PSDM) and the Existential Model of Perfectionism and Depressive Symptoms (EMPDS) are promising models of perfectionism and psychopathology. However, research examining suicide ideation within the PSDM is scarce, and no research has examined suicide ideation as an outcome in the EMPDS. Moreover, tests of the PSDM and EMPDS have been conducted separately and most research has examined the PSDM and EMPDS using cross-sectional or two-wave longitudinal designs, which do not provide a satisfactory test of mediation. In the current study, we addressed these limitations by testing whether perfectionism confers vulnerability to suicide ideation via feelings of mattering and anti-mattering (from the PSDM) and via difficulty accepting the past (from the EMPDS) in a three-wave longitudinal design in two independent samples of undergraduate students and community adults. Participants completed measures on three occasions over 6 weeks. Findings revealed that socially prescribed perfectionism indirectly predicted suicide ideation via difficulty accepting the past in both samples. In addition, in the undergraduate sample only, socially prescribed perfectionism indirectly predicted higher suicide ideation via anti-mattering, and self-oriented perfectionism indirectly predicted higher suicide ideation via mattering. Based on our findings, we advocate for future research to include suicide ideation in the PSDM and EMPDS, to integrate explanatory models, and to examine a mattering-specific EMPDS.

Exploring and Evaluating the Two-Factor Model of Perfectionism in Sport

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality trait with two higher-order dimensions; perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. The purpose of the present study was to explore and evaluate the two-factor model for the first time using three instruments developed to measure perfectionism in sport. In doing so, we (i) assessed the fit of two-factor models when including and excluding various contentious subscales (other-oriented perfectionism, parental pressure, coach pressure, organisation, and negative reactions to imperfection) and (ii) compared two-factor models to alternative one-factor (or unidimensional) models. Participants were recruited from community and university sports clubs in the UK ( N = 527; M age = 18.07 years, SD = 0.49) and completed the Sport-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2, the Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport, and the Performance Perfectionism Scale-Sport. Support was found for the two-factor model, with superior fit displayed each time the aforementioned subscales were excluded and, in all cases, when compared to a unidimensional model. The findings suggest that the two-factor model is an adequate representation of the underlying structure of instruments designed to measure perfectionism in sport with better fit and conceptual clarity offered by more parsimonious models.

A test of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism with perceived distress, cognitive emotion regulation, and perfectionist cognitions

Based on within-person combinations of self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP), the 2 × 2 model asserts four personality subtypes: Non-Perfectionism, Pure SOP, Pure SPP, and Mixed Perfectionism. We tested whether these subtypes can be distinctively associated with perceived distress, cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies, and perfectionist cognitions. Results of multiple regressions with 213 adults (72.8% female, M = 34.07, SD = 12.04 years old) revealed that Pure SOP (compared with Non-Perfectionism) and Mixed Perfectionism (compared with Pure SPP) perceived similar levels of distress but reported more perfectionist cognitions and both adaptive and maladaptive CER strategies. The two subtypes associated with high SPP reported less adaptive CER strategies than the Pure SOP and Non-Perfectionism. The presence of the SOP facet did not mitigate the detrimental effects of the SPP facet on negative outcomes. On the contrary, the SOP facet seems to have a positive influence on the adoption of adaptive CER strategies and helps attenuate the detrimental effects of the SPP. Studies about the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism should focus on comparing the predicted values between each subtype of perfectionism.

Grades of university and college students decrease during the transition from high school to tertiary education: a latent change analysis of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism

Academic performance tends to deteriorate during the transition from high school to post-secondary education. In this study, our goal was to investigate whether the degree of this performance deterioration differs across the four subtypes of perfectionism from the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. Samples of 392 university students and 946 college students completed a perfectionism questionnaire. Their high school and first semester grades were obtained through the office of the registrar. Results of latent change analyses revealed that the grades of students decreased during the transition to university (–12%) and college (–4%). The four subtypes of perfectionism were associated with a different degree of performance deterioration and supported the four hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. Both university and college students with pure socially prescribed perfectionism experienced the strongest decrease in academic performance and should be closely monitored during their transition into post-secondary education.

A conditional process model of perfectionism, goal-realization, and post-competition mood

Research has recently begun to examine the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and athletes’ post-competition mood. However, to date, there have been few attempts to examine the interaction between dimensions of perfectionism or model possible explanatory processes. To address these limitations, in the current study we tested a novel conditional process model whereby the relationship between perfectionistic strivings and post-competition affect was mediated by the degree to which goals were considered to have been met (goal-realization) and that this indirect effect was, in turn, moderated by levels of perfectionistic concerns. We tested this model in a sample of 251 athletes who took part in a “Runmageddon” event - a cross-country obstacle race. Athletes completed measures of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns) before the race and measures of goal-realization and mood (tense arousal, energetic arousal, and hedonic tone) between 24 and 48 h after the race. Analyses revealed that perfectionistic strivings were indirectly linked to a more unpleasant post-competition mood (higher tense arousal and lower hedonic tone) via perceptions of lower goal-realization. In addition, these two indirect effects were statistically significant only when perfectionistic concerns were medium and high. The results support the proposed conditional model and suggest the interplay between dimensions of perfectionism is important for athletes’ post-competition mood, and the level of perfectionistic concerns, especially.

Perfectionism and performance in a trail running competition: a prospective study of the interactive effects of perfectionism

ABSTRACT Several studies explored the links between perfectionism and sport performance. However, only a few studies examined this relationship in the context of real sport competition and with a focus on the possible interactive effects of the dimensions of perfectionism. The present study aimed to investigate whether the two higher-order dimensions of perfectionism – perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns – interact in predicting performance in mountain trail running competitions. 167 athletes (54 females, 113 males) aged 19 to 65 (M = 39.32, SD = 9.35) completed measures of perfectionism in the week prior to the competition. Regression analyses revealed that perfectionistic strivings were a positive predictor of the runners’ performance while perfectionistic concerns showed no significant associations with performance. However, a more in-depth exploration within the framework of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism showed that the beneficial effects of high perfectionistic strivings are no longer significant when accompanied by high levels of perfectionistic concerns. These results support the notion that perfectionistic concerns may be detrimental to sport performance even if their overall, direct effects are not significant, adding first evidence of the existence of standard but also flipped perfectionistic tipping points in the context of sport performance.

Does social perfectionism foster electronic cheating behavior among budding hospitality managers? A moderated mediation analysis

Technology has contributed to the contemporary educational system in many folds. However, the dark side of technology on behavior also needs to be addressed. This study aims to explore electronic cheating behaviors among budding hospitality managers. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, the stress generation model of perfectionism, and the self-protection model of cheating behavior, two studies were conducted to examine our model. Study 1 was conducted among 664 hospitality and tourism students in three waves and Study 2 was conducted using the 239 student-teacher dyad samples to validate the results of Study 1. The findings supported the association between social perfectionism and e-cheating behavior mediated via mental stress. Family support and academic overload act as moderators. The study advances the theory and practice by highlighting the maladaptive side of social perfectionism and the ever-increasing pernicious epidemic of cheating among hospitality and tourism students.

Striving for a perfect flow: Testing the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism in trail runners

Flow pertains to the state of the total absorption in the present activity, intense focus, concentration, and enjoyment, accompanied by a loss of reflective consciousness. Previous studies pointed out flow as an indissoluble part of physical activity, helpful in fostering and maintaining autonomous motivation in professional and amateur sport. In the present study, within the framework of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism, we investigated the relationships between two higher-order dimensions of perfectionism - personal standards (PSP) and evaluative concerns (ECP) and dispositional flow. In an online survey study, we collected data from 206 trail runners (63 females, 143 males), aged between 18 and 65 (M = 39.15, SD = 9.19), who took part in the European Running Festival (a competitive trail running event). Our results showed that flow was positively associated with PSP and negatively associated with ECP. Furthermore, the results provide seminal evidence in support of the 2 × 2 model in relation to flow in sport. With H1a and H2–H4 hypotheses of the model all being supported the model indicates that for achieving the most frequent flow pure PSP is the most beneficial, while pure ECP is the least beneficial.

The influence of technology affordance on addictive use in MMOGs: from the perspective of virtual-domain perfectionism

PurposeThe rise and popularity of digitalization have made the addictive use in the virtual world more common, which has aroused wide attention from academia and public. Uncovering the underlying mechanism of addictive use is essential to address this serious issue.Design/methodology/approachBy utilizing the context of massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs), this study developed virtual-domain perfectionism of seeking excellence and avoiding failure from the dual process model of perfectionism and identified four affordances in MMOGs from the perspective of technology affordance. The authors surveyed 302 valid samples in MMOGs to empirically test the research model.FindingsThe results demonstrate that two processes of virtual-domain perfectionism influence addictive use positively in MMOGs. Technology affordances perform as the antecedents of virtual-domain perfectionism and conduct distinct impacts in MMOGs. Specifically, affordances of interaction and identity are positively related to virtual-domain perfectionism, while achievement affordance is unrelated to virtual-domain perfectionism. Immersion affordance is positively related to virtual-domain perfectionism of seeking excellence and negatively associated with virtual-domain perfectionism of avoiding failure.Originality/valueThis study identified virtual-domain perfectionism and specific MMOGs affordances. The research model provides insights into addictive use in MMOGs by leveraging context and combining lenses. Research findings help elucidate the role of virtual-domain perfectionism on the addictive use from MMOGs affordances with the corresponding technical features.

Revisiting Perfectionism in High-Level Ballet: A Longitudinal Collective Instrumental Case Study

Using a case study design, we explored two ballet dancers’ perfectionism experiences via interviews and questionnaires at two time points 5 years apart. They represented the two types of “pure perfectionism” in the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism: a female representing pure personal standards perfectionism (high perfectionistic strivings, low perfectionistic concerns) and a male representing pure evaluative concerns perfectionism (low perfectionistic strivings, high perfectionistic concerns). The pure personal standards perfectionism dancer reported stable perfectionism across time, seemingly resilient to any perfectionistic concerns developing. She attributed this to her stable, grounded personality, also reporting autonomous motivation and performance success. The dancer representing pure evaluative concerns perfectionism reported increased perfectionistic strivings and lowered perfectionistic concerns over time; concurrently, his motivation became less controlled and more autonomous. He described the reasons in terms of improved basic psychological needs satisfaction and personal growth. Overall, autonomy might be important in mitigating perfectionism.

Be Prosocial My Friend: The Social Disconnection Model of Perfectionism in Adolescents Immersed in Competitive Sport.

The aim of the present study is to explore the relationships between cognitive-behavioral patterns of perfectionism in the context of competitive sport and both prosociality and aggressiveness in a sample of adolescents competing in federated sports. A cross-sectional and non-randomized study was designed using a selective methodology on a sample of adolescents (N = 234) competing in federated sports. Scales to assess aggressiveness, perfectionism, prosocial behavior, and competitiveness were administrated. The results show that as age increases, prosocial behaviors increase and aggressive behaviors and competitiveness decrease, while there was no one significant perfectionist tendency. Competitiveness showed a direct relationship with aggressive (positive) and prosocial behaviors (negative). Self-oriented perfectionistic behavior showed a direct and significant relationship with prosocial behaviors, but no significant relationship with aggressive responses. As P-SP and P-OD tendencies increased, significantly smaller links were shown with prosocial behaviors, but greater links were shown with aggressive behaviors. A path (mediation) model showed a positive and predictive relationship with aggressive behaviors and a negative relationship with prosocial altruistic behaviors. The negative influence of criticism from significant figures in their environment and unrealistic expectations about their performance are relevant to difficulties in self-regulating social relationships in adolescents. Hence, it is a challenge to promote prosocial resources (as a protective value for aggressive behaviors) in the face of the early angst of young athletes, who put their maturity to the test under conditions of high pressure and demands. The present study continues to reinforce the line drawn on perfectionism and prosocial development in young people in sports contexts where young people, measured early on according to their performance, can accentuate and deepen competitive tendencies that alter their adaptive and self-regulatory capacities, as well as their psychosocial projection.

Health Research in the Time of Covid-19: A Reflection

I am a PhD candidate in the ESRC Doctoral Training Partnership at the University of Leicester and my research is focused on how perfectionism and self-compassion affect the health and quality of life of people living with a successful kidney transplant. In March 2020, I was in the process of designing my PhD studies and applying for ethical approval when the pandemic hit, plunging the UK into a national lockdown which Leicester, in particular, did not emerge from for over a year. I have written this article to talk about the changes that this meant I had to make to my research, both in terms of the studies that I planned and the recruitment and data collection methods I employed.My PhD consists of three studies: 1) A validation of a scale of intuitive eating for use with kidney transplant recipients; 2) A systematic review of the psychometric properties of that scale; and 3) A quantitative test of a theoretical model of perfectionism in illness within the context of kidney transplant recipients. The systematic review is the only planned study that was not affected by the pandemic; the other studies required significant changes to ensure they remained feasible.

The Role of Self-Compassion Among Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionists in University Students

Using the tripartite model of perfectionism that accounts for combined characteristics of the Perfectionistic Strivings and Perfectionistic Concerns dimensions, this study explored the mediating role of self-compassion to explain differences between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionists in four psychological distress domains: depression, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and academic distress. A sample of 3,112 university students were classified into adaptive, maladaptive, and nonperfectionists. Results of mediation analyses comparing adaptive and maladaptive perfectionists indicated that adaptive perfectionists reported significantly greater self-compassion and lower psychological distress levels in all four areas. Self-compassion significantly mediated the associations between perfectionist groups in all four domains. These findings were largely supported across various ethnic and international student groups in the analyses by subgroups. Furthermore, parallel mediation analyses demonstrated the unique contributions of individual self-compassion subscales as mediators. Implications for clinical practice, training, and future research are discussed.

Group dynamic-relational therapy for perfectionism.

The interest in treating underlying core vulnerability factors or transdiagnostic processes has been a focus of much attention. In this paper we describe our application of group dynamic-relational psychotherapy to the treatment of perfectionism, a core personality vulnerability factor associated with various forms and types of dysfunction and disorders that have profound costs to the individual both socially and subjectively. Over the course of the past three decades, we developed an evidence-based integrative group treatment that targets the psychodynamic and relational underpinnings of perfectionism. The treatment is based on an integration of psychodynamic and interpersonal perspectives and therapeutic approaches. In this paper we present our model of perfectionism and describe our group dynamic-relational therapy for the treatment of its pernicious outcomes. By drawing on illustrative case material, we describe the approach as applied to one such group as it progresses through four phases of group development that we have termed engagement and pseudo attachment, pattern interruption, self-redefinition/painful authenticity, and termination. Finally, we present some of the accumulating evidence of the effectiveness and efficacy of dynamic-relational therapy.

A Model of Perfectionism, Moral Disengagement, Altruism, and Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors in Wheelchair Athletes.

Two forms of perfectionism were examined in the present study to see whether they predicted prosocial and antisocial behaviors in sport through moral disengagement and altruism in a sample of 327 wheelchair basketball and rugby athletes (M = 33.57years, SD = 10.51; 83% male). Using structural equation modeling, the following significant direct and indirect effects were found. First, perfectionistic strivings positively predicted perceived prosocial behaviors and altruism. Second, perfectionistic concerns negatively predicted altruism and prosocial behaviors and positively predicted moral disengagement. Third, antisocial behaviors were positively predicted by moral disengagement and altruism. Furthermore, perfectionistic concerns indirectly predicted antisocial behaviors positively through moral disengagement and negatively through altruism. Finally, perfectionistic strivings positively predicted antisocial behaviors through altruism. Results provided partial support for the role of perfectionism in predicting prosocial and antisocial behaviors through moral disengagement among athletes with a disability.

Perfectionism, athlete burnout, and engagement: A five-month longitudinal test of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism

Several studies have examined the associations between perfectionism, athlete burnout, and engagement. However, only one study investigated the interplay between personal standards and evaluative concerns perfectionism in predicting changes in athlete burnout over time. Whether the two dimensions of perfectionism interact to predict changes in sport engagement remains unknown. Thus, we used the framework of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism to investigate these effects in a sample of 173 athletes (85 females, 88 males, aged 18 to 39, M = 27.47, SD = 6.11) in two waves, five months apart. Personal standards perfectionism predicted decreases in all symptoms of burnout, except devaluation, and an increase in only one subscale of engagement - dedication. Contrastingly, evaluative concerns perfectionism predicted increases in two symptoms of burnout - exhaustion and reduced sense of accomplishment and decreases in all subscales of engagement. The findings suggest that the paths to alleviating negative and magnifying positive experiences in sport may not be fully aligned, thus different interventions may be most effective depending on the specific aim and athletes' individual profile of perfectionism.

A re-examination of the 2x2 model of perfectionism, burnout, and engagement in sports

Studies examining perfectionism, engagement and burnout in sport have produced different levels of support for the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. One explanation for why this is so is that researchers have used different measures of perfectionism when testing the hypotheses. To determine whether this is the case, in the current study we retested the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model for engagement and burnout using different measures of perfectionism. A sample of 401 adult athletes from various sports and levels completed measures of athlete engagement and burnout, along with two measures of perfectionism. Moderated regression analyses revealed that support for the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model did indeed differ depending on the measure of perfectionism. This was evident for both burnout (emotional and physical exhaustion and reduced sense of accomplishment) and engagement (dedication and vigor). The findings are aligned with similar work that has found differences in support for the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model when using other measures of perfectionism for engagement and, importantly, provide the first evidence that this extends to athlete burnout. Researchers will need to consider the influence of the measures of perfectionism used when interpreting, comparing, and summarising future research on the 2 × 2 model for these and other outcomes.

Healthy and Unhealthy Dimensions of Perfectionism: Perfectionism and Mental Health in Hungarian Adults

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality trait that may covary with both negative and positive indices of mental health. Different components of perfectionism might be associated in different ways with positive and negative aspects of mental health. However, past studies tended to focus only on one covariate at a time. This study aimed to test the association between domains of perfectionism to both positive (self-esteem, wellbeing) and negative mental health indices (narcissism and psychological distress) while testing the structural validity of the Short Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale in a large non-English speaking community-based sample in Hungary. A total of 4,340 participants (49.3% male) took part in an online survey that included Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, World Health Organization Wellbeing Index-5, and parts of Brief Symptoms Inventory-18. Using structural equation modelling analyses, we confirmed the three-dimensional model of perfectionism in our community sample. In the multivariate analyses, all perfectionism factors were related to narcissism. Furthermore, only socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with low self-esteem and lower wellbeing; however, both socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism were associated with higher psychological distress. Our findings supported the notion that different domains of perfectionism correlate to mental health indices differently, indicating that socially prescribed perfectionism may be the harmful component of perfectionism.