Model Of Human Foot Research Articles

The Synthesis of Soil Resistivity and EMF of underground Cable combined with 3-D Electromagnetic Field Study in Analyzing the Grounding Touch

The earthing analysis is proposed in this paper. The effects of 3-D electromagnetic field and the influences of stray currentare considered in the text simultaneously. The activity in the high-voltage environment is risky of being injured by electricshock. The safety of personnel in and around electric power the installations has been a prime concern. Specially, the safety isgenerally in terms of the allowable touch and step voltages. These voltages are related to the earthing resistance of human foot.I ofn order to increase the safety of personnel, a high resistivity surface layer of gravel is normally existed in the substationswitchyards or other high voltage areas. The thickness of this layer will affect the calculation of the earthing resistance ofhuman foot. Thus, the effect of soil resistivity will be considered in this paper. Among them, the electromagnetic field andhumidity factors are also considered in this paper. As a result, the surface layer of gravel can be used to reduce the earthingresistance of human foot. The equivalent model of human foot was modeled by the circular plate conductor in the past. Whichconsider the beauty of the environment, most of the transmission lines are in the surface, so the transmission line generated bythe discrete current will affect the earthing resistance estimation, thus the proposed paper will consider the composition of thespecial function which is the mathematical calculus popularized by the basic theorem of calculus. On the other hand, the dampingredients, temperatures, and soil resistivity on the surface will also be considered in this paper. This paper research into theproposed method for estimating the earthing resistance of human foot and proposes an equivalent model for calculating thegrounding resistance of human foot. The comparisons of the method are also shown in this paper.

Finite element analysis of the foot: Stress and displacement shielding

The foot is at the base of the antigravity control system (postural or equilibrium system) that allows the man to assume the upright posture and to move in the space. This podalic cohesion is achieved by the capsulo-ligamentous and aponeurotic formations to which are added the muscular formations with functions of “active ligaments” and postural. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of human foot was developed using the real foot skeleton and soft tissue geometry, obtained from the 3D reconstruction of MR images. The plantar fascia and the other main ligaments were simulated using truss elements connected with the bony surfaces. Bony parts and ligaments were encapsulated into a skin of soft tissues, imposing a linear elastic behavior of material in the first case and the hyperelastic law in the second. The model was tested by applying a load of 350 N on the top of the talus and the reaction force applied on the Achilles tendon equal to 175 N acting, and putting it in contact with a rigid wall. The results evidence that the most stressed areas, localized around the calcaneus following a trajectory that includes the cuboid and spreading into metatarsals and first phalanges. The foot is a “spatial” structure perfectly designed to absorb and displace the forces, brought back to the infinite planes of the space.

Application of the Green’s Function in Attenuation Factor to Solve the Status of Human Health on the Earth

The activity in the high-voltage environment is at risk of being injured by electric shock. The safety of personnel in and around electric power installations has been a prime concern. Specifically, this safety is generally in terms of the allowable touch and step voltages. These voltages are related to the ground resistance of human foot. In order to increase the safety of personnel, a high resistivity surface layer of gravel normally exists in the substation switchyards or other high-voltage areas. The thickness of this layer will affect the calculation of the ground resistance of human foot. Among them, the electromagnetic field and humidity factors are also considered in this paper. As a result, the surface layer of gravel can be used to reduce the earthing resistance of human foot. The equivalent model of human foot was modeled by the circular plate conductor in the past, which considered the beauty of the environment. Most of the transmission lines are in the surface, so the transmission line generated by the discrete current will affect the earthing resistance estimation. Thus, the proposed paper will consider the composition of the Green’s function which is the mathematical calculus popularized by the basic theorem of calculus. On the other hand, the damp ingredients and temperatures on the surface will also be considered in this paper. This paper researches into the proposed method for estimating the ground resistance of human foot and proposes an equivalent model for calculating the earthing resistance of human foot. A comparison of the method is also shown in this paper.

An Investigation of Grounding Resistance Estimation of Human Body by Attenuation Coefficient

It is dangerous when human are working in and around the high voltage environments. The safety of personnel in and around electric power the installations has been a prime concern. Specifically, this safety is generally in terms of the allowable touch and step voltages. These voltages are related to the ground resistance of human foot. In order to increase the safety of personnel, a high resistivity surface layer of gravel is normally existed in the substation switchyards or other high voltage areas. The thickness of this layer will affect the calculation of the ground resistance of human foot. Among them, the electromagnetic field factors are also considered in this paper. As a result, the surface layer of gravel can be used to reduce the ground resistance of human foot. The equivalent model of human foot was modeled by the circular plate conductor in the past. This paper investigates the present methods for estimating the ground resistance of human foot and proposes an equivalent model for calculating the ground resistance of human foot. A comparison of the proposed model and present methods is also shown in this paper.

Muscle-driven finite element simulation of human foot movements

This paper describes a finite element scheme for realistic muscle-driven simulation of human foot movements. The scheme is used to simulate human ankle plantar flexion. A three-dimensional anatomically detailed finite element model of human foot and lower leg is developed and the idea of generating natural foot movement based entirely on the contraction of the plantar flexor muscles is used. The bones, ligaments, articular cartilage, muscles, tendons, as well as the rest soft tissues of human foot and lower leg are included in the model. A realistic three-dimensional continuum constitutive model that describes the biomechanical behaviour of muscles and tendons is used. Both the active and passive properties of muscle tissue are accounted for. The materials for bones and ligaments are considered as homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic, whereas the articular cartilage and the rest soft tissues (mainly fat) are defined as hyperelastic materials. The model is used to estimate muscle tissue deformations as well as stresses and strains that develop in the lower leg muscles during plantar flexion of the ankle. Stresses and strains that develop in Achilles tendon during such a movement are also investigated.

An In Vivo Experimental Validation of a Computational Model of Human Foot

Reliable computational foot models offer an alternative means to enhance knowledge on the biomechanics of human foot. Model validation is one of the most critical aspects of the entire foot modeling and analysis process. This paper presents an in vivo experiment combining motion capture system and plantar pressure measure platform to validate a three-dimensional finite element model of human foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) slices for the foot modeling and the experimental data for validation were both collected from the same volunteer subject. The validated components included the comparison of static model predictions of plantar force, plantar pressure and foot surface deformation during six loading conditions, to equivalent measured data. During the whole experiment, foot surface deformation, plantar force and plantar pressure were recorded simultaneously during six different loaded standing conditions. The predictions of the current FE model were in good agreement with these experimental results.

Clinical Applications of Computational Simulation of Foot and Ankle

Summary A clear picture of the force transfer mechanism of the foot and ankle structures can help predicting the loading situation and understanding the biomechanical rationale behind different treatment plans and functional footwear designs. While it is difficult, costly or even invasive to obtain biomechanical measurements of the human body, the computational approach such as the finite element (FE) method provides an efficient and objective alternative to predict tissue deformation, interfacial pressure, joint and bone movement, internal load distribution, etc. In this paper, the clinical applications of a three-dimensional FE model of human foot and ankle developed by our research team is discussed. The model was reconstructed from magnetic resonance images, consisting of 28 bony segments, 72 ligaments and the plantar fascia embedded in a volume of encapsulated soft tissue. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate the biomechanical effects of tissue stiffness, muscular reaction, surgical and orthotic performances. The developed FE model could allow efficient evaluations of different structural and material parameters of the foot structures as well as design parameters of footwear.