Erosion Model Research Articles

Numerical Simulation of Cathode-Spot Crater and Droplet Formation with Linear and Circular Motion Process

Abstract In this paper, a three-dimensional cathode spot erosion model is proposed to study the development of cathode spot motion 
process on the surface of copper cathode. The formation and development process of cathode spots motion without external 
magnetic field is studied. In this model, energy flux density, pressure, and current value are considered as external parameters. 
The simulation results compared the cathode spot ablation trajectories and temperature distribution under different motion 
forms and motion velocities. The results indicated that during the spots expansion process, the flow of liquid metal will form a 
convex structure on the surface of the cathode and a hollow structure inside the cathode. Comparing different motion types, the 
annular motion significantly increased the roughness of the cathode surface. With the increase of the speed of spots movement, 
the interaction between the craters is significantly weakened, which will reduce the temperature and the roughness of the 
cathode surface. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results.

Evaluation of the applicability of three sediment transport capacity equations on steep colluvial slopes and their modifications

AbstractAccurate estimations of the sediment transport capacity (Tc) are essential for soil erosion modelling. However, the applicability of existing Tc equations to colluvial soils with high steep slopes and high gravel content is limited. In this study, the variation of Tc with shear stress (τ), unit stream power (P) and stream power (ω) is investigated for different slopes and flow discharge. We also evaluate the applicability of the Yalin, Govers and GUEST equations (based on τ, P and ω, respectively) for estimating Tc on steep–slope colluvial deposits. Experiments were conducted using colluvial soil in a non‐erodible rill flume. The results reveal that Tc follows a power function with τ and ω and a linear function with P. The regression results of the three hydrodynamic parameters and Tc agree with the Tc equation forms of the corresponding equations. The Yalin equation, developed based on gently sloping erodible bed conditions, simulates overall low Tc values for steep sloping non‐erodible bed conditions (P.O.0.5–2 = 42.8%). The accuracy is significantly improved by correcting the sediment transport coefficient Kt (P.O.0.5–2 = 100%). The accuracy of the Govers‐simulated Tc values under steep slope conditions, based on gentle slope conditions, decreases with increasing slope gradient (P.O.0.5–2 = 37.14%), which is attributed to the large amount of coarse‐grained sediment present in this study. Thus, we retained the original form of the equation and further improved its accuracy by adjusting the coefficients (P.O.0.5–2 = 94.29%). As Tc increases, the GUEST equation can accurately simulate Tc. The accuracy is improved by calibrating the F‐value (P.O.0.5–2 = 100%). Using dimensional analysis, the equations built based on hydraulic conditions (excess current power, shear stress, flow velocity, etc.) and median particle size can accurately simulate Tc values (P.O.0.5–2 = 100%). These findings provide a basis for the development of erosion models for avalanche deposits on steep slopes.

Estimation of Crop Residue Cover Utilizing Multiple Ground Truth Survey Techniques and Multi-Satellite Regression Models

Soil erosion within agricultural landscapes has significant environmental and economic impacts and is strongly driven by reduced residue cover in agricultural fields. Large-area soil erosion models such as the Daily Erosion Project are important tools for understanding the patterns of soil erosion, but they rely on the accurate estimation of crop residue cover over large regions to infer the tillage practices, an erosion model input. Remote sensing analyses are becoming accepted as a reliable way to estimate crop residue cover, but most use localized training datasets that may not scale well outside small study areas. An alternative source of training data may be commonly conducted tillage surveys that capture information via rapid “windshield” surveys. In this study, we utilized the Google Earth Engine to assess the utility of three crop residue survey types (windshield tillage surveys, windshield binned residue surveys, and photo analysis surveys) and one synthetic survey (retroactively binned photo analysis data) as sources of training data for crop residue cover regressions. We found that neither windshield-based survey method was able to produce reliable regressions but that they can produce reasonable distinctions between low-residue and high-residue fields. On the other hand, both photo analysis and retroactively binned photo analysis survey data were able to produce reliable regressions with r2 values of 0.57 and 0.56, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates that photo analysis surveys are the most reliable dataset to use when creating crop residue cover models, but we also acknowledge that these surveys are expensive to conduct and suggest some ways these surveys could be made more efficient in the future.

Prediction model for bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis based on musculoskeletal ultrasound and clinical risk factors

Prediction model for bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis based on musculoskeletal ultrasound and clinical risk factors

Particle-scale kinematic model for the surface erosion of granular beds

Particle-scale kinematic model for the surface erosion of granular beds

State-of-the-Art Review of Continuum Mechanics-Based Modelling of Soil Surface Erosion

AbstractSoil surface erosion can shape the morphography of rivers and estuaries in the natural environment and induce high potential risks to structures in engineering. Numerical simulations based on continuum mechanics theory can provide reliable assessments of the evolution of surface erosion from the perspective of a large-scale view. However, current studies on continuum mechanics-based modelling are still limited. This paper comprehensively reviews such numerical simulations of soil surface erosion. This review begins by discussing the fundamental physical mechanisms of surface erosion. Subsequently, it explores the basic physics-based conservation equations controlling soils and fluids in surface erosion. Then, the empirical formulae depicting the different stages of surface erosion are presented. Building on these mathematical foundations, this paper reviews various numerical methods for surface erosion modelling from a continuum mechanics perspective. Finally, this paper discusses the advantages and limitations of the numerical methods. This work can provide researchers convenience for using numerical models on surface erosion simulations.

Investigation and Simulation Study on the Impact of Vegetation Cover Evolution on Watershed Soil Erosion

Soil erosion has always been a critical issue confronting watershed environments, impacting the progress of sustainable development. As an increasing number of countries turn their attention to this problem, numerous policies have been enacted to halt the progression of soil erosion. However, policy-driven interventions often lead to significant changes in watershed vegetation coverage, under which circumstances, the original sediment erosion models may fall short in terms of simulation accuracy. Taking the Kuye River watershed as the research subject, this study investigates soil erosion data spanning from 1981 to 2015 and utilizes the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to simulate soil erosion. It is found that the extensive planting of vegetation after 2000 has led to a rapid reduction in soil erosion within the Kuye River watershed. The original vegetation cover and management factor (C) proves inadequate in predicting the abrupt changes in vegetation coverage. Consequently, this study adopts two improved plant cover and management factor equations. We propose two new methods for calculating the vegetation cover and management factor, one using machine learning techniques and the other employing a segmented calculation approach. The machine learning approach utilizes the Eureqa software(version11.0，Cornell University，New York，American) to search for the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and C, ultimately establishing an equation that describes this relationship. On the other hand, the piecewise method determines critical values based on data trends and provides separate formulas for C above and below these critical values. Both methods have achieved superior calculation accuracy. Specifically, the overall data calculation using the machine learning method achieved an determined coefficient (R2) of 0.5959, while the segmented calculation method achieved an R2 of 0.6649. Compared to the R2 calculated by the traditional RULSE method, these two new methods can more accurately predict soil erosion. The findings of this study can provide valuable theoretical reference for water and soil prediction in watersheds.

Study on the resistance of basalt fiber concrete to erosion of building structure by wind gravel flow

Concrete structures in the windy regions of the Gobi face constant erosion from wind gravel flow, leading to severe surface damage and significantly reduced durability. This paper investigates the erosion resistance of basalt fiber (BF) concrete under various erosion conditions using the air-flow sand injection method. The results indicate that adding 0.15% BF to concrete reduces its erosion rate by 20.7% to 21.5% compared to concrete without BF. Therefore, a BF content of 0.15% provides optimal erosion resistance for the concrete. The correct amount of BF bonds tightly with the cement mortar, forming a mesh structure inside the concrete that absorbs the kinetic energy of gravel impacts. The concrete erosion process can be divided into an early accelerated phase and a later stabilized phase. Throughout these phases, the erosion rate of concrete increases with the erosion angle (EA), erosion wind speed (EWS), and gravel flow rate (GFR). In particular, the erosion rate of BF15 concrete increased by 35.6 to 46.4mg/cm² when the EA changed from 15° to 90°. Notably, surface damage from low-angle erosion mainly consists of cut scratches, while high-angle erosion primarily results in erosion pits. As the grain size of the eroded gravel increases, the erosion rate of the concrete decreases. However, when a single large gravel particle impacts the concrete, it creates a larger and deeper erosion pit. Furthermore, the erosion rate of BF concrete exhibits a strong negative linear correlation with its mechanical properties, with an R² value exceeding 0.88. Moreover, erosion reduces both compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concrete. For BF15 concrete, however, the decreases are minimal: compressive strength drops by just 1.2MPa, and splitting tensile strength decreases by only 0.2MPa. Building on Bitter and Neilson’s theoretical erosion model, an improved erosion model for BF concrete has been developed under wind gravel flow. This model incorporates the BF mixing factor and particle size function while considering other erosion parameters comprehensively. The enhanced model provides a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for safeguarding concrete structures in Gobi wind-prone regions.

Modeling of drug release, erosion and diffusion fronts movement in high viscosity HPMC matrices containing a cellulolytic enzyme

A formerly developed mathematical model describing drug release from hydrophilic matrices (HMs) took into account resistance to drug release given by its dissolution and by the presence of a growing gel layer. Such a model was applied to previously reported release data obtained from HMs made of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), where acetaminophen was used as model drug and a cellulolytic product was added as “active” excipient to attain zero-order release kinetics. The Levich theory applied to acetaminophen intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) data highlighted the suitability of such a drug for modeling purposes, given its good surface wettability. First assessment of the model ability to describe drug release from the abovementioned systems was carried out on partially coated matrices, representing a simplified physical frame, but results were then confirmed on uncoated systems. Experimental and model release data showed good agreement; therefore, the release-describing equation was combined with that of the global mass balance to obtain two new equations related to erosion and diffusion fronts time evolution. Changes over time in the dissolution and gel contributions to total resistance, calculated using model output parameters, highlighted that the enzyme, through its hydrolytic activity on HPMC, was responsible for a time-dependent reduction of the resistance component related to gel layer.

Rill Erosion Due to Wildfire or Deforestation in Forestlands of Northern Iran

Rill erosion, mostly affecting steep and long hillslopes, is one of the most severe effects of deforestation and wildfires in natural ecosystems. Specific monitoring and accurate but simple models are needed to assess the impacts of these forest disturbances on the rill detachment process. To address this need, this study has simulated the rill detachment capacity (Dc) through flume experiments on samples of soils collected in hillslopes after deforestation and severe burning. The associations between Dc and organic matter (OM) and the aggregate stability of soil (WSA), two key parameters influencing the rill detachment process, have also been explored under the two soil conditions (deforested and burned soils) using multivariate statistical techniques. Finally, linear regression models to predict Dc from these soil parameters or the hydraulic and morphological variables (water flow rate, WFR, and soil slope, S), set in the flume experiments, have been proposed for both soil conditions. Higher Dc in samples from deforested sites compared to the burned soils (+35%) was measured. This Dc increase was associated with parallel decreases in OM (−15%) and WSA (−34%) after deforestation compared to the wildfire-affected sites. However, the discrimination in those soil properties between the two soil conditions was not sharp. Accurate linear equations (r2 > 0.76) interpolating Dc and the shear stress (τ) have been set to estimate the rill erodibility (Kr) to evaluate soil resistance in erosion models to be applied in deforested or burned sites.

The Cross-Verification of Different Methods for Soil Erosion Assessment of Natural and Agricultural Low Slopes in the Southern Cis-Ural Region of Russia

The conventional measuring methods (runoff plots and soil morphological comparison) and models (WaTEM/SEDEM and regional model of Russian State Hydrological Institute (SHI)) were tested with regard to the Southern Cis-Ural region of Russia, along with data from rainfall simulation for assessing soil erosion. Compared with conventional methods, which require long-running field observations, using erosion models and rainfall simulation is less time-consuming and is found to be fairly accurate for assessing long-term average rates of soil erosion and deposition. In this context, 137Cs can also be used as a marker of soil redistribution on the slope. The data of soil loss and sedimentation rates obtained by using conventional measuring methods were in agreement with the data based on the used contemporary modeling approaches. According to the erosion model calculations and data on the fallout of radionuclides in the Southern Cis-Ural (54°50–25′ N and 55°44–50′ E), the average long-term annual soil losses were ~1.3 t·ha−1 yr−1 in moderate (5°) arable slopes and ~0.2 t·ha−1 yr−1 in meadows. In forests, surface erosion is negligible, or its rates are similar to the rate of soil formation of clay–illuvial chernozems. The rates of soil erosion and sediment deposition on the arable land obtained using different methods were found to be very close. All the methods, including the WaTEM/SEDEM, allowed us to measure both soil erosion and intra-slope sedimentation. The regional SHI model fairly accurately assesses soil erosion in the years when erosion events occurred; however, soil erosion as a result of snowmelt did not occur every year, which should be taken into account when modeling. The concentrations of 137Cs in the topsoil layer (0–20 cm) varied from 0.9 to 9.8 Bq·kg−1, and the 137Cs inventories were 1.6–5.1 kBq·m−2, with the highest values found under the forest. The air dose rate in the forest was higher than in open areas and above the average of 0.12 μSv·h−1 on the slope (0.1 μSv·h−1 in the meadow and 0.08 μSv·h−1 on the arable land), with the value increasing from the watershed to the lower part of the slope in all the areas. The γ-background level in the studied ecosystems did not exceed the maximum permissible levels.

The evolution of spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall erosivity in Henan Province, central China

With the advancement of urbanization, there has been a significant reduction in cultivated land, accompanied by soil erosion. Concurrently, the regularity of rainfall in recent years has been erratic, adversely impacting the grain economy and agricultural development in certain regions. Henan Province, spanning the basins of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, and the Haihe River, possesses complex hydrological conditions and serves as a pivotal agricultural zone in China. Therefore, this paper utilizes daily rainfall data collected over 54 years (1969–2022) from 112 rain measuring stations in Henan Province to calculate the rainfall erosivity using the Zhang model and the erosivity model from the first national water survey. Meanwhile, spatial analysis was performed using the Kriging interpolation method in the ArcGIS Geostatistical Wizard, resulting in detailed spatial distribution maps of rainfall and rainfall erosivity. The study also employed Wavelet and Mann–Kendall tests to analyze the abrupt changes, trends and periodicity of rainfall and rainfall erosivity within the target region. The findings indicate that the average rainfall (1969–2022) in Henan province was 718.26 mm, while the average rainfall erosivity (R) was 3213.46 MJ mm/(hm2 h). R values are positively correlated with rainfall intensity and volume, displaying an annual upward trend. Spatially, R values increase gradually from northwest to southeast, closely aligning with topographical variations. Additionally, the analysis revealed a predominant periodic cycle of 54 years in the precipitation patterns. These results offer valuable insights for environmental and agricultural management in other regions of central China.

Spatiotemporal Variability of Soil Erosion in the Pisha Sandstone Region: Influences of Precipitation and Vegetation

The Pisha sandstone area, situated in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River in China, is characterized by severe soil and water erosion, making it one of the most critical regions on the Loess Plateau. The rugged terrain and exposed bedrock complicate management efforts for this area, posing challenges for accurate forecasting using soil erosion models. Through an analysis of terrain, vegetation, and precipitation impacts on soil erosion, this study offers theoretical support for predicting soil erosion within the exposed Pisha sandstone area of the Loess Plateau. This has substantial implications for guiding water and soil conservation measures in this region. Focusing on China’s exposed sandstone area within the Geqiugou watershed, temporal and spatial changes in vegetation cover and land use from 1990 to 2020 were analyzed. The result shows that, from 1990 to 2020, the grassland area has exhibited a consistent downward trend, with successive reductions of 64.86% to 59.46%. The area of low vegetation cover witnessed a significant decline of 59.29% in 2020 compared to that in 1990. The moderate erosion area decreased from 84.52 to 57.17 km2. The significant reduction in soil and water loss can be attributed to the expansion of forest and grassland areas, with the implementation of the Grain for Green project serving as a key policy driver for facilitating this expansion. This study provided a good example of combining rainfall with vegetation coverage to fast estimation soil erosion. A mathematical relationship between the vegetation rainfall coupling index (RV) and soil erosion was established with strong fitting effects, enabling estimation of the soil erosion volume under varying slope conditions within Pisha sandstone areas. The main focus of future soil and water conservation in the Pisha sandstone area should be on effectively managing the channel slope and minimizing exposed bedrock areas through a combination of slope cutting, the application of anticorrosive materials, and the implementation of artificial vegetation planting.

The LTAR Grazing Land Common Experiment at Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed.

The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network common experiment addresses the aspirational practice of brush management (BM) to reverse the prevailing condition of woody plant encroachment (WPE) and increase perennial native grass production. Across the western United States, the decision to implement BM includes consideration of management objectives, cost, and the expected impact on a diverse suite of ecosystem services. Maintaining or restoring grass cover will help meet the LTAR sustainable production, economic, and social goals, and averting degradation will meet environmental goals. This common experiment, focused on hydrologic and erosion impacts of BM, aims to inform land management decisions on three major plant communities in the Southwestern United States: creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), mesquite (Prosopis velutina), and pinyon-juniper (PJ, Pinus and Juniperus spp.). On the WGEW, applying tebuthiuron pellets to creosote bush increased grass cover and reduced runoff and erosion. The 2016BM experiment on the Santa Rita Experimental Range applied a commonly used liquid herbicide cocktail but achieved only 7% mortality on mesquite, probably because of the timing of the aerial application. Experiments manipulating rainfall amount and intensity on plots receiving fire, chemical, or mechanical BM treatments on PJ communities aim to improve process representation in simulation models. The deliverables of these BM experiments will be to (i) improve the performance of runoff and erosion models, (ii) enhance our ability to identify areas most at risk from reduced hydrologic function and soil erosion after shrub proliferation, and (iii) better predict how landscapes will respond to BM interventions. Ranchers, land management agencies, and watershed conservation organizations will benefit from training and availability of improved tools to focus treatments on areas where greatest net benefits might be realized.

Modeling and Simulation of Sand Particle Trajectories and Erosion in a Transonic Fan Stage

Abstract In desert regions, the high concentrations of dust and sand particles carried by storms are sucked into aircraft engines, leading to severe erosion. This numerical study analyses the movement of sand particles and the erosion process in the front components of a high-bypass turbofan engine (HBTFE). The components include the Pitot intake, spinner, fan, core flow inlet guide vanes (IGVs), and secondary flow outlet guide vanes (OGVs). The study focuses on the engine operating conditions during takeoff from a Saharan airfield. The flow field data is obtained separately, and exported to an in-house particle tracking code based on the Lagrangian approach. The finite element method (FEM) is used to track the particles as they move through the mesh cells and determine the precise impacts and conditions to calculate the local erosion rates and material removal. Obtained results indicate large numbers of sand particles impacting the fan blade at high frequency from the hub up to approximately 80% of the span, due to their deflection by the Pitot intake lip and outer contour. The pressure side (PS) of the fan blade experiences extreme erosion rates, while the highest erosion rates occur at the leading edge (LE) and towards the trailing edge (TE). At the exit of the fan blade, a significant amount of particles pass through the OGVs and typically erode its PS, while fewer particles from the lower sections of the fan pass through the IGVs. These findings reveal the erosion-prone areas that need special coating protection.

Multi-hazard modeling of erosion and landslide susceptibility at the national scale in the example of North Macedonia

Abstract Due to favorable natural conditions and human impact, the territory of North Macedonia is very susceptible to natural hazards. Steep hillslopes combined with soft rocks (schists on the mountains; sands and sandstones in depressions), erodible soils, semiarid continental climate, and sparse vegetation cover give a high potential for soil erosion and landslides. For this reason, this study presents a multi-hazard approach to geohazard modeling on the national extent in the example of North Macedonia. Utilizing Geographic Information Systems, relevant data about the entire research area were employed to analyze and assess soil erosion and susceptibility to landslides and identify areas prone to both hazards. Using the Gavrilović Erosion Potential Method (EPM), an average value of 0.36 was obtained for the erosion coefficient Z, indicating low to moderate susceptibility to erosion. However, a significant area of the country (9.6%) is susceptible to high and excess erosion rates. For the landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA), the Analytical hierarchy process approach is combined with the statistical method (frequency ratio), showing that 29.3% of the territory belongs to the zone of high and very high landslide susceptibility. Then, the accuracy assessment is performed for both procedures (EPM and LSA), showing acceptable reliability. By overlapping both models, a multi-hazard map is prepared, indicating that 22.3% of North Macedonia territory is highly susceptible to erosion and landslides. The primary objective of multi-hazard modeling is to identify and delineate hazardous areas, thereby aiding in activities to reduce the hazards and mitigate future damage. This becomes particularly significant when considering the impact of climate change, which is associated with increased landslide and erosion susceptibility. The approach based on a national level presented in this work can provide valuable information for regional planning and decision-making processes.

Modeling nonlinear stress-strain model for sulfate dry-wet cycle erosion of concrete: considerations for the initial compaction stage

Sulfate dry-wet cycle erosion significantly affects the mechanical properties of concrete. Investigating the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relationship under these conditions is essential for developing accurate constitutive models. This study analyzes the uniaxial stress-strain curves of concrete subjected to dry-wet cycles in 5% and 15% sulfate solutions. The results show that the initial compaction phase in the stress-strain relationship is particularly pronounced under increasing sulfate concentrations and cycle counts. The concrete experiences an extended compaction phase, which accounts for up to 35.71% of the total strain process. This finding challenge traditional constitutive models, which struggle to accurately describe this phase. To address this issue, the study develops a nonlinear stress-strain model for concrete, incorporating the initial damage caused by sulfate dry-wet cycle erosion, based on Weibull statistical damage mechanics principles. The research indicates that the effects of sulfate concentration and cycle count are predominantly reflected in the pronounced nonlinearity of the skeleton strain function’s opening size (a) and shape characteristics (b), modeled using a fourth-degree polynomial. The model demonstrates an excellent fit to experimental data with an R2 value of 0.99989, showing that the proposed nonlinear stress-strain relationship effectively captures the uniaxial mechanical behavior of concrete under sulfate dry-wet cycle erosion and provides a robust framework for developing constitutive models in such environments.

Changes in hydraulic and physico-water parameters of surface waters under the influence of anthropogenic activities in the Western Carpathians

To evaluate the quality of watercourses in the Western part of Carpathians from a hydro-chemical perspective, a systematic approach is required. This involves gradually excluding factors that contribute to the washing, mixing, and transportation of contaminants in the watercourse pathway. The model that considers spatial dependencies by autoregression was implemented in this study to determine the correlation between hydrodynamic and physico-chemical characteristics of waters at surface in different groups and forms of catchment use. The surface water at forested areas had the maximum average shear stress of 0.178 N∙m−2. The watercourse at sustained grassland had the maximum average Reynolds number (Re) of 23,654 and the minimum number of 0.426 at arable lands. Spatial autoregression analysis revealed space-time relations in various measurement points. When constructing the space-physical model, it is important to consider the influence of hydraulic characteristic parameters on the generation of physicochemical indicators in the flysch basin. Specifically, it may be beneficial to take into account the turbulent diffusion coefficient. The autoregression analysis demonstrated that for the ions P-PO43− and K+ in surface water on cropland and for total iron and the cation K+ ion grassland (p < 0.05), the turbulent diffusion coefficient proved to be of great importance. The study did not identify any physicochemical dependency for woodland surface waters. The findings can be utilised to create an erosion model that considers the contribution of material supply in a catchment area, specifically from weathered Carpathian flysch or surface runoff, to the alimentation of alluvial deposits.

Coupled CFD-DEM modeling of surface erosion in granular soils: Simulation of erosion function apparatus experiments

This study introduces a numerical modeling approach that couples the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the discrete element method (DEM) to simulate grain-scale soil erosion processes induced by water flows. In this modeling framework, CFD simulates fluid flows by solving the volume-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, and uses the k-ω turbulent model for turbulent flows. Simultaneously, DEM computes the displacement of solid particles by incorporating the fluid-particle interactions driven by fluid flows while adhering to Newton's laws of motion. These interactions encompass drag force, buoyancy force, pressure-gradient force, and viscous force exerted by fluid flows and acting on the particles. The coupled CFD-DEM modeling adeptly replicates soil erosion processes, demonstrating good alignment with results obtained from laboratory erosion function apparatus (EFA) tests. In particular, the DEM facilitates the estimation of shear stress acting on the soil surface based on fluid-particle interaction forces, which has been roughly approximated by empirical or semi-empirical models. This study underscores the capability of coupled CFD-DEM in providing valuable insights into the grain-scale behavior of soil particles subjected to fluid flows, with the potential for extension to address soil erosion and fines migration.

Theoretical Model and Experimental Study of Slurry Erosion by Flowing Dilute Sulfuric Acid Under Turbulent Conditions

Theoretical Model and Experimental Study of Slurry Erosion by Flowing Dilute Sulfuric Acid Under Turbulent Conditions