Model Of Dissonance Research Articles

Role-Related Value Conflicts: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Perianesthesia Nurse Managers

PurposeValue conflicts with the potential to elicit moral distress are among the factors that contribute to burnout and threaten nurse manager retention. Little is known about the value conflicts faced by nurse managers working in the perianesthesia environment. Using the process model of managerial dissonance and responsibility attribution as a framework of inquiry, this study explored the types of value conflicts experienced by perianesthesia nurse managers and how they worked to reduce the accompanying distress. DesignQualitative, descriptive design. MethodsData were collected by means of semi-structured interviews from 14 participants meeting inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. FindingsEleven subthemes were identified and mapped onto the four phases of process model of managerial dissonance: Phase 1 Harm Doing Event: (1) Operational management strategies, (2) Patient care management strategies, (3) Standardized organizational practices; Phase 2 Dissonance: (4) Questioning my leadership, (5) Altered well-being, (6) Just do something; Phase 3 Attribution, (7) Consider organizational viewpoint, (8) Consider role and responsibilities, and Phase 4 Outcomes, (9) Commit to act, (10) Value the organization, and (11) Forgotten by leadership. ConclusionsPerianesthesia nurse managers experience similar types of value conflicts as inpatient nurse managers; however, some aspects of their experiences reflect the uniqueness of their practice environment. The process model of managerial dissonance and responsibility attribution serves as a useful framework for understanding the psychological difficulties and processes by which nurse managers seek to resolve the distress associated with mandated actions likely to induce harm in employees. Executive leaders must act to implement strategies to mitigate the associated psychological difficulties and prevent the increased potential in nurse managers for work-role disengagement and potential exit from the organization.

Caught between is and ought: The Moral Dissonance Model.

Considerable academic effort has been invested in explaining the causes of, and processes behind moral injury. These efforts are mostly focused on assessment and treatment within a clinical setting. Collective and social factors contributing to moral injury are often overlooked in current literature. This perspective article considers the role of contextual factors associated with moral injury and proposes a framework that describes their relation to individual aspects. The resulting Moral Dissonance Model (MDM) draws on existing theories and frameworks. The MDM explains how dissonance can occur when the actual behavior-the response to a morally challenging situation-contradicts with morally desirable behavior. Individual and collective factors, which change over time, contribute to the experience of dissonance. The inability to sufficiently solve dissonance can lead to moral injury, but not as a matter of course. The MDM can help to understand the underlying processes of moral distress. It raises awareness of the influence of public debate and controversy, and the resulting changing societal attitudes over time. Its implications and future use are discussed.

Was tun, wie umgehen mit dem ›Dissonanten Kulturerbe‹?

Abstract The notion of dissonance expands on Norbert Huse’s concept of Uncomfortable Monuments to include the identification of conflicting heritage communities emerging from divergent practices of use and memory and differing political, cultural and social affiliations. This notion can be ascribed to any cultural heritage and invokes multi-perspective approaches to research, participation and mediation strategies. In border areas and sites of conflict, the dissonance model can become a laboratory for diverse site- and situation-specific perspectives on and inclusive processes of negotiation of existing cultures of memory and commemoration. Fostering the individuals’ right to participate in the process of definition, research into, and interpretation of cultural heritage, the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (2005) provides instructions on the study of dissonant cultural heritage and explicitly recommends the democratic participation of different perspectives in the shared co-production of heritage.

To help others or not: A moderated mediation model of emotional dissonance.

This article proposes a moderated mediation model of emotional dissonance. In the model, emotional leadership negatively affects emotional dissonance, which, in turn, negatively affects helping behavior. Furthermore, the negative effect of emotional dissonance is assumed to be moderated by work-family conflict. Direct effects from both emotional leadership and work-family conflict to helping other behavior are also considered. Previous studies have neglected the mechanism of emotional dissonance, but this paper fills the gap with a moderated mediation model of emotional dissonance. This article not only provides an incremental contribution to the emotional dissonance literature but also suggests means by which companies might enhance employe helping behaviors in order to achieve greater organizational efficiency.

Emotional Dissonance, Job Stress, and Intrinsic Motivation of Married Women Working in Call Centers: The Roles of Work Overload and Work-Family Conflict

This research was designed to test and extend the model of emotional dissonance. Previous models of emotional dissonance, such as the Job Demand-Resource (JD-R) and the Stress-Strain-Outcome (SSO) models, are limited in that they do not account for the influences of work and work–family-related conflicts. The present paper focused on emotional labor carried out by married women working in call centers. We developed the model of emotional dissonance influencing intrinsic motivation and job stress, with the moderating effects of work overload and work–family conflict. The data of 468 employees analyzed using least square regression showed that that emotional dissonance is positively related to job stress, but is negatively related to intrinsic motivation. Both work overload and work–family conflict were found to be significant moderators that aggravate the positive relationships between emotional dissonance and job stress, and the negative relationships between emotional dissonance and intrinsic motivation. Theoretical and practical implications on emotional labor and emotional dissonance are discussed.

Information avoidance, selective exposure, and fake (?) news: Theory and experimental evidence on green consumption

We investigate self-serving information avoidance by consumers when revelation is stochastic and the revealed information is potentially erroneous. Our formal considerations based on a cognitive dissonance model suggest that the size of the price difference between product options determines if information avoidance arises. This prediction is supported by our laboratory experiment, in which subjects purchase products associated with co-benefits implemented as contributions to climate change mitigation. In seven treatments, we alter the information structure as well as the perceived revelation costs. We find robust evidence of self-serving information avoidance in treatments with simple stochastic revelation and reduced reliability of information, representing potential ‘fake’ news. The propensity to avoid information increases with the introduction of merely nominal information costs. In contrast to previous studies, we conclude that self-serving information avoidance can arise in consumption, which could also explain the persistent demand for products associated with ‘green-washing’.

Modèle exploratoire de la dissonance et de l'harmonie ludo-narrative dans les jeux d’évasion

Les jeux d’évasion ont rencontré un grand succès ces dernières années avec une tendance à l’augmentation des aspects narratifs. Alors que l’immersion est présentée comme une caractéristique saillante de cette expérience ludique, il n'existe pas de modèle permettant d’analyser l’immersion d’un joueur dans un jeu d’évasion. Pourtant, les relations entre le récit et la jouabilité d’un jeu pouvant influer sur l’engagement des joueurs viennent renforcer ou réduire l’immersion. Nous proposons de combiner le modèle d’analyse narrative d’Aarseth pour identifier des éléments du jeu contribuant à la dissonance ou l’harmonie ludo-narratives des jeux d’évasion et le modèle MEDIAL pour identifier les dimensions de l’engagement du joueur liées à ces cas de dissonance et d’harmonie ludo-narratives.

Fake news or bad news? Toward an emotion-driven cognitive dissonance model of misinformation diffusion

ABSTRACT Misinformation about food safety has become a serious problem in Mainland China. This study explores the cognitive, affective, and environmental factors affecting the acquisition and diffusion of food safety misinformation. Based on a national sample of Chinese Internet users, we found that: (1) social media are the major source of misinformation about food safety, while exposure to online news reduces levels of misinformation; (2) Internet self-efficacy reduces levels of misinformation, but it also facilitates information diffusion; (3) individuals who possess more misinformation disseminate food safety (mis)information more frequently online; (4) negative emotions mediate levels of misinformation and the diffusion of information; and (5) levels of distrust moderate the mediating effect of negative emotion, where misinformation only triggers negative emotions among people with high trust in food safety. An emotion-driven cognitive dissonance model of misinformation diffusion is proposed accordingly.

Executing Learning Activities and Autonomy-Supportive Instructions Enhance Autonomous Motivation.

This study investigated situational changes in learners’ degree of autonomous regulation during other-initiated learning activities and examined the influence of the instructional style on such changes. To this end, relative autonomous motivation of 172 fifth to seventh grade students was measured before, during and after execution of a musical learning activity. It was experimentally manipulated whether students were instructed in an autonomy-supportive or a controlling style. As expected based on self-determination theory and the action-based model of cognitive dissonance, relative autonomous motivation increased in the course of the execution of the learning activity. Unexpectedly, this increase was only statistically significant when students were instructed in a controlling style. At all times though, students instructed in an autonomy-supportive style were more autonomously motivated than students instructed in a controlling style. Furthermore, results showed a positive effect of an autonomy-supportive instructional style on students’ functional state and their interest in continuing with the learning activity. The pattern of changes in relative autonomous motivation might indicate that in controlling conditions a reduction of dissonance is of functional importance, which is why relative autonomous motivation increased under controlling conditions but not under autonomy-supportive conditions. In an applied perspective, the study demonstrates that executing an activity might be beneficial for fostering autonomous motivation and it corroborates findings that indicate positive effects of an autonomy-supportive instructional style on students’ motivation and functional state.

Cognitive dissonance processes serve an action-oriented adaptive function.

The action-based model of cognitive dissonance proposes an adaptive function for rationalization that differs from the one offered by Cushman. The one proposed by Cushman is concerned more with the cold construction of cognitions, whereas the one proposed by the action-based model is a motivated protection of a strongly held cognition.

THE PHENOMENON OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FACILITATION: EFFECT, MECHANISMS, REGULARITIES

In the epoch of exponential development of civilization, social interaction becomes more and more dense and the range of representations and regulations of life is expending, and, accordingly, the probability of conflict in society increases. The research of a problem of social interaction is insufficiently provided and remains urgent in the scientific world. The author (together with R.G. Khalitov and I.M. Yusupov) developed the concept of psychosocial dissonance (notion and model) which was the base for a research of social interaction, and the probabilistic model of psychosocial dissonance became a basis for mathematical (formulas and numbers) determination and modeling of social interaction. Post-nonclassical science, within which the author conducts the researches, studies complex self-developing systems, natural complexes that include the human being, with the expansion of the scope of concepts of scientific methodology and scientific approach to the human being. To understand the facilitation of social interaction in the presence of an observer, the "anthropological principle" is used, which establishes a link between the existence of a person (as an observer) and the physical parameters of the world. On the basis of theoretical researches the concept is introduced and the effect of facilitation of social interaction is shown. The description of the mechanism of facilitation of social interaction on the basis of the model of psychosocial dissonance and level model of psychosocial phenomena is offered. Empirical researches are carried out and regularities of social interaction facilitation are shown and the method of definition of (numerical) influence of the facilitator on social interaction is offered. The model of social interaction facilitation can become the basis for further psychological research and provides an opportunity to apply the results for use in psychological practices, as well as in the training of competent professional facilitators.

The pleasantness of sensory dissonance is mediated by musical style and expertise

Western musical styles use a large variety of chords and vertical sonorities. Based on objective acoustical properties, chords can be situated on a dissonant-consonant continuum. While this might to some extent converge with the unpleasant-pleasant continuum, subjective liking might diverge for various chord forms from music across different styles. Our study aimed to investigate how well appraisals of the roughness and pleasantness dimensions of isolated chords taken from real-world music are predicted by Parncutt’s established model of sensory dissonance. Furthermore, we related these subjective ratings to style of origin and acoustical features of the chords as well as musical sophistication of the raters. Ratings were obtained for chords deemed representative of the harmonic language of three different musical styles (classical, jazz and avant-garde music), plus randomly generated chords. Results indicate that pleasantness and roughness ratings were, on average, mirror opposites; however, their relative distribution differed greatly across styles, reflecting different underlying aesthetic ideals. Parncutt’s model only weakly predicted ratings for all but Classical chords, suggesting that listeners’ appraisal of the dissonance and pleasantness of chords bears not only on stimulus-side but also on listener-side factors. Indeed, we found that levels of musical sophistication negatively predicted listeners’ tendency to rate the consonance and pleasantness of any one chord as coupled measures, suggesting that musical education and expertise may serve to individuate how these musical dimensions are apprehended.

A Model of Cognitive Dissonance and Information

Considerable experimental evidence shows that people change their beliefs to support their past actions. In this paper I present an axiomatic model of cognitive dissonance, in which a decision maker’s (DM) response to information explicitly depends upon past actions. I introduce a novel behavioral axiom and derive a representation in which beliefs are biased in favor of past actions — the DM overweights states in which his past actions provide a higher pay- off. I then axiomatize two special cases. In the first, the probability distortion between two states only depends on the relative utility values of the previous action in those states. In the second, the DM’s posterior beliefs are a convex combination of the Bayesian belief and the most optimistic belief.

A Difficult Burden to Bear: The Managerial Process of Dissonance Resolution in the Face of Mandated Harm-Doing

This conceptual paper draws on cognitive theory and attribution theory to develop a process model of managerial dissonance and responsibility attribution after harm-doing. Although extant harm-doing literature assumes managerial backing for such decisions, this study suggests that there will, at times, be acts of organizationally mandated harm-doing (e.g., pay freezes) that managers believe are unnecessary. In these cases, it is proposed that managers will experience dissonance from enacting the harm-doing event, resulting in the externalization of responsibility to either the organization or the harm-doing target. This paper examines the challenges faced by the manager through each phase of the dissonance resolution process and possible outcomes of the process. This study concludes with the model’s implications for moral theorizing.

Supine body posture decreases rationalizations: Testing the action-based model of dissonance

The action-based model of dissonance theorizes that when individuals have conflicting cognitions with action implications, they experience dissonance. This dissonance motivates the individual to value one action tendency over the other, thereby facilitating effective action. Thus, a decrease in the motivation to act (decreased approach motivation) should decrease this tendency to value one action tendency over the other (dissonance reduction). The present research tested this prediction by using an embodied manipulation, a supine posture, to decrease approach motivation. In Experiment 1, relative to an upright posture, a supine posture decreased dissonance reduction in an effort justification paradigm. In Experiment 2, a supine posture decreased the spreading of alternatives following a difficult decision. These results suggest that embodied manipulations that reduce approach motivation decrease dissonance reduction. The findings support the action-based model of dissonance, and suggest that embodied manipulations of reduced approach motivation reduce the rationalization of behavior.

Managers and Moral Dissonance: Self Justification as a Big Threat to Ethical Management?

This article discusses the implications of moral dissonance for managers, and how dissonance induced self justification can create an amplifying feedback loop and downward spiral of immoral behaviour. After addressing the nature of moral dissonance, including the difference between moral and hedonistic dissonance, the writer then focuses on dissonance reduction strategies available to managers such as rationalization, self affirmation, self justification, etc. It is noted that there is a considerable literature which views the organization as a potentially corrupting institution and a source of acute levels of moral dissonance. A simplified process model linking immoral behaviour, dissonance and rationalization is mooted, and some recent theories which question traditional dissonance models, including the free choice paradigm (FCP), are considered. The writer concludes that in the light of the above mentioned critical theories, it may be assumed that the levels of moral dissonance, and the extent of rationalization/self justification amongst managers, are more a function of personality and situational factors than previously assumed.

Priors and Desires

This paper offers a simple but powerful model of wishful thinking, cognitive dissonance, and related biases. Choices maximize subjective expected utility, but beliefs depend on the decision maker's interests as well as on relevant information. Simplifying assumptions yield a representation in which the payoff in an event affects beliefs as if it were part of the evidence about its likelihood. A single parameter determines both the direction and weight of this `evidence', with positive values corresponding to optimism and negative values to pessimism. Changes to a person's interests amount to new `evidence', and can alter beliefs even in the absence of new information. The magnitude of the bias increases with the degree of uncertainty and the strength of the decision maker's interests. High stakes can reduce the bias indirectly by increasing incentives to acquire information, but are otherwise consistent with substantial bias. Exploring applications, I show that wishful thinking can lead investors to become progressively more exposed to risk, and that while improved policing unambiguously deters crime, increased punishment may have little or no deterrent value.

The Effect of Commitment on Relative Left Frontal Cortical Activity: Tests of the Action-Based Model of Dissonance

The action-based model of dissonance and recent advances in neuroscience suggest that commitment to action should cause greater relative left frontal cortical activity. Two experiments were conducted in which electroencephalographic activity was recorded following commitment to action, operationalized with a perceived choice manipulation. Perceived high as compared to low choice to engage in the action, regardless of whether it was counterattitudinal or proattitudinal, caused greater relative left frontal cortical activity. Moreover, perceived high as compared to low choice caused attitudes to be more consistent with the action. These results broaden the theoretical reach of the action-based model by suggesting that similar neural and motivational processes are involved in attitudinal responses to counterattitudinal and proattitudinal commitments.

Trait Approach Motivation Relates to Dissonance Reduction

Over 50 years of work on cognitive dissonance theory has suggested that dissonance reduction is a motivated process. However, no research has unambiguously demonstrated the direction of this motivation—whether it is approach or avoidance oriented. The action-based model of dissonance proposes that dissonance reduction is an approach-related process that assists in the implementation of decisions. It follows from the action-based model that approach-related personality traits should be related to greater dissonance reduction. The current research tested this idea. Study 1 found that trait behavioral approach sensitivity (BAS) related to more spreading of alternatives (more liking for the chosen over the rejected decision alternative) following a difficult decision. Study 2 found that BAS related to attitudes being more consistent with recent induced compliance behavior. This research therefore suggests that dissonance reduction is an approach-motivated process.

Vision and Flexibility in a Model of Cognitive Dissonance

This paper explores the consequences of cognitive dissonance, coupled with time-inconsistent preferences, in an intertemporal decision problem with two distinct goals: acting decisively on early information (vision) and adjusting flexibly to late information (flexibility). The decision maker considered here is capable of manipulating information to serve her self-interests, but a tradeoff between distorted beliefs and distorted actions constrains the extent of information manipulation. Building on this tradeoff, the present model provides a unified framework to account for the conformity bias (excessive reliance on precedents) and the confirmatory bias (excessive attachment to initial perceptions).