Data Fusion Model Research Articles

The FIRST model: Spatiotemporal fusion incorrporting spectral autocorrelation

Over the past decade, spatiotemporal fusion has become an indispensable tool for monitoring land surface dynamics due to its promising ability to produce surface reflectance products with both high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, existing fusion methods usually generate multispectral band products by predicting each spectral band separately, so the useful information of spectral autocorrelation within the spectrum has been ignored and waits to be exploited. To address this issue, we propose a novel spatiotemporal fusion method, the spatiotemporal Fusion Incorrporting Spectral autocorrelaTion (FIRST) model, to fully utilize the multiple spectral bands of surface reflectance products. Compared with other fusion methods, the model has three distinct advantages: (1) it utilizes spectral autocorrelation in a many-to-many regression framework that simultaneously inputs and predicts multispectral bands without the collinearity effect; (2) it maintains high fusion accuracy when the spatiotemporal variation is large with acceptable computational efficiency; and (3) it can produce robust results even with input images contaminated by haze and thin clouds. We tested the FIRST model at several experimental sites and compared it with four typical methods, the Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM), Flexible Spatiotemporal DAta Fusion (FSDAF) model, the regression model Fitting, spatial Filtering and residual Compensation (Fit-FC) model and the enhanced STARFM (ESTARFM). The results demonstrate that FIRST yields better overall performance for its simple and effective technical principles. FIRST is thus expected to provide high-quality remotely sensed data with high spatial resolution and frequent observations for various applications.

An IoT-based intelligent irrigation system with data fusion and a self-powered wide-area network

Water resources have a great influence on human society, but saving water in irrigation still remains a challenge. This article proposes an intelligent irrigation system that integrates a data fusion model and a long-rang (LoRa) network for optimizing the watering schedule. A data fusion model is proposed, which first adopts the long short-term memory (LSTM) network to simulate and predict the proper watering demands by integrating multi-source heterogeneous data, that is, historical weather data, user irrigation logs, weather forecasts, and online monitoring sensor data. A self-powered wide-area network is implemented and deployed by using LoRa to facilitate multiple Internet of Things (IoT) application scenarios. It includes a gateway and two types of nodes: a valve node and a sensing node. The node is capable of energy autonomy through the scheme of waterflow-based power generation, thus realizing maintenance-free throughout the life cycle. A cloud platform is designed to provide network management, intelligent irrigation control, and the interface of the mobile application. The proposed system is evaluated through a case study of landscape watering. On average, the proposed system achieves a water-saving efficiency of 94.74% compared with the conventional manual setting solutions.

Marfusion: An Attention-Based Multimodal Fusion Model for Human Activity Recognition in Real-World Scenarios

Human Activity Recognition(HAR) plays an important role in the field of ubiquitous computing, which can benefit various human-centric applications such as smart homes, health monitoring, and aging systems. Human Activity Recognition mainly leverages smartphones and wearable devices to collect sensory signals labeled with activity annotations and train machine learning models to recognize individuals’ activity automatically. In order to deploy the Human Activity Recognition model in real-world scenarios, however, there are two major barriers. Firstly, sensor data and activity labels are traditionally collected using special experimental equipment in a controlled environment, which means fitting models trained with these datasets may result in poor generalization to real-life scenarios. Secondly, existing studies focus on single or a few modalities of sensor readings, which neglect useful information and its relations existing in multimodal sensor data. To tackle these issues, we propose a novel activity recognition model for multimodal sensory data fusion: Marfusion, and an experimental data collection platform for HAR tasks in real-world scenarios: MarSense. Specifically, Marfusion extensively uses a convolution structure to extract sensory features for each modality of the smartphone sensor and then fuse the multimodal features using the attention mechanism. MarSense can automatically collect a large amount of smartphone sensor data via smartphones among multiple users in their natural-used conditions and environment. To evaluate our proposed platform and model, we conduct a data collection experiment in real-life among university students and then compare our Marfusion model with several other state-of-the-art models on the collected datasets. Experimental Results do not only indicate that the proposed platform collected Human Activity Recognition data in the real-world scenario successfully, but also verify the advantages of the Marfusion model compared to existing models in Human Activity Recognition.

Fusion of THz-TDS and NIRS Based Detection of Moisture Content for Cattle Feed

As an essential index to evaluate feed quality, feed moisture content which is too high or too low will impose an adverse impact on feed nutritional value. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of feed moisture content is significant. In this paper, the detection of feed moisture content based on terahertz (THz) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and data fusion technology of THz and NIR (THz-NIR) was investigated. First, feed samples with different water content (29.46%–49.46%) were prepared, and THz (50–3000 μm) and NIR (900–1700 nm) spectral data of samples was collected and preprocessed, and the feed samples were divided into correction set and verification set by 2:1. Second, the spectral data was fused through the head-to-tail splicing, and the feed moisture content prediction model was established combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR). Third, competitive adaptive reweighting sampling (CARS) was applied to extract spectral characteristic variables for feature layer fusion, and the feed moisture content prediction model in feature level was constructed combined with PLSR. Finally, the evaluation parameters validation set correlation coefficient (Rp), the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) were employed to evaluate the prediction effect of the model. The results indicated that THz, NIR spectra, and data fusion technology could quickly and effectively predict feed moisture content. Among them, the characteristic layer spectral data fusion model achieved the optimal prediction effect while Rp, RMSEP, and RPD reached 0.9933, 0.0069, and 8.7386 respectively. In conclusion, compared with the prediction model established by single THz and NIR spectrum, THz-NIR spectrum data fusion could more accurately predict feed moisture content and provide certain theoretical and technical support for inspirations and methods for quantitative analysis of feed moisture content of livestock and poultry.

Teaching Method of Japanese Professional Writing Course Based on Big Data Fusion

In recent years, the number of Japanese learners has increased year by year. When Japanese is learned as a language, knowledge of the language itself is indispensable. This article aims to explore the teaching methods of Japanese professional writing courses based on the integration of big data. This article first introduces big data fusion and introduces the definition and model of data fusion. Generally, there are two types of data fusion models: distributed and centralized. Then, I analyzed the artificial neural network algorithm, which is a computational model that imitates the animal brain, and then researched the context-based teaching of Japanese professional courses and analyzed the context-based teaching of Japanese professional writing. The results of the context-based Japanese course teaching research show that the average Japanese writing score of the experimental class is 72.7833, the control class score is 66.3333, and the composition fluency scores are 156.27 and 119.73. It can be concluded that the composition performance and composition fluency of students in the experimental class are higher than those in the control class, so educators should let students strengthen vocabulary spelling and memory skills in situational teaching.

A data-model fusion method for online state of power estimation of lithium-ion batteries at high discharge rate in electric vehicles

This paper proposes a novel data-model fusion method (DMFM) for online state of power (SOP) estimation of lithium-ion batteries at high discharge rates in electric vehicles. First, battery polarisation characteristics responding for high discharge rates are experimentally investigated through a series of decremental pulse tests. Battery polarisation voltage is observed with diverse growing patterns over a whole battery operation range, and its underlying correlations with state of charge (SOC), discharge rate and pulse runtime are recognised. Second, a feed-forward neural network (FFNN) with SOC, discharge rate and pulse runtime as inputs, is constructed to characterise battery polarisation voltage through modelling the current excited polarisation resistance. Third, a DMFM is proposed to combine the data-driven method and equivalent-circuit model based method for accurate online SOP estimation in a lengthy prediction window ranging from 30 s to 120 s. Moreover, an unscented Kalman filter is devised to filter the estimation outcomes of the DMFM for noise suppression. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the constructed FFNN in reproducing the nonlinearity of battery polarisation characteristics at high discharge rates and show the significant improvement in SOP estimation accuracy.

Multitarget identification method for dual‐plane detection based on data fusion and correlation analysis

AbstractThe light screen that tests the velocity of a projectile is often affected by indoor illumination changes and interference caused by air disturbance of the projectile, affecting the identification of the projectile target signals by the test system. To solve these problems, based on the detection light screen formed by the array infrared diodes and the array photosensitive tube, this article proposes the method of identifying multiprojectile targets in the dual‐plane detection of data fusion and related analysis. Use the amplitude of signals generated by the projectile moving in the screen and the time width of valid signals as the diagnosis basis to build a multiprojectile signal identification model for a single plane detection light screen. Using the similarity of projectile passing through two light screens, a matching algorithm for the two‐plane detection screen projectile signal is established. By collecting the multiprojectile signals of the dual‐plane detection light screen and following the single detection light screen data fusion model, the velocity measuring system can identify the projectile signals of the dual‐plane detection screen. Based on the fusion and identification result of each detection plane and the established match algorithm related to the shot signal, the test result of the test system with interference is obtained. The result verifies the correctness of the established model and algorithm.

Multi critical quality attributes monitoring of Chinese oral liquid extraction process with a spectral sensor fusion strategy

The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) extraction process is a complicated dynamic system with many variables and disturbance. Therefore, multi critical quality attributes (CQAs) monitoring is of great significance to understand the whole process. Spectroscopy is a powerful process analytical tool used for process understanding. However, single senor sometimes could not provide comprehensive information. Sensor fusion is a very practical method to overcome this deficiency. In this study, the extraction process of Xiao’er Xiaoji Zhike Oral Liquid (XXZOL) was carried out in pilot scale, where near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy were collected to determine the concentrations of seven CQAs (synephrine, arecoline, chlorogenic acid, forsythoside A, naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin) during extraction process. Based on fused data blocks, fusion partial least squares (PLS) models were established. Two fusion data blocks are obtained from the concatenation of original spectra (low-level data fusion) and the concatenation of characteristic variables based on band selection (mid-level data fusion) respectively. The results indicated that for all seven analytes, the mid-level data fusion models were superior to the single spectral models, with the prediction performance significantly improved. Specifically, the coefficients of determination (Rp2 and Rt2) of NIR, MIR and fusion quantitative models were all higher than 0.95. The relative standard errors of prediction (RSEP) values were all within 10%, except for models of neohesperidin, which were 10.76%, 12.39%, 12.05%, 10.03% for NIR, MIR, low-level and mid-level models respectively. These results demonstrate that it is feasible to monitor the extraction process of Xiao’er Xiaoji Zhike Oral Liquid more accurately and rapidly by fusing NIR and MIR spectroscopy, and the proposed approach also has vital and valuable reference value for the rapid monitoring of the mixed decoction process of other TCM.

Multi-modal fusion of satellite and street-view images for urban village classification based on a dual-branch deep neural network

• A novel dual-branch deep neural network is proposed for urban village classification. • Multi-modal satellite and street-view images are integrated to increase the performance. • The proposed model yields a high accuracy of 92.61% in Jing-Jin-Ji region of China. • The dataset, Satellite & Street-view images for Urban Village classification (S 2 UV), has been released publicly. With the rapid urbanization process in China, numerous urban villages have been appeared, which are surrounded by the newly-built urban blocks. Due to the high population density, poor hygiene, chaotic waste discharge, and inadequate public facilities, urban villages have many negative impacts on both urban environment and management. The objective of this study is to propose a dual-branch deep learning model for multi-modal satellite and street-view data fusion to detect urban villages in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, which are the core cities of Jing-Jin-Ji region of China. Specifically, the proposed model consists of a satellite branch, a street-view branch and a gated-fusion module. As for the satellite branch, a Trans-MDCNN (multi-scale dilated convolutional neural network) is proposed to learn multi-level local features and global contextual features from high resolution satellite imagery, while for the street-view branch, an MVRAN (multi-view recurrent attention network) is constructed to learn and fuse multi-angle features from street-view images. A gated-fusion module is designed to aggregate the important features of the dual-branches. Experimental results indicate that the proposed model has achieved good performance with an overall accuracy (OA) of 92.61%. Ablation study shows that compared with satellite data alone, the integration of street-view images could increase the OA by about 2%. Besides, 1-D feature fusion outperforms its 2-D counterpart and the classic feature concatenation method. The proposed model also yields a better performance than other deep learning models. Finally, the dataset of this study, S 2 UV (Satellite & Street-view images for Urban Village classification), is publicly available: https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.01410.

Thickness-Related Fault Diagnosis of Steel Strip Based on W-KPLS Method Considering Mechanism Weight Optimization

Due to the lack of a reasonable mechanism explanation for the data model used in the process of quality-related fault diagnosis, the diagnosis model has insufficient ability to identify faults, resulting in the phenomenon of failure detection or false positive. Therefore, this paper adopted the method of mechanism and data model fusion to solve the problem of insufficient interpretation of the influence of existing diagnosis methods on rolling process variables. Firstly, the KPLS achieves strip quality-related fault detection for nonlinear processes. In order to find out the abnormal variables, a nonlinear contribution plot was introduced to calculate the contribution value of each variable to the monitoring index. Secondly, based on the bounce equation of the rolling process, the static comprehensive analysis of the steady rolling process was carried out to reveal the influence of various variables on strip thickness. Thirdly, based on the above analysis of the steady rolling process mechanism, the influence weight method and kernel function method were used to reconstruct and map the original input matrix. A kernel partial least squares method based on influence weight W optimization (W-KPLS) was proposed for quality-related fault monitoring and diagnosis. Finally, the model was applied in the cold rolling process of an aluminum alloy sheet, and the validity of the model was further verified by practical industrial data. The results show that the new method improves the fault detection rate by more than 20% compared with the traditional monitoring method, and the proportion of data points reaching the early warning limit was increased to more than 95%.

Multi-Source Data Processing and Fusion Method for Power Distribution Internet of Things Based on Edge Intelligence

With the rapid advancement of the Energy Internet strategy, the number of sensors within the Power Distribution Internet of Things (PD-IoT) has increased dramatically. In this study, an edge intelligence-based PD-IoT multi-source data processing and fusion method is proposed to solve the problems of confusing storage and insufficient fusion computing performance of multi-source heterogeneous distribution data. First, a PD-IoT multi-source data processing and fusion architecture based on edge smart terminals is designed. Second, the multi-source sensor data in the distribution network is unified in dimension and magnitude. By introducing the Box–Cox transform to improve the data offset problem in the Z-score normalization process, a multi-source heterogeneous data processing method for distribution networks based on the Box–Cox transform Z-score is proposed. Then, the conflicting phenomena of DS inference methods in data source fusion are optimally handled based on the PCA algorithm. A multi-source data fusion model based on DS inference with conflict optimization is constructed to ensure the effective fusion of distribution data sources from different domains. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by an experimental analysis of an IEEE39 node system in a regional distribution network in China.

Evaluating alternative ebullition models for predicting peatland methane emission and its pathways via data–model fusion

Abstract. Understanding the dynamics of peatland methane (CH4) emissions and quantifying sources of uncertainty in estimating peatland CH4 emissions are critical for mitigating climate change. The relative contributions of CH4 emission pathways through ebullition, plant-mediated transport, and diffusion, together with their different transport rates and vulnerability to oxidation, determine the quantity of CH4 to be oxidized before leaving the soil. Notwithstanding their importance, the relative contributions of the emission pathways are highly uncertain. In particular, the ebullition process is more uncertain and can lead to large uncertainties in modeled CH4 emissions. To improve model simulations of CH4 emission and its pathways, we evaluated two model structures: (1) the ebullition bubble growth volume threshold approach (EBG) and (2) the modified ebullition concentration threshold approach (ECT) using CH4 flux and concentration data collected in a peatland in northern Minnesota, USA. When model parameters were constrained using observed CH4 fluxes, the CH4 emissions simulated by the EBG approach (RMSE = 0.53) had a better agreement with observations than the ECT approach (RMSE = 0.61). Further, the EBG approach simulated a smaller contribution from ebullition but more frequent ebullition events than the ECT approach. The EBG approach yielded greatly improved simulations of pore water CH4 concentrations, especially in the deep soil layers, compared to the ECT approach. When constraining the EBG model with both CH4 flux and concentration data in model–data fusion, uncertainty of the modeled CH4 concentration profiles was reduced by 78 % to 86 % in comparison to constraints based on CH4 flux data alone. The improved model capability was attributed to the well-constrained parameters regulating the CH4 production and emission pathways. Our results suggest that the EBG modeling approach better characterizes CH4 emission and underlying mechanisms. Moreover, to achieve the best model results both CH4 flux and concentration data are required to constrain model parameterization.

Big Data Fusion Method Based on Internet of Things Collection.

With the development of information collection technology, the data that people need to deal with are also increasing, which brings problems such as isomerization of data types, poor data quality, and fast data generation speed. At present, as an important method of data fusion technology, data fusion method based on deep learning has become an effective way of data fusion under the background of big data, which has important research significance. There is a problem with heterogeneous data types between time series data and text data, and it is difficult to fuse them effectively by traditional data fusion methods. In order to make full use of the information contained in text data and improve the accuracy of time series prediction, this paper proposes a data fusion model based on FC-SAE. In this model, GloVe and CNN are used to extract the features of text data, FC neural network is used to extract the potential features of time series data, and then, the SEA model is used to fuse the data, which fully discovers the relationship between data and greatly improves the prediction accuracy.

Application of Multisource Data Fusion Analysis in College Vocal Music Teaching

This paper constructs a two-level data fusion model with the classroom environment monitoring background of colleges and universities. By judging the validity of the data received by each sensor, the model eliminates the influence of neglected monitoring values on fusion accuracy. It uses the adaptive weighted average method to fuse the data of the same type of sensors in each area and then uses the BP neural network to fuse the heterogeneous sensor data in the area. After each region sends the fusion result to the gateway node, the second-level fusion is performed. In the second-level fusion, the error between the actual output result and the expected output of the BP neural network is calculated, and it is used as the basic probability assignment in DS; then the D-S synthesis rule is used for decision-level fusion so as to realize the integration of the college classroom environment. Aiming at the shortcomings of the D-S evidence theory, we improved the algorithm with respect to the distance of evidence and the conflict factor. Through the exploration of the multisource data fusion analysis method, it is found that it plays an important role in early vocal music teaching. The quality of early vocal music-teaching teachers has a particularly important impact on the music level of college students. Schools with preschool education majors are important bases for teacher training in early vocal music teaching. In order to expand the application scope of the concept of multisource data fusion in the field of vocal music teaching in China, it is necessary to change the traditional vocal music teaching mode of existing college teachers and pay attention to the integration of multisource data fusion analysis methods and the reforms of colleges and universities. In this paper, the effectiveness of the two-level fusion model is verified by using two evaluation indicators: the mean absolute percentage error and the correlation coefficient. Then, comparing the calculation results of the improved algorithm and the classical algorithm in this paper, it is proved that the probability accumulation of this algorithm is more obvious and consistent with the expected results, which shows the optimization effect of the improved method.

Research on Wastewater Treatment Monitoring Algorithms Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Around the problems of data loss, noise, and different temporal and spatial scale features of urban wastewater treatment process data, a method of monitoring and predicting wastewater treatment process data based on deep convolutional neural networks is proposed in the paper. Firstly, to address the problem that urban wastewater treatment process data has multiple spatial and temporal scale characteristics, which makes it difficult for the data to be used effectively, a spatial and temporal data fusion model based on fuzzy neural network (FNN) is proposed. Fuzzy neural networks have strong generalization ability and robustness. Secondly, to enable accurate and real-time monitoring of the content of the monitored components in the effluent of the urban wastewater treatment process, an intelligent prediction model based on SDF-FNN is established for the effluent. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness of this intelligent prediction model, the model is tested using data collected from actual municipal wastewater treatment plants. The experimental results show that the wastewater treatment intelligent monitoring model is effective and can predict the content of the effluent monitoring index with high accuracy.

Binocular Feature Fusion and Spatial Attention Mechanism Based Gaze Tracking

Gaze tracking is widely used in driver safety driving, visual impairment detection, virtual reality, human robot interaction, and reading process tracking. However, varying illumination, various head poses, different distances between human and cameras, occlusion of hair or glasses, and low-quality images pose huge challenges to accurate gaze tracking. In this article, based on binocular feature fusion and convolution neural network, a novel method of gaze tracking is proposed, in which local binocular spatial attention mechanism (LBSAM) and global binocular spatial attention mechanism (GBSAM) are integrated into the network model to improve the accuracy. Furthermore, the proposed method is validated on the GazeCapture database. In addition, four groups of comparative experiments have been conducted: between binocular feature fusion model and binocular data fusion model; among the local binocular spatial attention model, the local binocular channel attention model, and the model without local binocular attention mechanism; between the model with GBSAM and that without GBSAM; and between the proposed method and other state-of-the-art approaches. The experimental results verify the advantages of binocular feature fusion, LBSAM and GBSAM, and the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Data Fusion Model for High-Tech Products Marketing

Product differentiation is one of the highlights of the success of today’s increasingly competitive marketing. This article aims to study the construction of differentiated marketing strategies for high-tech products. This paper proposes to investigate and study customers, high-tech industry workers and leaders, etc., through the analysis of massive data, introduce the concept of data fusion and the weighting algorithm for data fusion, introduce DS evidence theory to judge the accuracy of the data on this basis, make the data more real and clean up abnormal data, perform relevant data processing on the determined data, and calculate and analyze the data differences of relevant groups. It also proposes to refer to the characteristics of high-tech products, understand the characteristics and implementation directions of differentiated marketing, draw differences between different groups, summarize customer characteristics and marketing directions, so as to trace the needs of customer groups, find customer pain points and difficulties, pinpoint product positioning, and achieve the goal of differentiated marketing. The experimental results of this paper show that big data fusion analysis can find customers in a targeted manner and polish the highlights of high-tech products. Compared with previous results, the performance is improved by more than 30%. Consumer satisfaction increased by more than 20%.

An authenticity method for determining hybrid rice varieties using fusion of LIBS and NIRS

AbstractThis study proposes a method to rapidly determine the authenticity of hybrid rice seeds using the fusion of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The male parent, F1 generation, and female parent of two hybrid rice vaieties (“Zhongheyou 1” and “Liangyou 688”) were identified by the proposed method. The LIBS and NIR spectra of rice seeds with different physical state (single rice kernels [SRK] and single brown‐rice kernels [SBRK]) were measured, and the primary fusion and intermediate fusion were used for the construction of the LIBS and NIRS data fusion models. The comparation results under different conditions show that the intermediate SRK and SBRK fusion models achieve the best test accuracy (96.88% and 98.52% for “Zhongheyou 1”, and 98.96% and 95.26% for “Liangyou 688”, respectively). The results indicate that the proposed method is effective for rapid and accurate identification of parents and progenies of hybrid rice.

Hybrid IoT and Data Fusion Model for e-Commerce Big Data Analysis

This article is aimed at studying the e-commerce big data recommendation model based on data fusion and the Internet of Things. This article chooses an embedded system for the construction of an e-commerce platform and uses data fusion technology to collect, transmit, and filter useful information from various information sources. Then, the collected information and data are analyzed and integrated, and visualization algorithms are used to better present data analysis, and association rules and structural similarity methods for electronic comparison are uses. This article uses the B/S architecture to design the overall framework of the data access layer, business logic layer, and user presentation layer; collects, organizes, stores, and presents the acquired consumer information; and finally analyzes the e-commerce background, platform performance, and supply and demand analysis. The experimental results show that the average clustering coefficient of the platform (0.7559) is smaller than the average clustering coefficient value of 8 items in the store (0.811) and smaller than the average network diameter and average path length of the online store (3.86, 7.7). Store products are better than store products, and the diameter and length of the product should be larger (2.71, 5.75). The recall rate of the e-commerce big data platform and model matching review method designed in this paper is 5% higher than that of the word matching model method and has a better expected effect in terms of user supply and demand.

Data Fusion in Earth Observation and the Role of Citizen as a Sensor: A Scoping Review of Applications, Methods and Future Trends

Recent advances in Earth Observation (EO) placed Citizen Science (CS) in the highest position, declaring their essential provision of information in every discipline that serves the SDGs, and the 2050 climate neutrality targets. However, so far, none of the published literature reviews has investigated the models and tools that assimilate these data sources. Following this gap of knowledge, we synthesised this scoping systematic literature review (SSLR) with a will to cover this limitation and highlight the benefits and the future directions that remain uncovered. Adopting the SSLR guidelines, a double and two-level screening hybrid process found 66 articles to meet the eligibility criteria, presenting methods, where data were fused and evaluated regarding their performance, scalability level and computational efficiency. Subsequent reference is given on EO-data, their corresponding conversions, the citizens’ participation digital tools, and Data Fusion (DF) models that are predominately exploited. Preliminary results showcased a preference in the multispectral satellite sensors, with the microwave sensors to be used as a supplementary data source. Approaches such as the “brute-force approach” and the super-resolution models indicate an effective way to overcome the spatio-temporal gaps and the so far reliance on commercial satellite sensors. Passive crowdsensing observations are foreseen to gain a greater audience as, described in, most cases as a low-cost and easily applicable solution even in the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. Immersive platforms and decentralised systems should have a vital role in citizens’ engagement and training process. Reviewing the DF models, the majority of the selected articles followed a data-driven method with the traditional algorithms to still hold significant attention. An exception is revealed in the smaller-scale studies, which showed a preference for deep learning models. Several studies enhanced their methods with the active-, and transfer-learning approaches, constructing a scalable model. In the end, we strongly support that the interaction with citizens is of paramount importance to achieve a climate-neutral Earth.