Cost Accounting Model Research Articles

Enhancing efficiency and economy of hydrogen-based integrated energy system: A green dispatch approach based on exergy analysis

Hydrogen-based integrated energy system holds promise for leveraging the low carbon advantage of hydrogen, but inefficiency of electrolysis hydrogen production leads to significant exergy loss within its operation. Addressing this, this paper focuses on the energy-saving and economic operation of the hydrogen-based integrated energy system, proposes a novel green dispatch approach using loss cost as the objective function and establishes a refined loss cost accounting model based on exergy analysis theory. Firstly, derived from the analogy of exergy loss, the concept and accounting framework of system loss cost are proposed. Secondly, employing exergy analysis and consistent unit exergy cost principle, equipment operation loss cost is calculated through energy, exergy flows analysis and cost allocation. Thirdly, utilizing the total of equipment operation loss cost, wind curtailment penalty cost, and transmission line loss cost as the objective function, a green dispatch model is formulated to minimize overall loss cost while ensuring energy balance and other constraints. Finally, simulations analysis are conducted. The results show that compared to economic dispatch, minimized exergy loss dispatch and multi-objective dispatch methods, proposed approach increases exergy efficiency by 0.54 %, reduces cost by 6.13 % and increases the scale of hydrogen utilization by 3.45 %, respectively.

Carbon and cost accounting for liner shipping under the European Union Emission Trading System

Excessive CO2 emissions and increased total costs of liner shipping are the two main problems affecting the environmental and economic benefits of liner companies under the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS). To address the upcoming EU ETS, we propose a carbon and cost accounting model for liner shipping that accurately calculates CO2 emissions and total cost of liner shipping. We conduct a case study that a containership operates on the liner route from the Far East to Northwest Europe. The results show that the sailing stage plays a pivotal role in CO2 emissions from liner shipping, accounting for 94.70% of CO2 emissions. Among four types of fuel, CO2 emissions from liner shipping using MGO is the largest, while CO2 emissions from liner shipping using methanol is the smallest. Methanol, as an alternative fuel, proves to be a better choice than LNG for CO2 control of liner shipping. The relationship between sailing speed and CO2 emissions follows a U-shaped curve for the selected containership. Notably, speed reduction is effective in carbon control of liner shipping only when the sailing speed exceeds 8.29 knots. Under the EU ETS, sailing speed is a key variable affecting the total cost of liner shipping. Speed reduction may not always be cost-effective. When keeping the total cost of liner shipping unchanged, sailing speed should be reduced as the EU allowance (EUA) price rises within a certain range. For the selected containership using MGO and HFO, the most economical sailing speed is 8.29 knots, corresponding to the increase in EUA price of 304.95% and 261.21%, respectively. If EUA price continues to rise, speed reduction will become ineffective in controlling the total cost of liner shipping. This model can enhance the environmental and economic benefits of liner companies, meet compliance requirements of the EU ETS, and provide a new perspective for carbon and cost control of liner shipping.

Production Accounting of Camel Breeding Products

Introduction. The efficiency of agricultural production directly depends on the organization of cost accounting. In this regard, there is a need for their correct grouping. The accounting process for the camel production is relevant today, since camel farming is a low-cost industry. The scientific study highlights specific features of the industry that influence the organization of cost accounting. In addition, the article examines the objects and methods of product costing. The purpose of the study is to examine the features of costs grouping formation by the type of camel breeding product and the methodology for calculating costs. Methods. The methodology for calculating camel farming products, as well as the peculiarities of forming a grouping of costs is based on general scientific and specific scientific methods. Results. The study examines the camel farming industry. The production of products in this industry is defined as promising. Its specific features that influence the organization of cost accounting are revealed. A model of production cost accounting is proposed. Examples of calculating the cost of the main types of products are given and a form of management reporting for the camel breeding industry is presented. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, promising directions for the development of camel farming have been identified, and mechanisms have been developed to ensure reliable information necessary for making management decisions.

Supply chain network model of cost accounting based on improved particle swarm optimisation algorithm

Abstract This paper examines the current supply chain network model (SCNM) in order to effectively apply cost accounting information to strengthen supply chain management and solve the problem of low overall efficiency of the model. This paper constructs the SCNM of cost accounting, analyses the characteristics of the model and designs the variables of the model. In order to optimise enterprise cost accounting, the corresponding mathematical model is constructed, and the preconditions and constraints for solving the model are set up. In addition, particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm is used to solve the model, and the moving speed of particle swarm is updated by dynamic relaxation factor. Finally, the validity of the model and the accounting cost are simulated. The results show that the model can effectively solve the optimisation problem of SCN in accounting cost.

Organization of cost accounting and costing of camel products

The issues of organizing the accounting process in the camel breeding industry have been little studied today, this is a rather exotic industry for Russia. The article reveals the specific features of the industry that affect the organization of cost accounting. A model of production cost accounting is proposed. An algorithm for calculating the cost of the main types of products is considered and a form of management reporting for the camel breeding industry is presented.

Optimization of coal-to-liquid processes; A way forward towards carbon neutrality, high economic returns and effective resource utilization. Evidences from China

As the world's largest consumer of coal, China is committed to developing a carbon–neutral coal industry. For this purpose, upgrading the carbon emission-intensive coal-chemical industries, such as coal-to-liquids (CTL) is imperative. This study develops a technical–economic framework to model and test four promising CTL upgrading processes. First and second processes involve low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis practices with larger gasifiers and air-separating units than the current level. Third, the process combines olefin and fuel co-production practices that utilize low- and high-temperature FT synthesis processes. Finally, the process produces both electricity and fuel by sending the tail gas of the synthesis process to an integrated cycle. Aspen Plus® is used to simulate the chemical processes, and the financial cost accounting model of the American Association of Cost Engineers is utilized to estimate the financial costs accurately. The results show that the upgraded processes can achieve an energy efficiency of more than 48 %, which is 6 % higher than the existing coal-to-oil process. Additionally, the break-even point is 2 %–14.45 % lower than the actual process, reducing carbon emissions by 2.78 %–10.34 %. According to these findings, the upgrade can help China reach its carbon neutrality targets and significantly contribute to global climate change and sustainable development goals.

Carbon assessment and cost accounting of a shared building based on the life cycle assessment

Abstract The transformation toward carbon neutrality is crucial, especially within the building industry, which is a significant carbon source. Building carbon accounting is fundamental to enable designers to undertake decarbonisation efforts, yet it remains a less mature field. This paper aims to assess carbon emissions and conduct cost accounting for a shared building using life cycle assessment (LCA) method. Beyond this, this paper also focuses on cost accounting associated with decarbonising efforts. The primary objective is to uncover the sustainability characteristics of shared buildings and establish a foundation for future decarbonisation decision-making. To achieve these goals, this paper first analyses various LCA techniques. Second, the carbon cost accounting model and method are discussed in aspects of five stages across the building life cycle. Third, the carbon emissions and cost accounting of an actual project involving an intelligently designed shared building are examined. The results reveal important insights. The intelligent design stage exhibits the lowest carbon emission, constituting a mere 0.002% of the total, whereas the use and maintenance stage shows the highest carbon emission, representing approximately 65.45% in proportion. In addition, the demolition and disposal stage demonstrates negative emissions (~7.1% of the total), indicating its contribution to decarbonisation. On the decarbonisation costs, material production and transportation contribute the largest proportion, ~67.38%, with the greatest potential for decarbonisation optimization. Overall, this paper provides essential insights into building carbon emission assessment in different stages, offering valuable guidance for architects, designers and engineering to optimise decarbonisation strategies.

Addressing Suicide Risk in Primary Care: Cost Savings Associated with Diverting Patients From Emergency Departments.

Integrating behavioral health into primary care ambulatory clinics can improve management of patients presenting with suicidality in medical practices. To date, financial outcomes associated with managing suicidality in integrated care have not been documented. This study sought to evaluate both course of treatment (e.g., the patient is discharged home and referred to emergency departments [EDs]) and financial outcomes (e.g., cost to medical center) for patients presenting with suicidality in integrated pediatric primary care. Medical record review was conducted across a 6-month period. Demographics, course of treatment, and financial data were collected. Financial data were extracted using EPSi software using a cost accounting model. We documented the amount in dollars billed to the patient/insurance company and the amount reimbursed to the medical center and then calculated net margins associated with each course of treatment. Participants were 103 youth (aged 7-24 years). The results demonstrate that the integrated model of care diverted 93% of participants from the ED and that the highlighted model of care yielded cost savings for the medical center. After reimbursement, patients seen in the ED for suicide evaluations cost the medical center an average of 16 times more than patients who were managed in the primary care setting. The results document the magnitude of cost savings associated with an integrated care model for treating high-risk youth.

Multi-Flexibility Resources Planning for Power System Considering Carbon Trading

Clean and low-carbon energy represented by wind power and photovoltaic power will develop rapidly and will form a new power system with a high proportion of renewable energy. In the context of a low-carbon economy, how to make reasonable planning for power system flexibility resources is crucial for the development of new power systems. In this paper, we establish a multi-flexibility resource planning model for a power system based on a low carbon economy by considering the planning of multi-flexibility resources of “source–load–storage”. First, a ladder-type carbon trading cost accounting model is proposed, and a set of power system flexibility evaluation indexes are proposed. Then, with the objective of minimizing the sum of low carbon operation cost, investment cost, and operation cost of the system, the planning model of multi-flexibility resources is established by considering constraints such as system power balance constraint, investment constraint, and wind power consumption constraint. Finally, the model proposed in this paper is validated by the IEEE-RTS96 system; the results show that: (1) collaborative planning of source–load–storage multi-flexible resources can obtain the best overall system economics, although the investment cost increases by USD 12.6M, the total system cost is reduced by 11.22% due to the reduction in coal generation consumption cost, carbon trading cost, and wind curtailment penalty cost; (2) as the penetration of wind power grows, the demand for energy storage in the power system is gradually increasing; when the installed capacity of wind power grew from 800 MW to 1600 MW, the demand for new thermal power decreased by 53.5% and the demand for new energy storage increased by 200%; (3) the total cost of the planning model considering ladder-type carbon trading decreases by 1.35% compared to the model without carbon trading, and increases by 2.5% compared to the model considering traditional carbon trading, but its carbon emissions decrease by 5.5%.

ИЗАЗОВИ УПРАВЉАЊА ТРОШКОВИМА УНИВЕРЗАЛНЕ ПОШТАНСКЕ УСЛУГЕ

The provision of information with an accurate and timely description of all business processes holds a prominent position among various activities for enhancing the operations of network industries. Since price pressure is the primary consequence of competition in network industries, it is necessary to perform a cost analysis of the business processes of the industry’s monopolists. The realisation of all business activities that make up a production chain at as low a cost as possible, without affecting the quality of products and services, is the main issue of concern to network industry management. A key problem of cost management in network industries is their specific structure characterised, inter alia, by high participation, rapid growth and diversification of overhead costs.The research subject of this paper is the theoretical identification and understanding of the basis of a potential Universal Postal Service (UPS) cost accounting model of the Public Postal Operator (PPO) in Serbia. EU Directive 97/67 represents the starting point for providing the guidelines for the development of this model, such as separate internal accounting for several PPO service segments. The existing legislative framework which defines the relations on the national postal service market pays special attention to the cost of UPS, which provide the basis for service pricing. Тhe relevant result of this research, which has a significant practical application, is the basis of the model for calculating the cost of universal postal service, designed to provide informational support to management in the process of service pricing.

RESOURCES CONSUMPTION ACCOUNTING FOR A RATIONAL PRODUCTION COSTS: A CASE STUDY

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of using the resource consumption accounting system to reduce the cost of the product as one of the advanced approaches to allocating costs. Because of the enormous competition of companies in the market, cost control becomes an essential part that helps managers make cost-cutting decisions to achieve greater corporate profitability. This study shedding light on the new cost-accounting model RCA, the cost management approach that combines German cost accounting and activity-based cost accounting (ABC). This system provides more accurate and reliable data for more effective planning, control, and performance evaluation. Using this system in the Iraqi industrial companies is an important step in improving the accuracy of measuring costs and thus reducing the cost of its products and achieving a competitive advantage. The study was applied in the Babel tire factory, one of the factories of the General Company for Rubber Industries and Tires.

Koncepcja efektywności oceny przedsiębiorstw Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej i jej ewolucja

After the Second World War, in the time of totalitarian leadership, economic and inter-company settlement rules were implemented for the management of the Polish economy and Polish enterprises. Their purpose was to control the use of resources and the implementation of plans as well as to increase the efficiency and rationality of management. The term efficiency was not used. The aim of the article is to investigate whether the internal economic settlement, an inherent part of which was cost accounting, had the features of efficiency accounting. The research was carried out by qualitative, comparative and praxeological methods. The chronological views of selected economists from the times of the Polish People’s Republic presented here indicate their significant evolution. With the end of the socialist economy, economists were writing about maximizing profits and the profitability of enterprises remaining on inter-company settlement, about the efficiency of their activities and financial independence. Cost accounting was modified to resemble the normative cost accounting model that provided multi-sectional information for managing, including evaluation of efficiency. That is why a tool was used that was not connected with the centralized economy but was an example of modern solutions that were necessary in a totalitarian country for achieving the desired level of control over society.

Logistics cost control in food processing enterprises based on TD-ABC

In order to improve the logistics operation of food processing enterprises and control the logistics cost, this paper starts from the analysis of the logistics operation process and characteristics of enterprises, analyzes the logistics cost classification and composition of food processing enterprises, puts forward the basic process of applying TD-ABC to control the logistics cost, constructs the logistics cost accounting model of food processing enterprises based on TD-ABC, and puts forward relevant logistics cost control methods including the design of logistics cost control system, the determination of logistics cost control points and specific implementation steps. The typical food processing enterprises are selected for the empirical study of logistics cost accounting and controlling. By comparing the cost accounting results of TD-ABC and ABC, the result shows that TD-ABC (Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing) method can accurately grasp the logistics cost composition, identify inefficient logistics operations and non-value-added operations, and analyze the efficiency of various logistics departments, verify the feasibility and effectiveness of logistics cost accounting model and control method system, and provide some advice for logistics cost control and logistics process transformation of food processing enterprises.

Technical-knowledge-integrated material flow cost accounting model for energy reduction in industrial wastewater treatment

A novel simulation model incorporating the concept of material flow cost accounting (MFCA) into a numerical process simulator for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was developed. Cost-related parameters, such as electrical power consumption, were calculated for each unit process by referring to predetermined formulas of design rules and technical knowledge built into the model. These calculated values were then assigned to the outflow stream proportional to the flowrate, allowing each flow stream in the WWTP to be quantified according to the history of assigned costs. This method increased the number of quantity centers in MFCA models regardless of actual data availability, thus contributing complex flow configuration and flexible comparison of improvement approaches related to financial evaluation. Energy cost allocation maps created by this model demonstrated the benefits of anaerobic treatment in the WWTP of a soft-drink factory in Japan. Additionally in this WWTP, the observed values of total power consumption were 40% higher than the simulated values, and improvement approaches, such as instrumental control of aeration, were evaluated for their feasibility and financial impact. These results demonstrated the success of the model in adding and reinforcing analytical and predictive functions in the MFCA survey method. • Material flow cost accounting (MFCA) incorporated into a numerical simulation model. • An MFCA flowsheet developed for a wastewater treatment configuration. • The model effectively compared different flow configurations. • Significant difference in the simulated and observed power consumption revealed. • Proposed method successfully implemented energy-saving countermeasures in WWTPs.

The costs and cost accounting model (simplified) in State Forests National Forest Holding

Purpose: The article aims to: (1) revise the costs and cost accounting model in State Forests National Forest Holding (PGL LP), (2) investigate the possibility of applying resource-process consumption accounting in the activities of the State Forests. Methodology/research approach: A critical analysis of the literature, desk research, analysis of phenomena, synthesis of results, and a case study. Results: A systematic, traditional cost accounting model is used at State Forests, which is mainly used for reporting purposes. It is possible to use the resource-process model of cost accounting from the perspective of its usefulness in disclosing information about the im-plementation of social and environmental goals in the activities of State Forests. Research limitations/implications: The proposed cost accounting model was constructed with State Forests in mind as a specific unit operating in the field of social responsibility. Originality/value: The article proposes solutions for modeling an accounting system, including resource-process cost accounting.

Quality costs in catering

One of the tools for improving quality in an organisation is the use of quality cost accounting, which can be helpful in the analysis of the qualitative situation of an enterprise and its optimisation. There is no universal model of quality cost accounting. An organisation that decides to implement such an instrument must keep in mind that it is a time-consuming and labour-intensive process. This article presents an example of identification and quantification of quality costs for the catering industry. A presentation of quality costs was made with a division into cost groups: compliance and non-compliance and a method of recording quality costs characteristic of catering production was proposed as well as methods of their analysis and optimisation. The possibility of the use of this tool by large chains operating in the catering industry to identify the strengths and weaknesses of pro-quality activities was highlighted.

The effects of carbon emissions trading and renewable portfolio standards on the integrated wind–photovoltaic–thermal power-dispatching system: Real case studies in China

The existing literature demonstrates that the multi-energy combined power-dispatching system is crucial for resolving the mismatch between the installed capacity and the power generation through renewable energy. However, our knowledge of the impact mechanism of climate policies on this system is still limited. To address this gap, cost-accounting models that consider price fluctuation based on carbon emissions trading and renewable portfolio standards in China are proposed and applied to the integrated wind–photovoltaic–thermal power-dispatching system in Xinjiang. The scenarios analysis showed that in terms of reducing emissions, carbon emissions trading is more effective in cases with a high installed proportion of renewable power, whereas renewable portfolio standards are the opposite, as they are better in two cases in terms of energy saving. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the effect of renewable portfolio standards on the penetration rate of renewable power is constant. There is some potential for the design optimization of these two policies in China, and the characteristics of the power structure should be considered. These results can help the dispatching department in evaluating the impact of carbon emissions trading and renewable portfolio standards to optimize the dispatching strategy and provide directions for policy makers to improve the design.

Logistics Service Mode Selection for Last Mile Delivery: An Analysis Method Considering Customer Utility and Delivery Service Cost

Last mile delivery is an important part in the logistics service process of express enterprises since it can directly contact with the customer and affect customer satisfaction. How to select a suitable logistics service mode for last mile delivery with the objectives of lower delivery service cost and higher customer satisfaction is a noteworthy research topic. In this paper, we focus on the analysis method for logistics service mode selection for last mile delivery considering customer utility and delivery service cost. First, we conduct the market survey of customer needs and discuss the market segmentation, and then we propose a customer utility value calculation model based on utility theory. Next, we propose a delivery quantity prediction method based on the time series prediction and customer selection probability calculation. Furthermore, we construct a cost accounting model to determine the delivery service cost. On this basis, we show the selection of the suitable logistics service mode for last mile delivery according to the analysis results of customer utility and delivery service cost. Finally, we show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method by a case analysis.

Life cycle carbon cost of buildings under carbon trading and carbon tax system in China

Buildings contribute 23 % of the total CO2 emissions produced by global economics activities, in which nearly 41 % are emitted by China. Carbon accounting is necessary to support an efficient low-carbon economic system. There is currently very little research on the carbon cost of buildings, especially in China. This article analyzes the carbon emissions generated during the life cycle of buildings, and transfers them to building environment cost and carbon cost. A life cycle building carbon cost accounting model was proposed under different carbon cost systems, including carbon trading system and carbon tax system. To verify the validity and reliability of the proposed model, the similarities and differences between carbon cost and carbon emission environmental damage cost determined by the Life-cycle Impact Assessment Method based on Endpoint Modeling (LIME) were compared. Carbon costs can link carbon reduction with economic benefits, and push the present policy-based mandatory reduction measures to market-based means, which is of great significance to sustainable development of the construction industry and China's future emission reduction targets.

Identifying ‘True’ Water Loss Information through the MFCA Model for Improved Cost-Saving Decisions in a Water Utility: A Case Study of the Doorndraai Water Treatment Scheme in South Africa

We identified the deficiency in the conventional accounting system in capturing water-loss-related information and its effect on cost-saving decisions in a water utility in South Africa. We employed the material flow cost accounting (MFCA) model in the case of the Doorndraai Water Treatment Scheme to highlight inefficient phases of the water purification processes for the manager to identify opportunities for corrective action. Findings reveal that the inability of the conventional accounting system in accurately capturing water loss information limits the scheme manager’s ability to recognize cost-saving opportunities. Consequently, we found that the implementation of the material flow cost accounting (MFCA) model identified the pumping process as a major contributor to the water scheme’s daily operating loss because of the pumping machine’s low capacitor. Besides, this pumping machine has been in operation for about five years, an indication that the water scheme had been operating at a loss daily for a number of years. Thus, we suggested that the water scheme should invest in procuring a more suitable pumping device to reduce the huge electricity cost incurred daily by the Doorndraai Water Treatment Scheme. Besides this, the paper extended the implementation of the MFCA by providing an example of how the managerial accounting system can support environmental and economic sustainability in water purification processes. Thus, we reiterate that one way of effectively managing water resources is to appropriately capture the volume of water loss and water-purification-related costs to improve its efficiency.