Altruism Model Research Articles

Decentering governance models: education policy and school accountability in Post-Devolution Wales

ABSTRACT This paper investigates education policy reform in post-Devolution Wales with a focus on school accountability. Specifically, it provides a historicist analysis of Wales’ decision to abandon publicly mandated school league tables and subsequent accountability reforms. The paper uses the literature on four governance models to investigate successive accountability regimes in Wales through time. These have changed from a Trust and Altruism model, via a Transparent Public Rankings model, to a new, emerging model that relies on self-assessment and collaborative accountability standards. Notably, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has played an increasingly important role in shaping this process. Central to our analysis is Mark Bevir and Roderick Rhodes’ decentered theory. The paper argues that governance models need to be understood with reference to the dynamic interplay of historical constraints, power struggles and new belief systems that respond to policy dilemmas. As Wales has embarked on several substantial education policy reform initiatives, the paper demonstrates the importance of a historically informed approach to policy design and implementation which is responsive to competing traditions and beliefs.

Operational Decisions of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Supply Chain Members under Altruistic Preferences

How to efficiently and greenly dismantle abandoned buildings and reuse them is a dilemma facing the building material industry’s low-carbon objective. However, relevant studies ignore the influence mechanism of altruistic preferences of enterprises on green dismantling technology in supply chains. Driven by filling this theoretical gap, this paper firstly integrates reciprocal altruism theory and the Stackalberg game method and constructs a construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling supply chain system consisting of a recycler and a remanufacturer, in which enterprises’ altruistic preferences are considered. The main theoretical outcomes of this paper are as follows. (1) In the case of unilateral altruism, enterprises’ altruistic preference behaviors help in increasing the green dismantling technological level and the amount of CDW recycling. Under the mutual altruism model, the influence of the recycler’s altruistic preference degree on the amount of CDW recycled hinges on the remanufacturer’s altruistic preference degree. (2) The utility of the enterprises and the green dismantling technological level are optimized under the mutual altruism model. (3) In a system of unequal power, unilateral “goodwill” by the follower will have a negative effect on their own interests; the leader plays a crucial role in facilitating equal cooperation and realizing win–win situations. This paper enriches the reciprocal altruism theory in waste management. It also helps in providing guidance for the recycler and remanufacturer in making operational decisions.

Integrative model of spirituality, social support, and altruism in carers resilience management: an empirical study of elderly cancer patients’ carers in Pakistan

ABSTRACT The study was conducted to test the effect of spirituality, social support, and altruism on the resilience of carers of older cancer patients and to assess if the context of care moderates the effect of spirituality, social support, and altruism on the resilience of carers of older patients with cancer. Data were collected from 305 carers providing care for at least 3 months to older adults suffering from cancer. The data was collected from three public and one private hospitals using convenience sampling. The results of regression analyses showed that the model predicting resilience from spirituality and context of care was statistically significant (F(10, 294) = 6.38, p < .001, R2 = 0.178). Likewise, the model predicting resilience from social support and the context of care was also statistically significant (F(10, 294) = 9.98, p < .001, R2 = 0.253). The final model predicting resilience from altruism and context of care was statistically significant: F(10, 294) = 5.57, p < .001, R2 = 0.159. The study underscores the need to advance a sense of purpose and meaning in caregiving activities, potentially through educational, welfare, and training programs that emphasis the positive impact of spirituality, social support, and altruism.

Professional Blood Donors: Ethical Concerns and Complexities

Blood donation is a cornerstone of modern medicine, enabling lifesaving transfusions for a variety of conditions. However, the practice of professional blood donation, where individuals are compensated for their blood, raises a number of ethical concerns. This paper explores the complexities surrounding professional blood donation. One central debate centres on the concept of altruism versus compensation. Voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation is often lauded for its selfless nature. Conversely, paying donors raises concerns about exploitation, particularly of vulnerable populations who may be motivated by financial hardship rather than pure altruism. This can lead to questions about informed consent and potential pressure to donate despite health risks. The safety of the blood supply is paramount. Professional donors, by virtue of their frequent donations, may be more likely to engage in risky behaviours to be eligible, potentially increasing the risk of blood borne diseases entering the supply. Additionally, the long-term health effects of frequent blood donation require further investigation. The issue of fairness also arises. Certain blood types are more in demand, potentially creating a situation where some donors are financially rewarded more than others. This could exacerbate existing social inequalities and raise concerns about equity in access to compensation. This paper argues for a nuanced discussion on professional blood donation. While the altruistic model has limitations, the potential exploitation and safety risks associated with compensation require careful consideration. The paper concludes by calling for further research on the long-term health impacts of frequent donation and the development of ethical frameworks that balance safety, equity, and the need for a sufficient blood supply.

Super-additive cooperation

Repeated interactions provide an evolutionary explanation for one-shot human cooperation that is counterintuitive but orthodox1–3. Intergroup competition4–7 provides an explanation that is intuitive but heterodox. Here, using models and a behavioural experiment, we show that neither mechanism reliably supports cooperation. Ambiguous reciprocity, a class of strategies that is generally ignored in models of reciprocal altruism, undermines cooperation under repeated interactions. This finding challenges repeated interactions as an evolutionary explanation for cooperation in general, which further challenges the claim that repeated interactions in the past can explain one-shot cooperation in the present. Intergroup competitions also do not reliably support cooperation because groups quickly become extremely similar, which limits scope for group selection. Moreover, even if groups vary, group competitions may generate little group selection for multiple reasons. Cooperative groups, for example, may tend to compete against each other8. Whereas repeated interactions and group competitions do not support cooperation by themselves, combining them triggers powerful synergies because group competitions constrain the corrosive effect of ambiguous reciprocity. Evolved strategies often consist of cooperative reciprocity with ingroup partners and uncooperative reciprocity with outgroup partners. Results from a behavioural experiment in Papua New Guinea fit exactly this pattern. They thus suggest neither an evolutionary history of repeated interactions without group competition nor a history of group competition without repeated interactions. Instead, our results suggest social motives that evolved under the joint influence of both mechanisms.

Crowding in with impure altruism: Theory and evidence from volunteerism in national parks

This paper makes three contributions to the literature on private provision of public goods. First, we identify limitations of the frequently used specification test that distinguishes between the standard models of pure and impure altruism based on the extent of crowding out. While the literature takes as given the result that crowding out should be less with impure altruism than with pure altruism, we show that it can be either more or less. Second, we propose a new, more general test based on the presence of crowding in or greater than one-for-one crowding out, both of which are consistent with impure altruism only. Third, we provide empirical evidence. Using a unique panel data set on volunteerism in U.S. National Parks, we estimate the causal effect of changes in a park’s public funding on the amount of within-park volunteerism. The overall finding is that each additional dollar of public expenditure crowds in 27 cents worth of volunteerism on average. We show how the estimates of crowding in, along with heterogeneity based on park and volunteer hour types, are theoretically consistent with the mainstay model of impure altruism.

Theoretical models of inequality: Examples from rational choice theory and behavioural economics

AbstractUsing illustrations from research on inequality, this essay makes a case for ‘behavioural synthesis’, that is the reconciliation between neo‐classical and behavioural economics. Focusing on selected theories of absolute and relative inequality, we first give a brief critique of utilitarian models that emphasize self‐interested income maximization. Their assumptions are then compared to status‐seeking models of competition where income differences are maximized. These are then contrasted to altruism models that consider other‐regarding preferences that encourage less inequality. We emphasize the value of behavioural economic experiments in testing the competing predictions of these models. We conclude that consolidation among assumptions from neo‐classical and behavioural economics is necessary when it comes to understanding inequality and propose strategies on how it can be done. We specifically identify some empirical shortcomings of these key economic theories of inequality: context‐dependency in the Global South, specificity of reference groups and consistency of measurement. We propose several ways forward, including the relaxation of assumptions of rationality in theoretical models and further fieldwork in developing countries.

원효의 보살사상

Wonhyo is well known not only as a scholar but also as an exemplary model of his public relief activities. This paper is an attempt to find the theoretical basis of his altruism in his academic writings. For this purpose, taking the theory of postponement of nirvāṇa of a bodhisattva, which is a model of altruism widely seen in the Mahāyāna Buddhism, especially in the East Asian tradition, as a clue, I examined the tension between the postponement of nirvāṇa and apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa, the ultimate model of altruism in Mahāyāna Buddhism, and examined how Wonhyo solved the problem. The postponement of nirvāṇa, which seems to have originated from the scriptures of the Pure Land Buddhism, is based on the traditional view of nirvāṇa that altruistic acts are impossible when entering nirupadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa. In contrast, prakṛti-nirvāṇa and apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa are Mahāyānic versions of nirvāṇa based on the śūnyatā thought of the Prajñāpāramitā literature. In particular, apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa is a reinterpretation of the traditional sopadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa from the point of view of Mahāyāna, and it is a groundbreaking idea that considers the altruistic acts itself as nirvāṇa while repeating reincarnations. As the Mahāyānic view of nirvāṇa is established, the postponement of nirvāṇa loses its influence in the Indian Buddhist tradition. Wonhyo seems to have deeply understood the concepts of postponement of nirvāṇa, prakṛti-nirvāṇa, and apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa, and commented on Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra, freely quoting the scriptures in which these concepts appeared. However, Wonhyo does not seem to recognize the tension between the postponement of nirvāṇa and apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa. The reason is, first of all, that the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra he comments on does not deal with this issue. Therefore, Wonhyo would not have had to deal with problems that did not appear in the scriptures. Next, it may be because he came across the scriptures at the stage where the tension between apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa and postponement of nirvāṇa was resolved due to the establishment of the concept of apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa. The postponement of nirvāṇa appears in Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa and Laṅkāvātara-sūtra, which he cites, but it is already reinterpreted by prakṛti-nirvāṇa or apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa. Therefore, he has no reason to comment on the opposition between postponement of nirvāṇa and apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa. Lastly, it is because Wonhyo creatively resolves the tension between postponement of nirvāṇa and apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa. Thatt is to understand the postponement of nirvāṇa as a mode of activity of sāṃbhogika-kāya and nairmāṇika-kāya by combining nirvāṇa as tathatā and the theory of kāya-traya of Buddhas. This can be evaluated as Wonhyo's original contribution as an explanatory method that does not appear in Indian Buddhist literature.

CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IRISH OLDER ADULT SURVIVORS

Abstract Although childhood maltreatment can have lasting effects into later life, positive outcomes have also been observed, including an increased tendency towards prosocial behavior. However, little is known about the link between childhood maltreatment and later life prosocial behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to explore older adult’s experiences of childhood maltreatment and identify mechanisms linked to prosocial behavior in later life. The individual level, but also broader cultural and contextual mechanisms, were considered by comparing two adversity contexts and applying conceptual frameworks (socio-interpersonal framework model of trauma and recovery, motivational process model of altruism born of suffering). Semi-structured interviews (60-120 minutes) were conducted with 29 Irish (older) adult survivors of childhood maltreatment: 17 institutional (welfare care) abuse survivors (mean age: 61 years, range: 50-77), 12 familial abuse survivors (mean age: 58 years, range: 51-72). Interviews were analyzed using Framework Analysis. In both groups at the individual level, enhanced empathy, amelioration, and identity-related mechanisms were linked to prosocial behavior, with connections to caring roles and coping strategies from childhood. On a social contexts level, the limited resources or opportunities for help in childhood, and the social norms and beliefs of that time, influenced participants’ motivation to help others in later life. Group-specific mechanisms were also observed, such as compassion fatigue in the familial sample; and denouncing detrimental societal values in the institutional sample. The identification of individual, adversity-context, and culture-specific mechanisms linked to later-life prosocial behavior can promote a greater understanding of resilience and adaptability in older adult survivors of childhood maltreatment.

CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IRISH OLDER ADULT SURVIVORS

Abstract Although childhood maltreatment can have lasting effects into later life, positive outcomes have also been observed, including an increased tendency towards prosocial behavior. However, little is known about the link between childhood maltreatment and later life prosocial behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to explore older adult’s experiences of childhood maltreatment and identify mechanisms linked to prosocial behavior in later life. The individual level, but also broader cultural and contextual mechanisms, were considered by comparing two adversity contexts and applying conceptual frameworks (socio-interpersonal framework model of trauma and recovery, motivational process model of altruism born of suffering). Semi-structured interviews (60-120 minutes) were conducted with 29 Irish (older) adult survivors of childhood maltreatment: 17 institutional (welfare care) abuse survivors (mean age: 61 years, range: 50-77), 12 familial abuse survivors (mean age: 58 years, range: 51-72). Interviews were analyzed using Framework Analysis. In both groups at the individual level, enhanced empathy, amelioration, and identity-related mechanisms were linked to prosocial behavior, with connections to caring roles and coping strategies from childhood. On a social contexts level, the limited resources or opportunities for help in childhood, and the social norms and beliefs of that time, influenced participants’ motivation to help others in later life. Group-specific mechanisms were also observed, such as compassion fatigue in the familial sample; and denouncing detrimental societal values in the institutional sample. The identification of individual, adversity-context, and culture-specific mechanisms linked to later-life prosocial behavior can promote a greater understanding of resilience and adaptability in older adult survivors of childhood maltreatment.

Empathy-mediated altruism in intergroup contexts: The roles of posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth.

Exposure to war-related violence is associated with greater prosocial behavior. Although researchers point to empathy and individual differences in posttraumatic growth to explain this relationship, there is no direct empirical evidence of the psychological process by which exposure to wartime violence leads to prosociality. In this investigation, we propose and test a comprehensive model of empathy-mediated altruism that addresses both how and when exposure to violence may be associated with prosociality. Results from a large-scale survey experiment conducted in a naturalistic field setting (1,660 refugees from the wars in Syria and Iraq residing in Turkey) indicate that participants reported greater empathy and altruism toward ingroup versus outgroup targets, and that posttraumatic stress predicted less and posttraumatic growth predicted more empathy and altruism. Further, empathy mediated ingroup biases in altruism (i.e., allocation of resources to the self and others); this indirect effect was stronger for those reporting greater posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress. These results support our proposed model of empathy-mediated altruism that incorporates individual differences in response to war violence and ingroup preferences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Childhood adversity and later life prosocial behavior: A qualitative comparative study of Irish older adult survivors.

ObjectiveAlthough childhood adversity can have lasting effects into later life, positive adaptations have also been observed, including an increased tendency toward prosocial behavior. However, little is known about the link between childhood adversity and later life prosocial behavior, with a particular scarcity of research on intrafamilial childhood adversity. Therefore, this study aimed to examine older adult's experiences of childhood adversity and identify mechanisms linked to prosocial behavior. Two adversity contexts (intrafamilial and extrafamilial) were compared to explore individual, as well as broader cultural and contextual mechanisms linking childhood adversity and later life prosocial behavior.MethodSemi-structured interviews (60–120 min) were conducted with N = 29 Irish (older) adult survivors of childhood adversity: n = 12 intrafamilial survivors (mean age: 58 years, range: 51–72), n = 17 institutional survivors (mean age: 61 years, range: 50–77). Interviews were analyzed using the framework analysis method, with reference to the conceptual model of altruism born of suffering.ResultsFive themes were identified on prosocial mechanisms, with three themes in both survivor groups (enhanced empathy, self-identity, amelioration), and two group-specific themes (compassion fatigue in intrafamilial survivors; denouncing detrimental social values in institutional survivors).ConclusionResults identified motivational processes and volitional factors linked to later life prosocial behavior. Connections to caring roles, (lack of) support, and social norms in childhood, as well as the need for a sense of purpose and meaning from the adversities in adulthood, highlight potential targets for psychotherapeutic intervention to promote prosocial responding and positive adaptation for childhood adversity survivors.

A Model of Perfectionism, Moral Disengagement, Altruism, and Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors in Wheelchair Athletes.

Two forms of perfectionism were examined in the present study to see whether they predicted prosocial and antisocial behaviors in sport through moral disengagement and altruism in a sample of 327 wheelchair basketball and rugby athletes (M = 33.57years, SD = 10.51; 83% male). Using structural equation modeling, the following significant direct and indirect effects were found. First, perfectionistic strivings positively predicted perceived prosocial behaviors and altruism. Second, perfectionistic concerns negatively predicted altruism and prosocial behaviors and positively predicted moral disengagement. Third, antisocial behaviors were positively predicted by moral disengagement and altruism. Furthermore, perfectionistic concerns indirectly predicted antisocial behaviors positively through moral disengagement and negatively through altruism. Finally, perfectionistic strivings positively predicted antisocial behaviors through altruism. Results provided partial support for the role of perfectionism in predicting prosocial and antisocial behaviors through moral disengagement among athletes with a disability.

Null results for the steal-framing effect on out-group aggression

Whether intergroup conflict is a necessary condition for the evolution of human prosociality has been a matter of debate. At the center of the debate is the coevolutionary model of parochial altruism—that human cooperation with in-group members has coevolved with aggression toward out-group members. Studies using the intergroup prisoner’s dilemma–maximizing difference game to test the model have repeatedly shown that people do not exhibit out-group aggression, possibly because of an inappropriate operationalization and framing of out-group aggression. The coevolutionary model predicts out-group aggression when the actor understands that it will lead to the in-group’s benefit. However, in the game, such an aspect of out-group aggression that benefits the in-group is typically not well communicated to participants. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that out-group aggression in the game would be promoted by a framing that emphasizes that attacking out-group members enhances the in-group’s gain. Results of two laboratory experiments with 176 Japanese university students in total showed that such a framing did not promote out-group aggression and individuals invested more money to cooperate with in-group members only, avoiding the strategy of cooperating with in-group members to harm out-group members. These results do not support the coevolutionary model.

CONCEPT OF GLOBAL HEALTH DIPLOMACY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This paper's purpose is to explain describes the correlation of the spread of the Covid19 virus as a global problem. The spread will form a global health diplomacy collaboration to tackle Covid19 massive spread that makes countries overwhelmed to overcome it. This paper is used for library research to research methodology with qualitative descriptive analysis paradigm. This paper result to finds that to overcome these problems, each country must interpret that international mismarked security is more important than the political and economic interests of the country. That means that cooperation must be interpreted that the Covid19 outbreak is a global problem, must be handled by multiple stakeholders, long term, and cooperation based on the nature of extremism. With the ready ness negotiation method. This interpretation is expected to be an inclusive way to be able to respond to cooperation that understands, shares, and enjoys together with global health diplomacy as to develop international governance cooperation with altruism model and ready ness negotiation.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Conformity and content-biased cultural transmission in the evolution of altruism

The evolution of altruism has been extensively modeled under the assumption of genetic transmission, whereas the dynamics under cultural transmission are less well understood. Previous research has shown that cultural transmission can facilitate the evolution of altruism by increasing (1) the probability of adopting the altruistic phenotype, and (2) assortment between altruists. We incorporate vertical and oblique transmission, which can be conformist or anti-conformist, into models of parental care, sibling altruism, and altruism between individuals that meet assortatively. If oblique transmission is conformist, it becomes easier for altruism to invade a population of non-altruists as the probability of vertical transmission increases. If oblique transmission is anti-conformist, decreasing vertical transmission facilitates invasion by altruism in the assortative meeting model, whereas in other models, there is a trade-off: greater vertical transmission produces greater assortment among genetically related altruists, but lowers the probability of adopting altruism via anti-conformity. Compared to conditions for invasion under genetic transmission, e.g., Hamilton’s rule, we show that invasion can be easier with sufficiently strong anti-conformity, and in some models, with sufficiently high assortment even if oblique transmission is conformist. We also explore invasion by an allele A that increases individuals’ content bias for altruism, in the absence of other forms of cultural transmission. If costs and benefits combine additively, A invades under previously known conditions. If costs and benefits combine multiplicatively, invasion by A and by altruism become more difficult than in the corresponding additive models.

Blast from the past: The altruism model is richer than you think

We provide the first full theoretical characterization of the standard two-period altruism model in a deterministic setting, thereby providing a coherent methodology for studying equilibria in this class of models. Under general conditions, policy and value functions are discontinuous; non-smoothness escalates one order higher than in one-player settings due to differing interests among players. We show that there exists a novel type of front-loaded transfer that enables the recipient to stay in autarky. The logic behind it challenges standard theory as it severs the link between transfer motives and first-order conditions. Our results revise qualitative predictions of dynamic altruism models and highlight that their computation demands global, not local, methods. Our results are robust to introducing income shocks and to varying assumptions on parent savings. Numerical experiments indicate that the correctly solved model features more front-loading of transfers than previously thought, accompanied by higher savings of transfer recipients.

Business Cycles in a Two-Sided Altruism Model

This study demonstrates that business cycles with complex periodic fluctuations may arise in an overlapping generations model with two-sided altruism. The structure of an equilibrium dynamical system strongly depends on the degree of altruism in the model. If either altruism of a generation to the parent or the child disappears, the study also demonstrates that complex periodic fluctuations never occur. In this sense, two-sided altruism is essential for a complex business cycle.

Neurocomputational models of altruistic decision-making and social motives: Advances, pitfalls, and future directions.

This article discusses insights from computational models and social neuroscience into motivations, precursors, and mechanisms of altruistic decision‐making and other‐regard. We introduce theoretical and methodological tools for researchers who wish to adopt a multilevel, computational approach to study behaviors that promote others' welfare. Using examples from recent studies, we outline multiple mental and neural processes relevant to altruism. To this end, we integrate evidence from neuroimaging, psychology, economics, and formalized mathematical models. We introduce basic mechanisms—pertinent to a broad range of value‐based decisions—and social emotions and cognitions commonly recruited when our decisions involve other people. Regarding the latter, we discuss how decomposing distinct facets of social processes can advance altruistic models and the development of novel, targeted interventions. We propose that an accelerated synthesis of computational approaches and social neuroscience represents a critical step towards a more comprehensive understanding of altruistic decision‐making. We discuss the utility of this approach to study lifespan differences in social preference in late adulthood, a crucial future direction in aging global populations. Finally, we review potential pitfalls and recommendations for researchers interested in applying a computational approach to their research.This article is categorized under:Economics > Interactive Decision‐MakingPsychology > Emotion and MotivationNeuroscience > CognitionEconomics > Individual Decision‐Making

Fair go: pay research participants properly or not at all

We thank the authors of the five commentaries for their careful and highly constructive consideration of our paper,1 which has enabled us to develop our proposal. Participation in research has...