Model Of Quantum Electrodynamics Research Articles

Particle production and hadronization temperature in the massive Schwinger model

We study the pair production, string breaking, and hadronization of a receding electron-positron pair using the bosonized version of the massive Schwinger model in quantum electrodynamics in 1+1 space-time dimensions. Specifically, we study the dynamics of the electric field in Bjorken coordinates by splitting it into a coherent field and its Gaussian fluctuations. We find that the electric field shows damped oscillations, reflecting pair production. Interestingly, the computation of the asymptotic total particle density per rapidity interval for large masses can be fitted using a Boltzmann factor, where the temperature can be related to the hadronization temperature in QCD. Lastly, we discuss the possibility of an analog quantum simulation of the massive Schwinger model using ultracold atoms, explicitly matching the potential of the Schwinger model to the effective potential for the relative phase of two linearly coupled Bose-Einstein condensates. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The excitation energies and hyperfine structures for 2l, 3l states in lithiumlike ions

Combining the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock method and the model-quantum electrodynamics (QED) approach, the wave functions, transition energies and hyperfine structure constants for 2l, 3l states in Li-like Ne7+, Mg9+, Al10+, P12+, Ar15+ and Ca17+ ions are calculated. The effects of electron correlation, Breit interactions, nuclear recoil and QED effects are analyzed in detail. We find that the contribution of the non-diagonal elements of the self-energy is significant for the 2p1/2→2s1/2 and 2p3/2→2s1/2 transitions. However, for the 3l→2s1/2 transitions, the contribution of non-diagonal elements is small. The accuracy of the currently calculated hyperfine structure constants is expected to be within 1%.

Scalar QED Model for Polarizable Particles in Thermal Equilibrium or in Hyperbolic Motion in Vacuum

We consider a scalar QED (quantum electrodynamics) model for the frictional force and the momentum fluctuations of a polarizable particle in thermal equilibrium with radiation or in hyperbolic motion in a vacuum. In the former case the loss of particle kinetic energy due to the frictional force is compensated by the increase in kinetic energy associated with the momentum diffusion, resulting in the Planck distribution when it is assumed that the average kinetic energy satisfies the equipartition theorem. For hyperbolic motion in vacuum the frictional force and the momentum diffusion are similarly consistent with an equilibrium with a Planckian distribution at the temperature T=ℏa/2πkBc. The quantum fluctuations of the momentum imply that it is only the average acceleration a that is constant when the particle is subject to a constant applied force.

Investigating Unitarity Violation of Lee–Wick’s Complex Ghost with Quantum Field Theory

Theories with fourth-order derivatives like Lee–Wick’s quantum electrodynamics model or quadratic gravity result in complex ghosts above a definite energy threshold that violate unitarity.

Direct measurement and theoretical prediction model of interparticle adhesion force between irregular planetary regolith particles

Interparticle adhesion force has a controlling effect on the physical and mechanical properties of planetary regolith and rocks. The current research on the adhesion force of planetary regolith and rock particles has been primarily based on the assumption of smooth spherical particles to calculate the intergranular adhesion force; this approach lacks consideration for the adhesion force between irregular shaped particles. In our study, an innovative approach was established to directly measure the adhesion force between the arbitrary irregular shaped particles; the probe was modified using simulated lunar soil particles that were a typical representation of planetary regolith. The experimental results showed that for irregular shaped mineral particles, the particle size and mineral composition had no significant influence on the interparticle adhesion force; however, the complex morphology of the contact surface predominantly controlled the adhesion force. As the contact surface roughness increased, the adhesion force gradually decreased, and the rate of decrease gradually slowed; these results were consistent with the change trend predicted via the theoretical models of quantum electrodynamics. Moreover, a theoretical model to predict the adhesion force between the irregular shaped particles was constructed based on Rabinovich’s theory, and the prediction results were correlated with the experimental measurements.

Entangled states in a simple model of quantum electrodynamics

Entangled states in a simple model of quantum electrodynamics

Effective quantum electrodynamics: One-dimensional model of the relativistic hydrogen-like atom.

We consider a one-dimensional effective quantum electrodynamics (QED) model of the relativistic hydrogen-like atom using delta-potential interactions. We discuss the general exact theory and the Hartree-Fock approximation. The present one-dimensional effective QED model shares the essential physical feature of the three-dimensional theory: the nuclear charge polarizes the vacuum state (creation of electron-positron pairs), which results in a QED Lamb-type shift of the bound-state energy. Yet, this 1D effective QED model eliminates some of the most serious technical difficulties of the three-dimensional theory coming from renormalization. We show how to calculate the vacuum-polarization density at zeroth order in the two-particle interaction and the QED Lamb-type shift of the bound-state energy at first order in the two-particle interaction. The present work may be considered a step toward the development of a quantum-chemistry effective QED theory of atoms and molecules.

Noninvertible Chiral Symmetry and Exponential Hierarchies

We elucidate the fate of classical symmetries which suffer from Abelian Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomalies. Instead of being completely destroyed, these symmetries survive as noninvertible topological global symmetry defects with world volume anyon degrees of freedom that couple to the bulk through a magnetic 1-form global symmetry as in the fractional Hall effect. These noninvertible chiral symmetries imply selection rules on correlation functions and arise in familiar models of massless quantum electrodynamics and models of axions (as well as their non-Abelian generalizations). When the associated bulk magnetic 1-form symmetry is broken by the propagation of dynamical magnetic monopoles, the selection rules of the noninvertible chiral symmetry defects are violated nonperturbatively. This leads to technically natural exponential hierarchies in axion potentials and fermion masses.Received 3 August 2022Accepted 2 February 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.13.011034Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasAnomaliesPhysical SystemsAxionsPropertiesChiral symmetryTechniquesMonopolesParticles & Fields

Observation of Wave-Packet Branching through an Engineered Conical Intersection

Analog quantum simulators, which efficiently represent model systems, have the potential to provide new insight toward naturally occurring phenomena beyond the capabilities of classical computers. Incorporating dissipation as a resource unlocks a wider range of out-of-equilibrium processes such as chemical reactions. Here, we operate a hybrid qubit-oscillator circuit quantum electrodynamics simulator and model nonadiabatic molecular dynamics through a conical intersection. We identify dephasing of the electronic qubit as the mechanism that drives wave-packet branching when the corresponding oscillator undergoes large amplitude motion. Furthermore, we directly observe enhanced branching when the wave-packet passes through the conical intersection. Thus, the forces that influence a chemical reaction can be viewed from the perspective of measurement backaction in quantum mechanics—there is an effective measurement-induced dephasing rate that depends on the position of the wave packet relative to the conical intersection. Our results set the groundwork for more complex simulations of chemical dynamics using quantum simulators, offering deeper insight into the role of dissipation in determining macroscopic quantities of interest such as the quantum yield of a chemical reaction.5 MoreReceived 16 May 2022Revised 1 November 2022Accepted 19 December 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.13.011008Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasQuantum information processing with continuous variablesQuantum simulationQuantum Information

QED and accretion flow models effect on optical appearance of Euler–Heisenberg black holes

Taking the quantum electrodynamics (QED) effect into account, we investigate the geometrical-optics appearance of the Euler–Heisenberg (EH) black hole (BH) under the different accretion flows context, which depends on the BH space-time structure and different sources of light. The more significant magnetic charge leads to the smaller shadow radius for the EH BH, while the different values of the EH parameter do not ruin it. Different features of the corresponding two-dimensional shadow images are derived for the three optically thin accretion flow models. It is shown that the total observed intensity in the static spherical accretion flow scenario leads than that of the infalling spherical accretion flow under same parameters, but the size and position of the EH BH shadows do not change in both of these accretions flows, implying that the BH shadow size depends on the geometric space-time and the shadows luminosities rely on the accretion flow morphology. Of particular interest is that a thin disk accretion model illuminated the BH, we found that the contribution of the lensing ring to the total observed flux is less than 5%, and the photon ring is less than 2%, indicating that the direct emission dominates the optical appearance of the EH BH. It is also believed that the optical appearance of the BH image depends on the accretion disk radiation position in this scenario, which can serve as a probe for the disk structure around the active galactic nucleus (AGN) of M87^{*} like.

Relevance of Rabi splitting effect for tunable enhancement of Raman scattering in self-assembled silver – Fullerene nanocomposite films

We report on detection of plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering (PERS) in self-assembled AgxC60 nanocomposite films and on evolution of this effect with increase of the Ag concentration, x, in the interval of 2<x < 25. Optical absorption spectra show that origin of the PERS effect is closely related with dipolar plasmonic mode generated by uniform 3D-ensemble of Ag nanoparticles, which arise in the C60-based matrix during the film deposition. Careful analysis of the absorption spectra designates features of strong coupling between dipolar plasmon mode and the C60 low-energy exciton suggesting energy exchange between the arisen high- and low-energy polaritonic states. Evaluation of dispersion spectra of the polaritons revealed anti-crossing effect as a sign of the strong plasmon-exciton coupling with Rabi splitting energy of about 300 meV. In frames of the recently-reported quantum-electrodynamics model, the detected PERS effect was ascribed to abundant population of the low-energy polaritonic states caused by asymmetric transitions between the low- and high-energy polaritons. The obtained PERS-spectra display sensitivity of the C60 vibrational modes to the x-driven plasmonic field strength, which demonstrates some reduction at higher x due to charge transfer through C60 molecular junctions. The evident tunability of PERS suggests an emerging potential of the self-assembled AgxC60 films for their application in molecular electronics and molecular photochemistry.

Testing a conjecture on quantum electrodynamics

A geometric Planck-scale model of quantum electrodynamics is tested against observations. Based on Dirac's proposal to describe spin 1/2 particles as tethered objects, elementary fermions are conjectured to be fluctuating rational tangles with unobservable tethers. As Battey-Pratt and Racey showed, when such tangles propagate, they obey the free Dirac equation.Classifying rational tangles yields the observed spectrum of elementary fermions. Classifying deformations of tangle cores yields exactly three types of gauge interactions. They exchange three types of elementary gauge bosons and have the symmetry groups U(1), broken SU(2) and SU(3). The possible rational tangles for fermions, Higgs and gauge bosons allow only the observed Feynman diagrams. The complete Lagrangian of the standard model arises, including the Lagrangian of quantum electrodynamics.To check the tangle model in quantum electrodynamics, over 50 tests are deduced. They include details on the perturbation expansion of the g-factor and the existence of limit values for electric and magnetic fields. So far, no test is contradicted by observations, though this could change in the future. Some tests are genuine predictions that still need to be checked.In particular, the geometry of the process occurring at QED interaction vertices suggests an ab-initio estimate for the fine structure constant. In addition, the average geometric shapes of the elementary particle tangles suggest ab-initio lower and upper limits for the mass values of the electron and the other leptons.

Non-Hermitian cavity quantum electrodynamics-configuration interaction singles approach for polaritonic structure with ab initio molecular Hamiltonians.

We combine ab initio molecular electronic Hamiltonians with a cavity quantum electrodynamics model for dissipative photonic modes and apply mean-field theories to the ground- and excited-states of resulting polaritonic systems. In particular, we develop a non-Hermitian configuration interaction singles theory for mean-field ground- and excited-states of the molecular system strongly interacting with a photonic mode and apply these methods to elucidating the phenomenology of paradigmatic polaritonic systems. We leverage the Psi4Numpy framework to yield open-source and accessible reference implementations of these methods.

Giant nonreciprocal unconventional photon blockade with a single atom in an asymmetric cavity

Inspired by the advantage of unconventional photon blockade (UCPB), we propose a simple cavity-driven quantum electrodynamics model composed of a single two-level atom embedded in an asymmetrical Fabry-Perot cavity. We derive the necessary matching conditions of frequency and intensity required for unconventional photon blockade. In the asymmetric cavity, the optimal atom-cavity coupling strength to get UCPB is related to the driving direction, which causes the equal-time second-order correlation function ${g}^{(2)}(0)$ of the cavity field depending on the driving direction, too. Due to the direction dependent effect, the output photons can be bunched in one direction incident while they are antibunched in the opposite direction incident, which is the so-called nonreciprocal UCPB (NUCPB). A giant NUCPB can be obtained under the appropriate parameter regime, where the output photons are fully antibunching in the opposite driving case. Our findings show a prospective path to producing giant quantum nonreciprocity.

Radiative effects in two-dimensional models of quantum electrodynamics in a constant magnetic field

The radiative energy shift of an electron in a constant magnetic field has been considered in the framework of the ($2+1$)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics with four-component fermions as well as in reduced ${\mathrm{QED}}_{3+1}$ in which photons propagate in a ($3+1$)-dimensional bulk and fermions are localized on a 2-brane. Analytical expressions are obtained for the energy of interaction of the electron spin with an external field and the radiative shift of the electron mass after averaging over the spin states of the electron. For ultrarelativistic energies of an electron and relatively weak magnetic fields, the total probability of a photon emission by a massive electron and the anomalous magnetic moment of an electron in a reduced ${\mathrm{QED}}_{3+1}$ are calculated. The dependence of the obtained values on the invariant dynamic parameter of synchrotron radiation is investigated. The total probabilities of synchrotron radiation of a charged massless fermion and the production of a pair of charged massless fermions by a photon in an external magnetic field are calculated in ($2+1$)-dimensional models of quantum electrodynamics.

Anomalous two-photon Compton scattering

X-ray free-electron lasers can generate radiation pulses with extreme peak intensities at short wavelengths. This enables the investigation of laser–matter interactions in a regime of high fields, yet at a non-relativistic ponderomotive potential, where ordinary rules of light–matter interaction may no longer apply and nonlinear processes are starting to become observable. Despite small cross-sections, first nonlinear effects in the hard x-ray regime have recently been observed in solid targets, including x-ray-optical sum-frequency generation (XSFG), x-ray second harmonic generation (XSHG) and two-photon Compton scattering (2PCS). Nonlinear interactions of bound electrons in the x-ray range are fundamentally different from those dominating at optical frequencies. Whereas in the optical regime nonlinearities are predominantly caused by anharmonicities of the atomic potential in the chemical bonds, x-ray nonlinearities far above atomic resonances are expected to be due to nonlinear oscillations of quasi-free electrons, including inner-shell atomic electrons. While the quasi-free-electron model agrees reasonably well with the experimental data for XSFG and XSHG, 2PCS measurements have led to unexpected results: the energy of the nonlinearly scattered photons from non-relativistic electrons shows a substantial unexpected red shift in addition to the Compton shift that is well beyond that predicted by a nonlinear quantum electrodynamics model for free electrons.A potential explanation for the spectral broadening is based on a previously unexplored scattering process that involves the whole atom rather than just quasi-free electrons. A first simulation that includes the atomic binding potential was successful in describing a broadening of the spectrum of the nonlinearly scattered photons to longer wavelengths for soft x-rays. However, the same model does not show any broadening at hard x-ray wavelengths, which is in agreement with other simulation approaches. To this point no calculation has been able to reproduce the experimentally observed broadening.Here we present further experimental data of 2PCS for an extended parameter range using additional diagnostics. In particular, we present measurements of the electron momentum distribution during the interaction that strongly suggest that the spectral broadening is not caused by an increased plasma temperature. We extend our measurement of the magnitude of the red shift in beryllium to in addition to the Compton shift expected for free electrons and expand the measurement of the angular distribution to include forward scattering angles. We also present first measurements of 2PCS from diamond.

Creating QED photon jets with present-day lasers

Large-scale, relativistic particle-in-cell simulations with quantum electrodynamics (QED) models show that high energy (1$<E_\gamma\lesssim$ 75 MeV) QED photon jets with a flux of $10^{12}$ sr$^{-1}$ can be created with present-day lasers and planar, unstructured targets. This process involves a self-forming channel in the target in response to a laser pulse focused tightly ($f$ number unity) onto the target surface. We show the self-formation of a channel to be robust to experimentally motivated variations in preplasma, angle of incidence, and laser stability, and present in simulations using historical shot data from the Texas Petawatt. We estimate that a detectable photon flux in the 10s of MeV range will require about 60 J in a 150 fs pulse.

Many-body localization in waveguide quantum electrodynamics

At the quantum many-body level, atom-light interfaces generally remain challenging to solve for or understand in a non-perturbative fashion. Here, we consider a waveguide quantum electrodynamics model, where two-level atoms interact with and via propagating photons in a one-dimensional waveguide, and specifically investigate the interplay of atomic position disorder, multiple scattering of light, quantum nonlinear interactions and dissipation. We develop qualitative arguments and present numerical evidence that such a system exhibits a many-body localized~(MBL) phase, provided that atoms are less than half excited. Interestingly, while MBL is usually formulated with respect to closed systems, this system is intrinsically open. However, as dissipation originates from transport of energy to the system boundaries and the subsequent radiative loss, the lack of transport in the MBL phase makes the waveguide QED system look essentially closed and makes applicable the notions of MBL. Conversely, we show that if the system is initially in a delocalized phase due to a large excitation density, rapid initial dissipation can leave the system unable to efficiently transport energy at later times, resulting in a dynamical transition to an MBL phase. These phenomena can be feasibly realized in state-of-the-art experimental setups.

Quantum Parity Conservation in Planar Quantum Electrodynamics

Quantum parity conservation is verified at all orders in perturbation theory for a massless parity-even $U(1)\times U(1)$ planar quantum electrodynamics (QED$_3$) model. The presence of two massless fermions requires the Lowenstein-Zimmermann (LZ) subtraction scheme, in the framework of the Bogoliubov-Parasiuk-Hepp-Zimmermann-Lowenstein (BPHZL) renormalization method, in order to subtract the infrared divergences induced by the ultraviolet subtractions at 1- and 2-loops, however thanks to the superrenormalizability of the model the ultraviolet divergences are bounded up to 2-loops. Finally, it is proved that the BPHZL renormalization method preserves parity for the model taken into consideration, contrary to what happens to the ordinary massless parity-even $U(1)$ QED$_3$.

Probing the spectrum of the Jaynes-Cummings-Rabi model by its isomorphism to an atom inside a parametric amplifier cavity

We show how the Jaynes--Cummings--Rabi model of cavity quantum electrodynamics can be realized via an isomorphism to the Hamiltonian of a qubit inside a parametric amplifier cavity. This realization clears the way to observe the full spectrum of the Rabi model via a probe applied to a parametric amplifier cavity containing a qubit and a parametric oscillator operating below threshold. An important outcome of the isomorphism is that the actual frequencies are replaced by detunings which make it feasible to reach the ultra-strong coupling regime. We find that inside this regime the probed spectrum displays a narrow resonance peak that is traced back to the transition between ground and first excited states. The exact form of these states is given at an energy crossing and then extended numerically. At the crossing, the eigenstates are entangled states of field and atom where the field is found inside squeezed cat states.