Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator Research Articles

Advances in cardiac sounds monitoring enabled by triboelectric sensors

Cardiac sounds sensor as a noninvasive instrument plays a pivotal role in the early diagnosis of various heart disease. In recent years, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been employed widely for sensing different physiological information benefiting from abundant materials choices, simplicity of construction and low cost. More importantly, the fast saturated constitutive characteristic of the contact-separation mode (C-S) TENG demonstrates ultrahigh sensitivity in the detection of micromechanical quantities than traditional piezoelectric sensing mechanism. This article presents an overview of the C-S TENG enabled self-powered cardiac sounds monitoring, focusing on the working principle, performance comparison between C-S TENG and piezoelectric generator (PEG), and related applications. The challenges and future research directions of cardiac sounds sensor and C-S TENG toward micro-displacement region have also been proposed.

A compliant mechanism actuated bistable hybrid mode triboelectric nanogenerator

Abstract Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) working in sliding mode offer higher power generation capability compared with those working in contact-separation mode (CS-TENGs). However, unlike CS-TENGs, sliding action can limit TENG lifespan due to wear and tear. A TENG combining both modes with intermittent sliding actions can overcome this limitation. In this study, we propose a bistable hybrid mode TENG (BHM-TENG) that can leverage the functionalities of the traditional sliding TENG and CS-TENG and achieve both durability and satisfactory performance, enabled by a compliant mechanism design. A self-rotating base introduces sufficient sliding during intermittent contact, leading to significant improvement in charge transfer (44%) and voltage output (58%) compared with the conventional TENGs while minimising wear and tear. The prototyped device, excited using compliant beams, can be effectively actuated even at extremely low input frequencies (<0.1 Hz), as explained by a mathematical model. The real-world energy harvesting applications enabled by BHM-TENG is proposed based on the output of BHM-TENG.

Biomedical device powered by triboelectric nanogenerator

Biomedical devices play vital roles in health monitoring. Operability of these devices is hindered by their limited battery life. In vivo monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment have become challenging. The proposed Triboelectric Nanogenerator helps in overcoming the shackles of battery life. This article describes the process involved in the development of a healthcare device powered by triboelectric effect. In this work a contact-separation mode based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been used to power the device. TENG uses triboelectric phenomenon to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. A contact-separation mode TENG operates through the interaction of two triboelectric materials. These materials act as an anode and a cathode, respectively, and develop opposite charges when brought into contact. Upon separation, the charged surfaces retain their individual charges, creating a potential difference between the materials. This difference generates an electrostatic field that drives the flow of electrons from one electrode to the other. As the electrons return, the field collapses, and the materials come back into contact, repeating the cycle. The device has been used to power a heart rate monitoring system. Experimental results demonstrate the output performance and long-term durability of the TENG device. Furthermore, future research, challenges and opportunities have been elaborated.

Heat-Excitation-Based Triboelectric Charge Promotion Strategy.

The surface charge decay is observed at high temperatures due to thermionic emission, which, however, may not be the only mechanism contributing to the surface charge variation. Here, a triboelectric charge promotion strategy due to the heat-excitation effect of hot electrons near the fermi level is demonstrated, while the final charge is determined by the balance between thermionic emission and the heat-excitation effect. It is demonstrated that metals with lower work function exhibit a better heat excitation capability, and polymers with lower fluorine content in molecule chains further boost the charge output, where metal/Kapton pairs demonstrated a charge promotion of over 2 times at the temperature of 383K with good durability during 90min measurement. The heat-excitation effect and charge durability in sliding freestanding-triboelectric-layer (SFT) mode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is demonstrated as well, where the energy is promoted by over 3 times and the capacitor charging speed is doubled as well, with an energy promotion from 109.34 to 373µJ per cycle to successfully trigger a discharger. This work suggests a promising future of the heat-excitation effect as a new charge promotion strategy for TENG toward different applications in high-temperature environments.

ZnO-based triboelectric nanogenerator and tribotronic transistor for tactile switch and displacement sensor applications

Tribotronics, the coupling of triboelectricity and semiconductors, is a novel field that has sparked much interest in the nanoelectronics and nanoenergy industries. This work presents the fabrication of a ZnO tribotronic transistor by combining a ZnO thin film transistor (ZnO-TFT) and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) operating in vertical contact separation mode. A Si/SiO2/ZnO/Au structure was used to construct a bottom-gated ZnO-TFT. Radiofrequency (RF) magnetron sputtering was employed to deposit ZnO thin film, and the Au contact was achieved through thermal evaporation. A range of annealing temperatures was investigated, and ZnO TFT annealed at 500 °C exhibited a maximum electron mobility of 5.47 cm2/V s and a high on/off ratio of 105. We also investigated the photoresponse of this optimized ZnO-TFT using a UV LED. A vertical contact separation mode TENG was fabricated using ZnO (tribo-positive layer) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF, tribo-negative layer) and combined with the ZnO TFT to fabricate a tribotronic transistor. The drain current of the tribotronic transistor dropped from 2.9 to 0.02 µA at a drain voltage of 5 V when the tribo layers were separated by 15 mm. Within the separation region of 2 mm, the device showed a 1.29 µA/mm change in drain current demonstrating its effectiveness in displacement sensing. Unlike conventional TFTs, the TENG's output could successfully control the tribotronic transistor's drain current and was innovative in such domains where conventional electrical components were constrained. Furthermore, this ZnO tribotronic device was used as an active smart tactile switch by simply touching or releasing the ZnO TENG with a finger.

Rationally Improved Surface Charge Density of Triboelectric Nanogenerator with TiO2-MXene/Polystyrene Nanofiber Charge Trapping Layer for Biomechanical Sensing and Wound Healing Application.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have become reliable green energy harvesters by converting biomechanical motions into electricity. However, the inevitable charge leakage and poor electric field (EF) of conventional TENG result in inferior tribo-charge density on the active layer. In this paper, TiO2-MXene incorporated polystyrene (PS) nanofiber membrane (PTMx NFM) charge trapping interlayer is introduced into single electrode mode TENG (S-TENG) to prevent electron loss at the electrode interface. Surprisingly, this charge-trapping mechanism augments the surface charge density and electric output performance of TENGs. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) mixed polyurethane (PU) NFM is used as tribo-active layer, which improves the crystallinity and mechanical property of PVDF to prevent delamination during long cycle tests. Herein, the effect of this double-layer capacitive model is explained experimentally and theoretically. With optimization of the PTMx interlayer thickness, S-TENG exhibits a maximum open-circuit voltage of (280V), short-circuit current of (20µA) transfer charge of (120 nC), and power density of (25.2 µW cm-2). Then, this energy is utilized to charge electrical appliances. In addition, the influence of AC/DC EF simulation in wound healing management (vitro L929 cell migration, vivo tissue regeneration) is also investigated by changing the polarity of trans-epithelial potential (TEP) distribution in the wounded area.

Electro-mechano transduction of stacked triboelectric nanogenerator considering wave force: Modeling, validation and applications

Aiming at the low-frequency characteristics of ocean wave energy, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) provide an efficient collection method. We propose a multi-layer contact-separation mode triboelectric nanogenerator (MS-TENG) based on a frequency-up mechanism to collect water wave energy. First, we study the effects of frequency rising and TENG unit stacking on the output of the MS-TENG. Experiments show that the short-circuit current of the MS-TENG with 12 layers stacked is 152.16 μA when the rotating speed is 60 rpm. Compared with a single TENG unit, the short-circuit current of the MS-TENG is increased by 6.35 times. Second, the hydrodynamic simulation method is used to study the force and energy capture efficiency of floating bodies with different shapes in water waves. The results show that the energy capture efficiency of the cylindrical floating body is 70.14 % higher than that of the spherical floating body under the same volume. Third, we use a cylindrical floating body to package the MS-TENG. In water tank experiments, when the load resistance is 4 MΩ, the peak power density of the packaged MS-TENG is 14.56 W/m3. In addition, with the help of the MS-TENG, we set up a wireless temperature and humidity monitoring system to realize the preliminary marine environmental monitoring.

Multifunctional biopolymer poly (lactic acid)-based triboelectric nanogenerator via controlled construction of secondary electron path

Seeking sustainable energy solutions for bioelectronic devices, high-performance, multifunctional biopolymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are proving to be essential for biomedical applications. This study presents an innovative fabrication method for establishing secondary electron transport paths, resulting in biopolymer-based nanocomposites (poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/carbon nanotube (CNT)@expanded graphite (EG)) with inherent electron pathways. By integrating conductive biopolymer nanocomposites with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films, we developed a contact-separation mode TENG (CS-TENG) that demonstrates outstanding energy-harvesting efficiency. The CS-TENG displays an impressive charge density of 280 μC/m2, accompanied by an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 100.5 V and short circuit current density (Isc) values of 47.25 mA/m2. Moreover, the essential conductive network guarantees the CS-TENG’s stability across different humidity levels and serves as a moisture barrier. In addition to energy harvesting, the fabricated biopolymer nanocomposite films exhibit effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and Joule heating capabilities, rendering the CS-TENG suitable for use in diverse application scenarios. Our results emphasize the crucial role of conductive network architecture in creating high-performance biopolymer PLA-based TENGs. The innovative fabrication method and our CS-TENG's capabilities reveal the significant potential of biopolymer-based composites to transform energy harvesting, thermal management, and EMI shielding in bioelectronics.

The Influence of Discontinuity‐Induced Fringing Effect on the Output Performance of Contact‐Separation Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Experiment and Modeling Studies

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are promising self‐powering supplies for various intelligent sensing and monitoring devices, especially because they can harvest electric energy from low frequency and small‐scale mechanical motions. Despite the fact that contact‐separation mode TENGs with smaller contact areas harvest higher electrical outputs due to fringing effect, the impact of fringing effect on TENGs’ electrical outputs is rarely investigated quantitatively. Herein, in this study, the influence of fringing effect on the electrical outputs of contact‐separation mode TENGs by introducing discontinuity on the tribo‐negative side manually is investigated. In the results, it is revealed that the TENGs with more discontinuities show higher overall electric performance. Compared to pristine TENGs, the TENGs with discontinuity increased significantly, improving the surface charge by 50% and the power density by 114% when cross discontinuities are applied. However, one should generate discontinuities on tribo‐negative side of TENGs using ceramic blade instead of metal blade within a positive‐ion atmosphere due to the neutralization through the electrically conductive metal blade. The computational simulation validates that the TENGs with discontinuities obtain higher electrical outputs, and further investigates the effect of discontinuity gap size and array distance on TENGs performance. In this study, a promising method is provided for the future design of TENGs using discontinuous structures.

Spontaneously established reverse electric field to enhance the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators via improving Coulombic efficiency

Mechanical energy harvesting using triboelectric nanogenerators is a highly desirable and sustainable method for the reliable power supply of widely distributed electronics in the new era; however, its practical viability is seriously challenged by the limited performance because of the inevitable side-discharge and low Coulombic-efficiency issues arising from electrostatic breakdown. Here, we report an important progress on these fundamental problems that the spontaneously established reverse electric field between the electrode and triboelectric layer can restrict the side-discharge problem in triboelectric nanogenerators. The demonstration employed by direct-current triboelectric nanogenerators leads to a high Coulombic efficiency (increased from 28.2% to 94.8%) and substantial enhancement of output power. More importantly, we demonstrate this strategy is universal for other mode triboelectric nanogenerators, and a record-high average power density of 6.15 W m−2 Hz−1 is realized. Furthermore, Coulombic efficiency is verified as a new figure-of-merit to quantitatively evaluate the practical performance of triboelectric nanogenerators.

Wave‐to‐Wire Model and Output Performance Analysis of a Point Absorption Wave Energy Converter Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Herein, a point absorption wave energy converter (WEC) model combined with a contact–separation mode triboelectric nanogenerator (PAW TENG) is proposed. The model considers the interaction between the hydrodynamic forces captured by a point absorption conversion device of wave energy and the electrostatic force of the TENG. According to the established harmonic oscillation model of the buoy, the buoy's hydrodynamic properties and power generation characteristics are studied using finite element simulation and numerical simulation calculations. The best matching resistor circuit for PAW TENG in regular waves is investigated and analyzed. The electrical characteristics of the PAW TENG in the irregular wave spectrum are also solved. This work will provide design ideas for the experimental design of a novel point absorption WEC.

Hierarchical Structure by Self‐sedimentation of Liquid Metal for Flexible Sensor Integrating Pressure Detection and Triboelectric Nanogenerator

AbstractMultifunctional integration is a pivotal aspect in the development of flexible sensors that facilitate augmented interaction with the physical environment. However, contemporary multifunctional flexible sensors face challenges arising from their complex structures and high costs. Therefore, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) /liquid metal (LM) films with a hierarchical structure prepared via the gravity‐induced deposition of LM are applied to multifunctional flexible sensors. PDMS/LM films exhibit remarkable flexibility and function as flexible electrodes for pressure sensors as well as a single‐electrode mode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The porous PDMS/carbon nanotube (CNT) dielectric with an array structure is developed for pressure sensing, showing commendable sensitivity (0.671 kPa−1) even under low pressures (0–17 kPa). Compared with solid and porous dielectrics, its sensitivity is improved over the entire pressure range. The sensor achieves a response time of ≈80 ms and demonstrates exceptional stability. Furthermore, when the PDMS/LM film with a hierarchical structure functions as a TENG, it can serve as a self‐powered sensor for measuring dynamic forces and aid in material recognition with the assistance of capacitive pressure sensing. This study provides a new perspective on the simplified design and integration of multifunctional flexible sensors.

Liftoff of a soft-actuated micro-aerial-robot powered by triboelectric nanogenerators

Aerial insects can nimbly navigate in cluttered natural environments while they interact with delicate objects such as flowers and leaves. To achieve insect-like agility and robustness, power dense dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have been developed for driving sub-gram micro-aerial-vehicles (MAVs). However, despite exhibiting muscle-like bandwidth and resilience, DEAs require a high driving voltage in the range of 1 – 2 kilovolts. This requirement poses substantial challenges for developing compact boost electronics and energy sources, which prohibit power autonomous operations of soft-actuated sub-gram MAVs. Here, we develop a compact and high power triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that can effectively charge a high-voltage DEA and enable the liftoff of a soft-actuated MAV. We propose an In-plane Charge Pump (ICP) design that can deliver over 1500 V and 110 mW without requiring a secondary charge pump or magnetic circuit components such as inductors or transformers. Compared to conventional free-standing mode TENGs, our ICP design shows a 280 % and 920 % increase in voltage and energy generation, respectively. When this TENG powers a DEA-driven MAV, the 160 mg robot achieves liftoff with a lift-to-weight ratio of 1.75. This result highlights the potential of powering high-voltage microrobots with energy-harvesting devices.

Effective parameters on polydimethylsiloxane/graphene composite-based triboelectric nanogenerator performance

ABSTRACT This paper systematically investigates the effective parameter on the performance of polydimethylsiloxane/graphene (PDMS@Gr)-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as well as their applications. PDMS@Gr films containing 0, 0.05, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt.% graphene are synthesized, and their surface characteristics, mechanical behavior, and electrical properties are characterized. Vertical contact-separation mode TENGs are fabricated, and their performance is evaluated. The results demonstrate that the surface roughness and surface charge density are the most critical parameters for the performance of PDMS@Gr-based TENGs compared to the electrical and mechanical properties of the friction layers. The PDMS@Gr-based TENG with 1 wt.% graphene shows the highest power output of 2.6 W/m2 at an optimized working condition (5 Hz and 15 N). It also exhibits stable power output until 15,000 working cycles and displays battery-free applications by powering a light-emitting diode (LED) array, a calculator, a digital watch, and a digital thermometer.

Self-powered wireless flexible sensing for food storage based on triboelectric-electromagnetic generator

In Controlled Atmosphere (CA) food storage, maintaining optimal conditions, including gas concentration, temperature, and humidity on the food surface, is crucial. This paper proposes the application of a self-powered wireless flexible sensing system based on a triboelectric-electromagnetic generator in food CA storage. To configure certain concentrations of mixed CA gases, we need to accurately control the volume of CA gas input into the mixed gas tank within a certain period, and the gas flow velocity in the pipeline will directly affect this factor. The gas flow velocity in the pipeline is detected by the CA gas flow velocity detection part (FVS) with an independent layer working mode triboelectric nanogenerator (FV-TENG) as the main component. Simultaneously, a flexible Temperature and Humidity Sensor (THS) affixed to the food surface provides real-time monitoring. EMG collects irregular wind energy in the CA warehouse to provide energy for the processing of information in the system and wireless transmission to the IoT cloud platform, realizing the system's self-power and wireless transmission. The self-powered wireless sensing system facilitates remote collection of CA gas flow velocity data, precise control of mixed atmosphere gas concentrations, and real-time monitoring of food surface temperature and humidity in the CA warehouse.

Autonomous self-healing hybrid energy harvester based on the combination of triboelectric nanogenerator and quantum dot solar cell

Realization of multi-source energy harvesting with one single device would maximize power output. Thus, it is emerging as a promising strategy towards renewable energy generation and has attracted worldwide attention in the past decades. Capable of capturing mechanical energy that is ubiquitous in the ambient environment, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been considered a novel yet effective source towards next-generation energy harvesting. In this work, a flexible hybrid energy harvester (HEH) is developed via the rational integration of autonomous self-healing TENG and high bending-stable lead sulfide quantum dot (PbS QD) solar cell, enabling independent electricity generation by two different mechanisms. The single-electrode mode TENG component with self-healing is realized by a polydimethylsiloxane/Triton X-100 (PDMS/TX100) mixture as the dielectric layer and the shared gold (Au) electrode, which generates 0.39 µA of output current (Iout), 24.6 V of output voltages (Vout), 15.4 nC of transfer charges (Qsc), and 7.80 mW m−2 of output power peak density. The thin-film solar cell component is based on a PbS QD layer as the light absorber with a planar structure fabricated under low-cost and compatible conditions, achieving 22.8 mA cm−2 of short-circuit current density (Jsc) and 4.92% of power conversion efficiency (PCE). As a proof of concept, an electronic watch is successfully powered by harnessing ambient mechanical and solar energy with a hybridized energy cell. This approach will offer more opportunities to construct a versatile platform towards remote monitoring and smart home systems.

Polystyrene Waste-ZnO nanocomposite film for energy harvesting via hydrophobic triboelectric nanogenerator: Transforming waste into energy

This research aimed to generate electricity from polystyrene waste materials combined with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials. Developing alternative polystyrene waste materials for generating electricity in triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) could be beneficial in a circular economy and sustainable development. With the motivation to reduce environmental pollution by using polystyrene waste, a recycled polystyrene-ZnO nanocomposite film (rPS-ZnO NF) was synthesized and served as a triboelectric material for energy harvesting applications. ZnO nanopowder was produced by a low-temperature solution immersion method in conjunction with a simple film-casting method to prepare the rPS-ZnO NF. The effects of varying amounts of toluene as a solvent medium and the immersion time in stearic acid (SA) solution treatment on the structural properties, wettability behavior, surface morphology, chemical bonding properties, surface characteristics, and TENG performance were investigated. In this work, rPS film, rPS-ZnO NF, and SA-treated rPS-ZnO NF were paired with Kapton film as the opposite triboelectric material in constructing the vertical contact-separation mode TENG. Compared to rPS TENG, the rPS-ZnO TENG exhibited a two-fold enhancement in performance (8.2 V) in output voltage and ∼4.5 fold enhancement (28.1 μW/cm2) in power density. Furthermore, following SA treatment, the triboelectric performance further improved, reaching the highest open circuit voltage of ∼8.8 V and the highest power density of 32.0 μW/cm2 for repeated 2 N-solenoid tapping force. The hydrophobic behavior was also improved with the highest water contact angle of 134.7 (when the SA treatment immersion time was 1 h). These findings demonstrate that SA-treated rPS-ZnO NF could be a promising candidate for efficient mechanical energy harvesting with high electrical output and excellent surface wettability. This research not only exhibits an excellent output performance of SA-treated rPS-ZnO TENG, but it also sheds new light on the sustainable approach of converting polystyrene waste into energy-harvesting material.

Design and development of a horizontal contact separated (HCS) test setup for measuring the performance of triboelectric nanogenerator for sustainable energy harvesting applications.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can play a pivotal role in harnessing non-utilized reciprocating motion and convert it into electrical energy that can later be stored in a battery or capacitor to power various Internet of Things-based smart electronic and wearable devices. Herein, we designed a cost-effective instrumental test bed focused on investigating the output performance of a horizontal contact separation mode triboelectric nanogenerator by varying the input parameters, such as applied force, motor speed, triboplate separation, and frequency of instrumental setup. The test bed mainly consists of three major parts: (i) application of force, (ii) tapping of TENG sample, and (iii) output parameters measurement. The output performance in terms of open circuit output voltage (VOC), short circuit current (ISC), and power density of polydimethylsiloxane-based TENG was monitored and optimized by varying the input parameters. A low-cost current measuring circuitry using an operational amplifier integrated circuit has been proposed with 92% accuracy. The maximum value of VOC and ISC was observed to be 254V and 31.8 µA at a motor speed of 600rpm, the distance between both the plates was 6mm, the input applied force of 40 N, and the striking frequency of 3Hz. The maximum power density of 2.1 W/m2 was obtained at an input impedance of 8 kΩ. The durability of the test bed as well as the TENG sample was also measured for 25h. The degree of uncertainty was measured for VOC, ISC, and applied force and calculated to be 1.62%, 7.45%, and 6.27%, respectively.

Formaldehyde degradation by soft-sliding-electrification-induced air ionization

Formaldehyde (HCHO), a highly toxic and carcinogenic gas, is the most common indoor air pollutant and a threat to human health. Developing simple and effective technological routes to achieve sustainable degradation of HCHO has become a common goal. In this work, we reported a self-powered air-ionized HCHO degradation system based on a soft-sliding freestanding mode triboelectric nanogenerator (SSF-TENG). The sliding-electrification process between soft rabbit fur and a robust PTFE film enables the generation of electrical outputs of up to ten thousand volts that can trigger air breakdown. The generated O3, ·OH and other highly oxidizing substances could degrade HCHO into CO2 and H2O. Through a standard ball gap platform based on two hollow Cu balls, the voltage of air discharge was measured to be between 11.2 kV and 14.4 kV. For demonstration, the SSF-TENG was applied to two parallel disk-shaped Cu electrodes to continuously breakdown the air with a peak discharge current of 6 mA. The system can produce a maximum O3 concentration of 1.2 ppm within 50 minutes. Moreover, the HCHO concentration can be reduced from 1.6 ppm to 0 within 20 minutes, and the degradation speed reaches 0.08 ppm/min. This work highlights the application of triboelectric microplasma in pollutant removal, which has great potential in self-powered environmental purification.

Regulating the electrical performance of contact-separation mode triboelectric nanogenerators based on double-sided groove textures

The contact-separation mode triboelectric nanogenerators (CS-TENGs) is a kind of micro/nano electromechanical power system based on the contact electrification and electrostatic induction. With the expansion of application field of the CS-TENG, regulating the electrical performance becomes essential. In this paper, simple and effective methods for the CS-TENG output regulation based on the double-sided groove textures are proposed. To do this, groove textures on both Cu contact electrode and PDMS dielectric layer are fabricated, and influences and mechanisms of the alignment angle (the angle between the direction of groove textures on the Cu electrode and that on the PDMS dielectric layer), matching condition (textures sidewall contact and non-contact) and applied pressure on the CS-TENG output are explored through output tests, contact and electrostatic simulations. It is shown that altering the alignment angle, matching condition and applied pressure of groove texture on the Cu contact electrode and PDMS dielectric layer, could simply regulate the output of CS-TENG, where changing the alignment angle is the most effective. Under low and high applied pressures, the variations of the output voltage with alignment angle from 0˚–90˚ reach to 343.8% and 297.2%, respectively, and CS-TENG at 0˚ angle outputs the maximum voltage under both pressures, while the minimum voltages under the two pressures are exhibited from different angles. The change of contact area induced by the longitudinal deformation and transverse expansion of the groove textures is the main reason for the output regulations.