Mode Selection Process Research Articles

Self-assembled micro-patterns in uphill-diffusion solution system.

In this work we present self-organized regular patterns in a solution system through uphill-diffusion. Micrometer thick organic semiconductor solution is sandwiched between a substrate and cover-plate. Self-assembled regular patterns can be observed on the substrate after solvent evaporation. Different micro-patterns and pattern defects were displayed and analyzed. Mechanisms of defect formation, mode selection process during patten generation, and pattern sedimentation onto substrate from solution were proposed. Organic thin film transistors were fabricated with the assembled line patterns which demonstrate a promising way to produce patterned micro/nano materials.

Multi-criteria analysis for freight transport decision-making with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process: A top management’s perspective for Bahrain

This study sheds light on the multicriteria mode choice selection process of freight transport in the Kingdom of Bahrain from the perspective of top decision-makers. A questionnaire-based interview survey was carried out to determine the factors influencing this choice. The responses were analyzed using FAHP method, which resulted in a prioritized list of factors affecting mode choice for freight transport and the preferred mode choices for different future routes. Results indicated that the criteria for mode choice can be ranked as follows in order of decreasing significance: safety, CO2 emission, cost, reliability, speed, flexibility, and capacity. The rail mode is the preferable one for 2, out of the 3 proposed routes, while the dedicated truck lane is the most convenient choice because of the short distance and the nature of the commodities moved along this corridor. Some of the results from this study suggested that the top decision-makers could be somewhat different in the criteria for mode choice and more specific in terms of route conditions in this regard. This research offers meaningful insights into the mode selection process, classified on the basis of different routes, of traders as well as providing valuable inputs for transport planners and decision-makers. This research provides a unique perspective into the decision-making process from top management’s perspective which was found to be different from the general understanding related to mode choice. The results of the study could be used to devise policies to attract more traders, consequently, increasing economic activities in the country.

ANALISIS PEMODELAN PEMILIHAN MODA TRANSPORTASI ANTARA SEPEDA MOTOR DENGAN ANGKUTAN UMUM

Movement activities can cause the mode selection process. Tridinanti University, as one of the education centers in Palembang city is one of the centers of movement for students. The basis of this research aims to observe the behavior of student motorcycle users with public transportation and analyze whether mode selection is influenced by changes in cost and travel time. This research was conducted with data from the observation approach, questionnaire results, literature review and data processing with the SPSS program in describing the travel situation for the two modes. An overview of the composition of the characteristics of travelers from survey data, it is known that the general characteristics of users in the selection of modes are 81.14% of motorcycle user respondents while 18.86% of public transportation user respondents. Based on gender, male respondents were 57.43% while female respondents were 42.57%. The reasons for choosing modes for motorcycles are time considerations of 47.18% and cost considerations of 15.85% while the reasons for choosing modes for public transportation are cost considerations of 36.36% and time considerations of 13.64%. The mode selection model between motorcycles and public transportation obtained (Usp-Umk) = -0.767-0.011C-0.024T. When the condition of attribute difference is equal to zero, the probability value of motorcycles is greater than the probability of public transportation for the attributes of travel time and cost. The model obtained from regression analysis of all data has the highest R2 price of 0.88% or 88% of the influence of the two attribute factors considered and the remaining 12% is influenced by attributes that have not been considered. In addition to the 2 travel attributes included in this study, several other attributes could also be considered for testing such as safety, convenience, and other influencing factors.

Impact of noise on spinodal dewetting of liquid-liquid films

Spinodal dewetting provides fundamental insights into the physics at interfaces, such as van der Waals forces driving dewetting, dissipation processes or thermal fluctuations. The dewetting process of liquid bilayer systems still raises open problems involving two coupled moving interfaces. Comparison of experimental results of spinodally dewetting liquid polystyrene films from liquid polymethylmethacrylate substrates, with predictions from linear stability analysis, we demonstrate that both the spinodal wavelength and the rupture times show significant differences. Key for this discrepancy is the altered mode selection process due to the initial surface roughness of the liquid-air and liquid-liquid interfaces, which is perturbed by partially correlated colored noise in the linearly unstable region. The strong effect of noise on mode selection and rupture time is confirmed by comparing experimental results with numerical solutions of the full dynamic nonlinear model and suggest new strategies to include thermal fluctuations into modeling these processes.

Preferred Reporting Items for Complex Sample Survey Analysis (PRICSSA)

Abstract Methodological issues pertaining to transparency and analytic error have been widely documented for publications featuring analysis of complex sample survey data. The availability of numerous public use datasets to researchers without adequate training in using these data likely contributes to these problems. In an effort to introduce standards for reporting analyses of survey data and promote replication, we propose the Preferred Reporting Items for Complex Sample Survey Analysis (PRICSSA), an itemized checklist to guide researchers publishing analyses using complex sample survey data. PRICSSA is modeled after other checklists (e.g., PRISMA, CONSORT) that have been widely adopted for other research designs. The PRICSSA items include a variety of survey characteristics, such as data collection dates, mode(s), response rate, and sample selection process. In addition, essential analytic information—such as sample sizes for all estimates, missing data rates and imputation methods (if applicable), disclosing if any data were deleted, specifying what survey weight and sample design variables were used along with method of variance estimation, and reporting design-adjusted standard errors/confidence intervals for all estimates—are also included. PRICSSA also recommends that authors make all corresponding software code available. Widespread adoption of PRICSSA will help improve the quality of secondary analyses of complex sample survey data through transparency and promote scientific rigor and reproducibility.

A solidification mode selection process map for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of B-modified Ti6Al4V

The unique solidification kinetics of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing tend to result in solidification modes deviating from the phase diagram predictions. This study documents an approach for developing LPBF solidification mode selection process map based on an analytical equation model which determines the solidification mode transition criteria as a function of laser power ( P ), scan velocity ( V ) and material properties. As case studies, solidification mode selection process maps were developed for three Ti6Al4V-xB alloys (x = 1, 2, 5 wt% B), presenting primary β , primary TiB, and coupled eutectic solidification modes. To validate the proposed approach, laser deposition experiments were conducted to fabricate single-tracks, single-layer and two-layer pads on arc-melted Ti6Al4V-xB alloy buttons with different P-V parameters. The model-developed process maps agreed with the experimental results. P-V windows were found to allow coupled-eutectic solidification for off-eutectic Ti6Al4V-1, 2, 5 % B and primary- β solidification for hyper-eutectic Ti6Al4V-5 %B, producing a microstructure with a continuous TiB network and a microstructure with a discontinuous network of nano-scale TiB whiskers respectively. Single-layer and two-layer pads showed consistent microstructure features of the tracks, except for the narrow region that was remelted during pad deposition. Melt pool hardness was measured, which increases with scan velocity and shows a sudden change when solidification mode was altered. The potential and limitations of the proposed method for LPBF microstructure investigation are discussed. • An approach based on analytical models was used to develop a solidification mode selection process map for LPBF. • Solidification process maps were constructed for LPBF of Ti6Al4V-1, 2, 5%B, showing windows for coupled eutectic mode. • By varying P-V parameters, high-B% Ti6Al4V-xB solidification alters from primary TiB to eutectic to primary β-Ti mode. • LPBF with Ti6Al4V-xB could render four TiB morphologies after solidification

Prediction of sloshing pressure and structural response of LNG CCS

Sloshing pressure that has a short rising time and a large peak value can cause structural damage to the primary membrane or insulation panel of the LNG cargo containment system (LNG CCS). Several experimental and numerical approaches have been suggested to estimate the design sloshing pressures used in the LNG CCS design stage. In this paper, in order to improve the management quality of LNG CCS during the operation of a vessel, methods for prediction of LNG CCS sloshing pressures and hot-spot stresses in real-time from measured inner-deck stresses (the latter not actually measured in the present study but calculated from the numerical simulation) are suggested. The proposed methods are based on the impulse superposition method and mode superposition method. A space superposition concept was introduced to consider the characteristic that the sloshing pressure appears differently at each position of the primary membrane. For prediction of sloshing pressure from inner-deck stresses, the inverse impulse/space superposition method was established, and the accuracy of the overall sloshing pressure prediction was enhanced by minimizing the sloshing pressure prediction error at a specific duration time through the least square method. By applying the impulse/space superposition method to the hot-spot stresses for the unit impulse, the hot-spot stresses for the sloshing pressure were calculated. The inverse process of the mode superposition method was also studied. In order to increase the accuracy of modal amplitude estimation, an additional mode selection process was devised to remove highly correlated modes. The prediction of LNG CCS hot-spot stresses calculated from the modal amplitude only was well performed, whereas the uncertainty of sloshing pressure prediction requiring numerical difference of the modal amplitude was quite high. From a series of numerical simulations, the validity of the proposed methods was verified. Using the real-time sloshing pressure time histories predicted from the proposed methods, the level of sloshing pressures generated in the actual LNG tank can be identified and the validity of the design sloshing pressures used in LNG CCS design can be judged. In addition, from the estimated real-time LNG CCS hot-spot stresses under sloshing pressures, LNG CCS structural health monitoring can be carried out during the lifetime of vessel.

Architectural Design of a Fast Search Algorithm and Implementation to Intra-Mode Decision Block of Still Image Coding

As a requirement of many modern image compression standards faced today, a computational complexity is observed due to the best mode selection in the intra-prediction stage. This computational complexity is tried to be reduced by various techniques without affecting the performance criteria of the image. In this study, a fast search algorithm, which simplifies the mode selection process of the intra-prediction algorithm and provides calculation with less number of modes is proposed. The hardware architecture of this proposed algorithm is implemented for realization. There are two main sections of the intra-prediction algorithm in image compression, namely the image prediction process and the mode selection process. In this study, main objective is to reduce the process time of the mode selection and the simplification of the hardware design. Sum of absolute difference (SAD) is a frequently used criterion to simplify hardware design. The algorithm searches for the most suitable mode in a single step, where the decision is based on the SAD criterion preferred for the simplicity. The proposed algorithm and related hardware architecture is tested by using various experiments. The number of the modes calculated is reduced effectively, while the process is kept within the acceptable limits in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and compression rate (CR) performance criteria. Therefore, the number of clock cycles observed is considerably reduced. The designed architecture is synthesized for the field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) board and the obtained results are given. In addition, these results are compared with the HM reference software where the corresponding results are in accordance with the reference software.

A Solidification Mode Selection Process Map for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of B-Modified Ti6al4v

A Solidification Mode Selection Process Map for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of B-Modified Ti6al4v

Unidirectional lasing in nonlinear Taiji microring resonators

We develop a general formalism to study laser operation in active micro-ring resonators supporting two counterpropagating modes. Our formalism is based on the coupled-mode equations of motion for the field amplitudes in the two counterpropagating modes and a linearized analysis of the small perturbations around the steady state. We show that the devices including an additional S-shaped waveguide establishing an unidirectional coupling between both modes -- the so-called Taiji resonators (TJR) -- feature a preferred chirality on the laser emission and can ultimately lead to unidirectional lasing even in the presence of sizable backscattering. The efficiency of this mode selection process is further reinforced by the Kerr nonlinearity of the material. This stable unidirectional laser operation can be seen as an effective breaking of $\mathcal{T}$-reversal symmetry dynamically induced by the breaking of the $\mathcal{P}$-symmetry of the underlying device geometry. This mechanism appears as a promising building block to ensure non-reciprocal behaviors in integrated photonic networks and topological lasers without the need for magnetic elements.

Forced flow response analysis of a turbulent swirling annular jet flame

This study of an externally forced, amplifier-type turbulent reacting swirling annular jet presents a low-order model for the flow response to transverse acoustic excitation and compares the model's predictions with experimental measurements. The model is formulated based on linear stability calculations about the turbulent mean flow and eddy viscosity fields obtained from separate measurements of the unforced flow. The stability calculations yield weakly global spatial modes associated with the forcing frequency, which serve as a basis upon which to project the forcing input. Thus, the model constitutes a hydrodynamic transfer function connecting the input forcing to the output coherent flow response through the linearized low Mach number compressible Navier–Stokes equations. Following a detailed presentation of the stability analysis underlying the model, the response predictions are evaluated against previously reported experiments where the jet was transversely excited at both an acoustic pressure node and an antinode. The results reveal excellent agreement between the predicted response and the measured fluctuating fields, suggesting that the low-order linear model based on the turbulent mean flow field captures the essential physics of the mode selection process in this forced configuration. This work provides further evidence that linear hydrodynamics govern the growth and decay of spatiotemporally coherent vortical structures in the swirling, turbulent jet flame, and, in particular, explains the dominance of co-rotating spiral structures.

LOW-INTENSITY SIGNAL MODULATION OF THE MICROWAVE PHYSIOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT

The article describes the features of the amplitude and frequency modulation of the output signals of millimeter range generators for microwave therapy. A review of the appearance of possible biological and medical effects using modulated signals is carried out. The use of highly sensitive radar-type equipment made it possible to study the absorption capacity of a person in the mm-wave range from an external source.
 The authors’s results of experimental studies are described, this are showed that at some frequencies, an increased absorption of the power of the irradiating signal is recorded. These frequencies are referred to as “absorption resonances”. The original schemes of monochromatic and noise signal generators developed by the authors are presented, and the principle of their operation is described. The article shows the possibility of generating low-intensity signals and ensuring the generator range operation using the second harmonic of the monochromatic signal and the selective properties of the EHF nodes. The technical parameters and characteristics of the developed devices are revealed. The application areas of the developed devices in practical medicine are out-lined. With the help of the control unit, a low-frequency signal as a saw-like or triangular voltage is generated and is supplied to the varactor converter. Under the influence of the modulation signal, the varactor capacitance changes, and, therefore, the frequency of the EHF generator. The operation of a combined radiation measurement system with a modulated noise-like output spectrum and the patient feedback is described. 
 The article demonstrates the broad practical possibilities for using microprocessor technology for automation and control of the operation mode selection process, for the formation and change of the microwave signal modulation parameters. The conducted studies reveal the process of interaction of low-intensity microwave radiation with the human body and can be used in technologies of millimeter therapy. The article describes the service functions of the developed equipment, which contribute to its more effective use in microwave therapy technologies.

Probabilitas Modal Shift Model Angkutan Umum Di Bandara Adi Soemarmo Solo

Mulai 1 Desember 2019 Kereta Api Bandara Adi Soemarmo Solo beroperasi dengan rute Stasiun Solo Balapan-Bandara Adi Soemarmo, dengan jarak sejauh 12,9 kilometer, dan rata-rata waktu tempuh selama 20 menit. Mobilitas pergerakan dapat menyebabkan proses pemilihan moda. Pemilihan moda merupakan salah satu model yang digunakan dalam perencanaan transportasi angkutan umum. Hasil perhitungan probability perpindahan untuk variabel usia dan pekerjaan responden merupakan variabel yang berpengaruh secara signifikan. Setelah dilakukan analisis akhir dengan pengkategorian untuk tiap variabel usia dan pekerjaan, maka didapatkan kategori tiap Usia (2) yaitu usia 21-30 tahun dan usia (3) yaitu usia 31-40 tahun. Untuk kategori tiap variabel pekerjaan yang signifikan yaitu pekerjaan 1 pelajar/mahasiswa, pekerjaan 3 BUMN, dan pekerjaan 4 pegawai swasta. Hasil perhitungan probabilitas menunjukan semakin bertambah usia responden maka probabilitasnya mengalami mengalami penurunan dengan semakin bertambahnya umur seseorang maka akan cenderung lebih memilih menggunakan kendaraan pribadi karena lebih mudah mobilitasnya, lebih aman, dan lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan mereka yang usia muda akan lebih banyak memilih menggunakan angkutan umum untuk mobilitasnya karena lebih terjangkau serta lebih murah. Begitupula dengan pekerjaan, para pelajar/mahasiswa probabilitasnya lebih tinggi dibandingkan Pegawai swasta maupun BUMN karena intensitas mobilitas nya tidak sesering Pegawai swasta maupun BUMN.

Continuous-wave Nd:KGd(WO4)2 single-longitudinal-mode laser* *Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11674273 and 61805209).

A continuous-wave Nd:KGd(WO4)2 single-longitudinal-mode laser is demonstrated with Fabry–Perot etalons in a simple linear cavity. The thermal lens effect is dramatically lowered by propagating the laser beam along the ‘athermal’ direction inside the laser crystal, which is very beneficial to removing the heat generated in the mode selection process. The maximum single-longitudinal-mode output power obtained is 64.8 mW at incident pump power of 4.7 W, corresponding to an optical conversion efficiency of 1.3% and a slope efficiency of 1.7%.

Challenges and Solutions on Interference Management in D2D System of Cellular Network

A single bidirectional link is used to allow communication between two devices in the device-todevice (D2D) communication system. D2D technology has to implement with the current cellular system. As both users D2D and cellular use the same licensed spectrum for transmission the chances of interferences increases. It is challenging for researchers to find out the proper mechanism to decrease interference and maximize performances. In this paper, we try to survey the challenges and their solutions to enable D2D communication in the cellular network with low interference. Here we describe the peer discover, mode selection process and interference management with power control and resource allocation. Finally, we can say that with proper power control, spectrum slicing and resource allocation we can mitigate co-tier and cross-tier interferences.

Symmetry Breaking in Large Columnar Frozen Wave Patterns in Weightlessness

The large columnar patterns resulting from the frozen wave instability in zero gravity conditions are investigated numerically for finite containers of immiscible liquids. The mode selection process is affected by forcing amplitude, frequency, container size and the vibroequilibria effect. The final columnar states are often approximately left-right symmetric and a quantitative measure of their asymmetry is used to distinguish three different growth regimes depending on the applied vibration. Solutions at low frequencies are affected by the antiphase forcing at the lateral walls and by early collisions of the longwave modes with the upper and lower boundaries. At moderate frequencies, the development of the pattern is characterized by centrally located defects and nearly symmetric modes. At higher frequencies, there are off-center defects and asymmetric modes. The critical value of the symmetry-breaking transition separating these final two types of behavior is determined as a function of the container aspect ratio.

Energy Aware Dynamic Mode Decision for Cellular D2D Communications by Using Integrated Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model

Recent developments in mobile network communication increases the usage of the cellular users and their wideband data transfer. Sometimes, network operators may get overloaded because of voice and data transmission between nodes which are under the same coverage area. Cellular device-to-device communication is one of the emerging technologies to overcome current increasing demands for spectrum in cellular networks. It reduces network traffic at centralized terminal stations by enabling direct communication link between source and destination. Mode selection is one of the steps required to fix defined configuration for transmitting data between the pairs of nodes. In this article, the mode selection problem has been considered as multi-objective decision-making problem and applied classical multi-criteria decision models such as analytic hierarchy process and technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution models. From simulated results, combination of these two has been proven as the most promising combination for mode selection problem in cellular device-to-device communications under three different types of data services such as text, audio, and video. A dynamically mode selection process has to be carried out with multiple factors which are affecting the performance of the system using proposed model.

Guided filter based intra mode accelerator for HEVC

In order to support fast communication of multimedia contents, the encoding complexity of the state of the art encoder i.e. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is reduced by proposing a fast intra mode selection process in this paper. The complexity is reduced by proposing a unique and novel model that incorporates the concept of Guided Filter (GF). In this article, the output of GF is used as weights for the intra modes; The GF is used in the same way as any other filter that takes into account some pixels and return a single value (e.g. average). Secondly, the ‘guidance’ parameter of GF is obtained using spatial/ temporal information about the block in order to efficiently handle the current problem. Thirdly, statistical evidences are presented to prove the feasibility of GF for early mode decision. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed GF based model speeded up the HEVC by 30.50%, while Bjontegaard Delta Bit Rate (BD-BR) is only 1.21%. Moreover, the encoding time is improved by 2.28% while saving 1.68% BD-BR when compared with the cutting edge work in the intra field.

Throughput improvement by mode selection in hybrid duplex wireless networks

Hybrid duplex wireless networks, use half duplex (HD) as well as full duplex (FD) modes to utilize the advantages of both technologies. This paper tries to determine the proportion of the network nodes that should be in HD or FD modes in such networks, to maximize the overall throughput of all FD and HD nodes. Here, by assuming imperfect self-interference cancellation (SIC) and using ALOHA protocol, the local optimum densities of FD, HD and idle nodes are obtained in a given time slot, using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions as well as stochastic geometry tool. We also obtain the sub-optimal value of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) threshold constrained by fixed node densities, using the steepest descent method in order to maximize the network throughput. The results show that in such networks, the proposed hybrid duplex mode selection scheme improves the level of throughput. The results also indicate the effect of imperfect SIC on reducing the throughput. Moreover, it is demonstrated that by choosing an optimal SIR threshold for mode selection process, the achievable throughput in such networks can increase by around 5%.

Waterproof Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Lasers and Their Applications in Solution.

The many advantageous optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskites have made them promising materials in both solar cells and light source applications. However, lead halide perovskites are soluble in polar solvents, which hinders their practical applications. Thus, the effective protection of perovskite against polar solvents is of great significance. Herein, we report a waterproof CsPbBr3 nanoplate (NP) laser protected by large-scale on-chip microprocess-compatible atomic layer deposition (ALD) Al2O3. The 50 nm Al2O3 coated CsPbBr3 NPs can continuously lase in water for over an hour and can still lase after being immersed in water for a month. Moreover, the lasing behaviors of the 20 nm Al2O3 coated CsPbBr3 NP, in the mixed solution of water and glycerine with the refractive index ranging from 1.33 to 1.47, are also studied. As the environmental refractive index increases, the NP laser goes through a mode selection process, showing single-mode (540.3 nm) to dual-mode and to single-mode (533.9 nm) lasing behavior, which is caused by mode competition resulting from the decrease of quality factor (Q factor) and the blue-shift of the material's gain spectra. Besides, lasing thresholds of the CsPbBr3 NP increase with the environmental refractive index, which can be utilized for sensing with a measured sensitivity of 129.7 μJ cm-2 RIU-1 (per refractive index unit) (388.2 μJ cm-2 RIU-1) for the long (short)-wavelength lasing mode. Our work demonstrates that the ALD Al2O3 protection method can effectively protect CsPbBr3 against polar solvents, enhance the material's stability, and enable perovskite's practical applications in both on-chip integration and solvent systems.