Mode Of Invasion Research Articles

Tumor budding and complete epithelial mesenchymal transition correlate with late nodal metastasis in early-stage tongue squamous cell carcinoma

BackgroundLate nodal metastasis is a poor prognostic factor for early-stage tongue squamous cell carcinoma. However, for most early-stage patients, there is a low risk for late nodal metastasis, which currently lacks a diagnostic marker. Tumor budding is a nodal metastasis risk factor in other human cancers. Here, we evaluated tumor budding by partial or complete epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Ovol2 expression, a transcription factor that directly suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition. MethodsSixty-six T1–2N0 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Tumor expressions of E-cadherin and vimentin (epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers) and Ovol2 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Tumor histopathological and immunohistochemical features, mode of invasion, and tumor budding were assessed. Correlations between these potential predictive factors and late nodal metastasis were determined statistically. ResultsUnivariate analysis demonstrated lymphoid infiltrate, perineural invasion, infiltrative growth pattern, tumor budding, vimentin positive, and complete epithelial-mesenchymal transition were significant factors of late nodal metastasis (all P < 0.05), observed in 25.8 % of patients. Multivariate analysis identified tumor budding and vimentin positive were independent prognostic factors (both P < 0.025). Ovol2 expression was significantly decreased in partial and complete epithelial-mesenchymal transition cells (both P < 0.01) compared with normal epithelia. Univariate analysis, but not multivariate analysis, showed Ovol2 correlated with depth of invasion and tumor budding (both P < 0.05). ConclusionTumor budding and vimentin expression are risk factors for late nodal metastasis in T1–2N0 tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Ovol2 might be involved in the early stages of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Evaluation of these factors might identify patients susceptible to late nodal metastasis who require elective neck dissection.

Differential transcriptional invasion signatures from patient derived organoid models define a functional prognostic tool for head and neck cancer

Clinical outcome for patients suffering from HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains poor. This is mostly due to highly invasive tumors that cause loco-regional relapses after initial therapeutic intervention and metastatic outgrowth. The molecular pathways governing the detrimental invasive growth modes in HNSCC remain however understudied. Here, we have established HNSCC patient derived organoid (PDO) models that recapitulate 3-dimensional invasion in vitro. Single cell mRNA sequencing was applied to study the differences between non-invasive and invasive conditions, and in a collective versus single cell invading PDO model. Differential expression analysis under invasive conditions in Collagen gels reveals an overall upregulation of a YAP-centered transcriptional program, irrespective of the invasion mode. However, we find that collectively invading HNSCC PDO cells show elevated levels of YAP transcription targets when compared to single cell invasion. Also, collectively invading cells are characterized by increased nuclear translocation of YAP within the invasive strands, which coincides with Collagen-I matrix alignment at the invasive front. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we identify immune cell-like migratory pathways in the single cell invading HNSCC PDO, while collective invasion is characterized by overt upregulation of adhesion and migratory pathways. Lastly, based on clinical head and neck cancer cohorts, we demonstrate that the identified collective invasion signature provides a candidate prognostic platform for survival in HNSCC. By uncoupling collective and single cell invasive programs, we have established invasion signatures that may guide new therapeutic options.

Tumor budding is an optimal indictor of occult cervical metastasis in clinical early-stage buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma.

Buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma (BMSCC) is an aggressive disease. This study investigated the clinicopathological significance of tumor budding (TB), depth of invasion (DOI), and mode of invasion (MOI) on occult cervical metastasis (CM) of BMSCC. Seventy-one cT1-2N0 BMSCC patients were included in this retrospective study. TB, DOI, MOI, and other clinicopathological features were reviewed. Risk factors for occult CM, locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using logistic regression and Cox's proportional hazard models, respectively. Multivariate analysis with the logistic regression model revealed that MOI, DOI, and TB were significantly associated with occult CM in early-stage BMSCC after adjusting for variates. However, multivariate analysis with the Cox's proportional hazard model found only TB to be a prognostic factor for LRRFS (hazard ratio 15.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.94-116.66; p = 0.01; trend test p = 0.03). No significant association was found between MOI, DOI, or TB and OS. The optimal predictor of occult CM and prognosis of early-stage BMSCC is TB, which may assist clinicians in identifying patients at high risk of cervical metastasis.

Study on oxidation mechanism of aluminum surface under applied electric field

The oxidation behavior of aluminum alloy has a significant impact on its industrial application of aluminum alloy, and studying how aluminum alloy oxidizes in electrolyte solutions is crucial. However, current research predominantly focuses on aluminum anodization at higher voltages and the second-phase corrosion behaviors in halide ion-containing solutions. The research on the formation mechanism of the oxide film on the aluminum surface lacks in-depth analysis, and there is no unified opinion on the method of oxygen invasion into the oxide film. This study establishes an experiment on the corrosion of aluminum alloy in an oxygen-free water environment. By scrutinizing the oxidation behaviors of aluminum surface under conditions of no voltage and low voltage, we investigate the effect of applied electric field on the mode of oxygen invasion in alumina. The findings reveal that under the condition of no external voltage and an alkaline environment, self-passivation products of aluminum undergo a transformation from AlO(OH) to Al(OH)3 as the pH value increases. At a pH of 10, complete transformation into Al(OH)3 occurs. When external voltage is applied, Al(OH)3 is initially formed on the aluminum surface with an increase of potential. As the potential reaches a certain value, the potential energy barrier for the reaction of H and O in OH− is disrupted, leading to the reaction of Al3+ replacing H+ and generating an Al2O3 film, with the current on the membrane surface changes unevenly during this process, resulting in the emergence of a double-layer film structure on the aluminum surface. Therefore, under the electrochemical environment of applying a small current, the film formation process on the surface of aluminum alloy is carried out under the action of OH− heterocracking in water, and the O in the water molecule forms two distinct oxide films with the Al matrix in the form of O2− and OH−.

A preliminary study of IgG4 expression and its prognostic significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma

BackgroundIgG4, which plays a pivotal role in the progression of phenotypically diverse tumors, serves as a prognostic marker because of its influence on cancer immunity. Nevertheless, the functions of IgG4 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remained to be identified.MethodsTo evaluate the significance of IgG4 expression in TSCC, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of patients with TSCC (n = 50) to evaluate the correlation of IgG4 expression with patients’ clinicopathological features and prognoses.ResultsHigher IgG4 expression detected in TSCC tissues was associated with the less advanced mode of invasion (Yamamoto-Kohama [YK] 1–3) (P = 0.031) and with well-differentiated TSCC (P = 0.077). Kaplan–Meier analyses revealed that the higher IgG4 expression group exhibited better prognosis indicated by overall survival (OS) (P = 0.04) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P = 0.016). Univariate analysis of OS indicated that IgG4 expression was associated with longer OS (P = 0.061), and multivariate analysis of RFS revealed that IgG4 expression served as an independent prognostic factor for longer RFS (P = 0.005).ConclusionThese results indicate that relatively higher IgG4 levels serve as a favorable prognostic factor for TSCC.

Analytical Limit Cycle Solutions of Abiological Invasion Mode

Analytical Limit Cycle Solutions of Abiological Invasion Mode

Cell jamming in a collagen-based interface assay is tuned by collagen density and proteolysis.

Tumor cell invasion into heterogenous interstitial tissues consisting of network-, channel- or rift-like architectures involves both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated tissue remodeling and cell shape adaptation to tissue geometry. Three-dimensional (3D) models composed of either porous or linearly aligned architectures have added to the understanding of how physical spacing principles affect migration efficacy; however, the relative contribution of each architecture to decision making in the presence of varying MMP availability is not known. Here, we developed an interface assay containing a cleft between two high-density collagen lattices, and we used this assay to probe tumor cell invasion efficacy, invasion mode and MMP dependence in concert. In silico modeling predicted facilitated cell migration into confining clefts independently of MMP activity, whereas migration into dense porous matrix was predicted to require matrix degradation. This prediction was verified experimentally, where inhibition of collagen degradation was found to strongly compromise migration into 3D collagen in a density-dependent manner, but interface-guided migration remained effective, occurring by cell jamming. The 3D interface assay reported here may serve as a suitable model to better understand the impact of in vivo-relevant interstitial tissue topologies on tumor invasion patterning and responses to molecular interventions.

Manufacturer invasion and online sales mode strategy considering the level of service quality.

This study investigates the decision process of own-brand intrusion by contract manufacturers and their selection of invasion sales modes under the consideration of service quality disparities between brand manufacturers and contract manufacturers. Specifically, the study constructs a three-tier supply chain system comprising a brand manufacturer, a contract manufacturer, and an e-commerce platform. The equilibrium profits under different sales mode combinations are determined by using reverse induction methodology, and the optimal sales mode combinations are analyzed and compared. The study reveals that the decision process of contract manufacturers' own-brand invasion depends on the potential market demand. Furthermore, when brand manufacturers adopt the reselling mode, the service quality level does not affect the decision process of invasion sales modes. However, when brand manufacturers adopt the agency mode, contract manufacturers with low service quality levels are more suitable for invasion through the agency mode, whereas contract manufacturers with high service quality levels are better suited for invasion through the reselling mode. Additionally, for the equilibrium sales mode combination among members of the supply chain, it is observed that with lower commission rates, both brand manufacturers and contract manufacturers choose the agency mode, while with higher commission rates, both choose the reselling mode. When commission rates are moderate, brand manufacturers prefer the agency mode, whereas contract manufacturers prefer the reselling mode.

Significance of tumour budding and invasive characteristics in grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Tumour budding has been recognized as a morphologic marker of tumour invasion. Invasive characteristics such as depth of invasion, mode of invasion and worst pattern of invasion are potentially powerful parameters predicting the regional metastasis. This study was done to understand the significance of tumour budding and various characteristics of invasion and their impact on grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma. An immunohistochemical study was performed on tissue sections obtained from 34 paraffin-embedded blocks of clinically and histologically diagnosed cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The sections were stained with pan cytokeratin and observed under high power magnification. Tumour budding and the invasive patterns were found to be significant in OSCC. A proposed grading system based on tumour budding and cell nest was found to have a significant correlation with the WHO grading system. This study demonstrated the importance of using tumour buds as an additional parameter in the grading system and also assessed the importance of invasive patterns, cellular atypia and stromal contents in OSCC.

The pattern and spread of invasion can predict late cervical lymph node metastasis in early tongue squamous cell carcinoma

To determine the predictive indexes of late cervical lymph node metastasis in early tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 25 patients with stage I/II TSCC who had undergone surgical treatment without elective neck dissection. We evaluated the relationships between clinicopathologic factors and the occurrence of late cervical lymph node metastasis. Of the 25 cases, metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes was observed in nine cases (36.0%). The clinicopathological factors associated with late cervical lymph node metastasis were the mode of invasion (MOI, p = 0.032), depth of invasion (DOI, p = 0.004), and perineural invasion (PNI, p = 0.040). A multivariate analysis revealed that only the DOI was an independent predictor of late cervical lymph node metastasis. The combination of the DOI and MOI or the PNI and MOI was significantly correlated with late cervical lymph node metastasis (p = 0.004 and p = 0.012, respectively). Our findings suggest that combinations of the MOI, DOI, and PNI could be used as an index for predicting late cervical lymph node metastasis in early TSCC.

Type II Grass Carp Reovirus Rapidly Invades Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) via Nostril-Olfactory System-Brain Axis, Gill, and Skin on Head.

Type II grass carp reovirus (GCRV-II) with high pathogenicity and infectivity causes severe hemorrhagic disease, which leads to extensive death in the grass carp and black carp aquaculture. However, the early invasion portal remains unclear. In this study, we explored the invasion portal, time, and pathway of GCRV-II by immersion infection in grass carp. Through the detection of the infected grass carp external body surface tissues, most of them could be detected to carry GCRV-II within 45 min except for the skin covered by scales. Further shortening the duration of infection, we proved that GCRV-II rapidly invades through the nostril (especially), gill, and skin on head at only 5 min post-immersion, rather than merely by adhesion. Subsequently, visual localization investigations of GCRV-II were conducted on the nostril, olfactory system (olfactory bulb and olfactory tract), and brain via immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We found that few viruses were located in the nostril at 5 min post-immersion infection, while a significantly increased quantity of viruses were distributed in all of the examined tissues at 45 min. Furthermore, the semi-qRT-PCR and Western blotting results of different infection times confirmed that GCRV-II invades grass carp via the nostril-olfactory system-brain axis and then viral replication unfolds. These results revealed the infection mechanism of GCRV-II in terms of the invasion portal, time, and pathway in grass carp. This study aims to understand the invasion mode of GCRV-II in grass carp, thus providing theoretical support for the prevention and control strategies of hemorrhagic disease.

Geometrical control of interface patterning underlies active matter invasion

Interaction between active materials and the boundaries of geometrical confinement is key to many emergent phenomena in active systems. For living active matter consisting of animal cells or motile bacteria, the confinement boundary is often a deformable interface, and it has been unclear how activity-induced interface dynamics might lead to morphogenesis and pattern formation. Here, we studied the evolution of bacterial active matter confined by a deformable boundary. We found that an ordered morphological pattern emerged at the interface characterized by periodically spaced interfacial protrusions; behind the interfacial protrusions, bacterial swimmers self-organized into multicellular clusters displaying +1/2 nematic defects. Subsequently, a hierarchical sequence of transitions from interfacial protrusions to creeping branches allowed the bacterial active drop to rapidly invade surrounding space with a striking self-similar branch pattern. We found that this interface patterning is geometrically controlled by the local curvature of the interface, a phenomenon we denote as collective curvature sensing. Using a continuum active model, we revealed that the collective curvature sensing arises from enhanced active stresses near high-curvature regions, with the active length scale setting the characteristic distance between the interfacial protrusions. Our findings reveal a protrusion-to-branch transition as a unique mode of active matter invasion and suggest a strategy to engineer pattern formation of active materials.

Molecular Basis of the Structure and Transmission of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS: A Review Report

In late 2019, a new coronaviridae family member officially designated as “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2” (SARS-CoV-2) emerged and began to spread intensely, worldwide. Its rapid spread was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Within the coronaviridae family, SARS-CoV-2 is the third highly pathogenic virus that infects human beings, following the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In this review, the molecular basis for the origin, mode of action, invasion, and organization of these viruses are discussed by using various models. Moreover, the transmission pathways, replication mechanisms, and diagnostic strategies of these viruses are also discussed. The molecular basis of SARS and MERS helps to understand their infection patterns, pathogenic mechanisms with anecdotes on their diagnosis, and future directions. Expectedly, this study would serve the purpose of being a reliable source of information to scientists, clinicians, as well as the general public.

Investigation on Water Invasion Mode and Remaining Oil Utilization Rules of Fractured-Vuggy Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Intersection Region of S99 Unit in Tahe Oilfield

Fractured-vuggy reservoirs are a new target in carbonate oil and gas exploration and development. Because of well-developed reservoir bodies, including fractures and caverns, bottom water invasion can be observed in oilfield development, with low utilization efficiency of crude oil in the reservoir. Accordingly, this study focused on the intersection region of the S99 unit of the Tahe fractured-vuggy reservoirs. Based on seismic data, the reservoir bodies can be divided into three types—caverns, fractures, and broken solution pores. Using the same location condition assignment algorithm, four single-type models are fused into a multi-scale discrete three-dimensional geological model of fractured and cavernous reservoirs, and the corresponding fractured-vuggy reservoir model was established for numerical simulation. The single-well historical fitting precision exceeded 85%. Furthermore, the development can be divided into four stages—initial stage of production, peak production stage, liquid control and oil stabilization stage, and scale gas injection stable. Streamlining sweep analysis determined the utilization and distribution characteristics of the remaining oil in the reservoir. It can be concluded that structure, caverns, and fractures were the main controlling factors affecting the remaining oil distribution in the fractured-vuggy reservoir. The fluid exchange among single-well reserve zones was calculated using streamline-based quantitative sweep analysis and interwell flow quantitative analysis method. Through source-sink quantitative analysis, interwell flow relations were derived, and three water breakthrough modes were further concluded: violent flooding, slow ascending of water cut, and low cut or intermittent water production.

Buccinator muscle invasion is a risk factor for cervical lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa: A retrospective study.

The present study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in patients with buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma (BMSCC). This retrospective study included patients with primary BMSCC who underwent surgery at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology of Tokyo Medical and Dental University (Tokyo, Japan) between January 2008 and December 2017. The following data were collected and analyzed: Sex, age, primary lesion subsite, tumor/node/metastasis stage, clinical growth patterns, tumor differentiation, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, mode of invasion, pathological depth of invasion, extent of tumor invasion, and clinical outcome of patients with BMSCC. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the possible risk factors for CLNM. A total of 75 patients were included in the present study, among whom 30 (40%) were found to have histological CLNM. Of the 33 patients with buccinator muscle infiltration by the tumor, 24 (72.7%) had CLNM. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that buccinator muscle invasion was the most significant predictive risk factor for CLNM in BMSCC. The present study found that tumor invasion of the buccinator muscle was the most significant predictive risk factor for CLNM in BMSCC. Therefore, elective neck dissection should be performed if buccinator muscle invasion is identified in patients with BMSCC.

Interplay of adherens junctions and matrix proteolysis determines the invasive pattern and growth of squamous cell carcinoma.

Cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma, frequently invade as multicellular units. However, these invading units can be organised in a variety of ways, ranging from thin discontinuous strands to thick 'pushing' collectives. Here we employ an integrated experimental and computational approach to identify the factors that determine the mode of collective cancer cell invasion. We find that matrix proteolysis is linked to the formation of wide strands but has little effect on the maximum extent of invasion. Cell-cell junctions also favour wide strands, but our analysis also reveals a requirement for cell-cell junctions for efficient invasion in response to uniform directional cues. Unexpectedly, the ability to generate wide invasive strands is coupled to the ability to grow effectively when surrounded by extracellular matrix in three-dimensional assays. Combinatorial perturbation of both matrix proteolysis and cell-cell adhesion demonstrates that the most aggressive cancer behaviour, both in terms of invasion and growth, is achieved at high levels of cell-cell adhesion and high levels of proteolysis. Contrary to expectation, cells with canonical mesenchymal traits - no cell-cell junctions and high proteolysis - exhibit reduced growth and lymph node metastasis. Thus, we conclude that the ability of squamous cell carcinoma cells to invade effectively is also linked to their ability to generate space for proliferation in confined contexts. These data provide an explanation for the apparent advantage of retaining cell-cell junctions in squamous cell carcinomas.

Post-Traumatic Single-Digit Onychomycosis

Onychomycoses are a group of fungal nail infections commonly classified either according to the pathogenic fungus, to the duration of the disease or to the mode of fungal invasion. Most cases are diagnosed clinically, although there is a general consensus that the pathogen should be identified prior to initiating a treatment. However, this is often difficult as the classical mycologic methods of direct microscopy and culture frequently remain negative. We came across a particular subset of onychomycoses, which posed extreme diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Over a period of 15 years, 44 patients were seen in specialized nail clinics with a single nail dystrophy that was examined and treated in vain by many practitioners and dermatologists prior to their consultation. Of the forty-four cases, thirty-nine patients had a fingernail affected and five had a toenail affected. The nail was almost completely onycholytic, the nail bed visibly keratotic, the proximal nail fold smooth and shiny and slightly swollen. All patients except five brought the results of negative mycologic cultures. Thirty-four patients had received antifungal therapy, mostly topical, as a single nail would not qualify for systemic treatment according to most national and international guidelines. The diagnosis was finally confirmed by histopathology of the nail plate showing an invasive onychomycosis in all cases. After nail avulsion and combined topical and systemic antifungal therapy, thirty-six patients were cured, three were lost from follow-up, and five showed improved nails but not a complete clinical and mycologic cure. A single-digit nail disease raises the suspicion of a tumor or a trauma; although, in rare cases, diseases normally affecting several nails may only affect a single nail. Such a case should prompt the clinician to ask for a previous trauma to this digit and to intensify the search for a specific pathogen. This study also underlines the importance of histopathology for the diagnosis of onychomycoses.

The emerging role of microtubules in invasion plasticity.

The ability of cells to switch between different invasive modes during metastasis, also known as invasion plasticity, is an important characteristic of tumor cells that makes them able to resist treatment targeted to a particular invasion mode. Due to the rapid changes in cell morphology during the transition between mesenchymal and amoeboid invasion, it is evident that this process requires remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Although the role of the actin cytoskeleton in cell invasion and plasticity is already quite well described, the contribution of microtubules is not yet fully clarified. It is not easy to infer whether destabilization of microtubules leads to higher invasiveness or the opposite since the complex microtubular network acts differently in diverse invasive modes. While mesenchymal migration typically requires microtubules at the leading edge of migrating cells to stabilize protrusions and form adhesive structures, amoeboid invasion is possible even in the absence of long, stable microtubules, albeit there are also cases of amoeboid cells where microtubules contribute to effective migration. Moreover, complex crosstalk of microtubules with other cytoskeletal networks participates in invasion regulation. Altogether, microtubules play an important role in tumor cell plasticity and can be therefore targeted to affect not only cell proliferation but also invasive properties of migrating cells.

Cellular migration in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma: a case series on the genomics of amoeboid movement and its prognostic significance

Glioblastoma is an aggressive, fatal form of adult diffuse glioma. The ability of glioblastoma cells to switch to an amoeboid-like mode of invasion contributes greatly to tumour aggressiveness,1 though the prognostic value of genes related to amoeboid migration are not well characterised. Aims: To explore genes involved in amoeboid-related events (AREs) and determine differences in the frequency of genomic alterations between different adult glioma subgroups. Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted to identify genes involved in AREs. The genomic alteration frequency of identified ARE-associated genes were compared between low and high-grade glioma cohorts (LGG and HGG, respectively), stratified by their IDH1/2 mutation status. The prognostic significance of ARE-genes was also analysed using the HGG cohort. Results: Overall, 273 genes related to AREs were identified and subtyped. ARE-associated genomic alterations were significantly more common in IDH-mutant HGG, relative to IDH-wildtype HGG (p=0.048). Survival analyses indicated that novel ARE-associated genes, PIK3R6, PLA2G2F, PLA2G4B, PLA2G4F, PNPLA3, ARPC4 and WNT8A, may have prognostic value in HGG patients. Of interest, MAP2K2, was associated with longer overall survival in HGG patients. Conclusion: ARE-associated genes show varying genomic alterations between different adult glioma subtypes and represent an exciting opportunity for further investigation. Reference 1. Koh I, Cha J, Park J, et al. The mode and dynamics of glioblastoma cell invasion into a decellularized tissue-derived extracellular matrix-based three-dimensional tumor model. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 4608.

Mathematical Modeling of Spherical Shell-Type Pattern of Tumor Invasion

Cancer cell migration, as the principal element of tumor invasion, involves different cellular mechanisms. Various modes of cell migration including single and collective motions contribute to the invasion patterns. The competition between adhesive cell–cell and cell–matrix forces is a key factor that determines such patterns. In this paper, we study a distinct shell-type mode of tumor invasion observed in brain and breast tumors. In this mode, cells at the outer layer of the tumor collectively move away from the core and form a shell-type shape. Both the core and the shell sustain a sharp interface between cells and the surrounding matrix. To model the preserved interface, we adopted a Cahn–Hilliard-type free energy relation with the contribution of the interfacial stress. This nonconvex form of free energy allows for cells to remain together and preserve the tumor core via adhesive cell–cell forces while separating the core from the surrounding matrix across a continuous sharp interface. In addition, the motion of the shell was modeled using the chemotactic migration of cells in response to the gradient of nutrients. The associated fluxes of cells were implemented in a general form of balance law. A non-Michaelis–Menten kinetics model was adopted for the proliferation rate of cells. The flux of nutrients was also modeled using a simple diffusion equation. The comparison between the model predictions and experimental observations indicates the ability of the model to manifest the salient features of the invasion pattern.