Mode Of Compensation Research Articles

Research on Energy Performance Contracting mode of demand-side reactive power compensation

Demand-side reactive power compensation achieves the purpose of saving energy and protecting the environment by improving the efficiency of electricity consumption and optimizing the way of electricity consumption, reducing electricity consumption and power demand while completing the same power consumption function. However, some users are facing the problems of insufficient funds and immature technical means, and cannot independently carry out demand-side reactive compensation. This paper proposes the demand-side reactive power compensation Energy Performance Contracting model, describes in detail the participants and operation modes in this mode, and uses Shapley value theory to distribute the benefits between the energy-saving service company and the user, and obtains the preliminary revenue distribution scheme. Three factors, namely the proportion of input, risk sharing and negotiating position, were adopted to revise it, and revised again in combination with the degree of implementation contribution to make the distribution of benefits more scientific and reasonable.

Deviations in the Z:A ratio disrupt sexual development in the eri silkmoth, Samia cynthia ricini.

Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) have sex chromosome systems with female heterogamety, and 2 models, W-dominance and Z-counting, have been proposed to determine sex. The W-dominant mechanism is well known in Bombyx mori. However, little is known about the Z-counting mechanism in Z0/ZZ species. We investigated whether ploidy changes affect sexual development and gene expression in the eri silkmoth, Samia cynthia ricini (2n = 27♀/28♂, Z0♀/ZZ♂). Tetraploid males (4n = 56, ZZZZ) and females (4n = 54, ZZ) were induced by heat and cold shock, and then, triploid embryos were produced by crosses between diploids and tetraploids. Two karyotypes (3n = 42, ZZZ and 3n = 41, ZZ) were identified in triploid embryos. Triploid embryos with 3 Z chromosomes showed male-specific splicing of the S. cynthia doublesex (Scdsx) gene, whereas 2-Z triploid embryos showed both male- and female-specific splicing. From larva to adult, 3-Z triploids showed a normal male phenotype, except for defects in spermatogenesis. However, abnormal gonads were observed in 2-Z triploids, which showed both male- and female-specific Scdsx transcripts not only in the gonads but also in somatic tissues. Two-Z triploids were thus obviously intersexes, suggesting that sexual development in S. c. ricini depends on the Z:A ratio and not only on the Z number. Moreover, mRNA-seq analyses in embryos showed that relative levels of gene expression are similar between samples with different doses of Z chromosomes and autosome sets. Our results provide the first evidence that ploidy changes disrupt sexual development but have no effect on the general mode of dosage compensation in Lepidoptera.

A Mathematical Model of the “Network–Nonlinear Load” System with an Active Power Filter in the Mode of Compensation of Higher Harmonics

A Mathematical Model of the “Network–Nonlinear Load” System with an Active Power Filter in the Mode of Compensation of Higher Harmonics

Comparative Ethics of Modern Payment Models

Comparative Ethics of Modern Payment Models

Current Situation, Dilemmas and Measures to Improve Horizontal Ecological Compensation Coordination Mechanisms in River Basins

Flowing water resources and relatively fixed regional segmentation form a governance problem. The essence of horizontal collaborative governance is the establishment of coordination and cooperation processes between different independent and decentralized stakeholders in order to solve cross-regional public problems. As a result, the process of collaborative governance involves a jagged relationship of rights and responsibilities. This study attempts to explore how to achieve cross-regional intergovernmental joint prevention and treatment, and build a coordinated governance mechanism for a whole river basin. Based on data sources including local statistical yearbooks, open data of ecological environment departments and policy texts, this paper performs a comparative analysis of the current water quality status of various major water bodies in China and the relevant domestic ecological compensation systems. Based on this analysis, the current water quality situation is not optimistic. In order to strengthen the ecological and environmental management of river basins, more than 40 relevant systems and implementation schemes of ecological compensation for river basins have been introduced from the central government to the local government level since 2016, and 13 cross-provincial agreements (schemes) on horizontal ecological compensation for river basins have been signed. By analyzing various data and more than 53 systems (programs), it becomes apparent there are some problems in the governance of aquatic environments of river basins in China. These problems include a lack of laws and regulations on ecological compensation, imperfect coordination mechanisms, a single compensation mode and insufficient amounts of compensation. Based on this, this study proposes that China’s cross-regional river basin ecological compensation and collaborative governance mechanisms should start with differential governance; explore a variety of horizontal ecological compensation methods according to local conditions; improve cross-regional river basin collaborative mechanisms, laws and regulations; build a new path of horizontal independent collaboration; broaden the channels of financial compensation; and comprehensively improve the level of regional linkages in the governance of river basins.

ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ Й ОСОБЛИВОСТІ АДАПТАЦІЇ ТА ПСИХІЧНИХ РЕСУРСІВ ЛЮДИНИ ПІД ЧАС ПОВНОМАСШТАБНОГО ВТОРГНЕННЯ

The determinants and peculiarities of adaptation and mental resources of people of different ages at the beginning and after a year of full-scale invasion were examined. With increasing age, the number of respondents having a subjective view on completed adaptation to an extreme situation decreased. We determined an existing adaptation conflict between the requirements of reality and a persons' capabilities and an existing cognitive dissonance between a persons' worldview and his/her behaviour. The process of adaptation in all age groups was compensatory. We demonstrated that anxiety and resilience were mental states experienced by the respondents of all age categories at the beginning and one year after the invasion. The determinants of resilience at different ages were identified. For 17-25 year olds, the determinants were the support of others and the prediction of personal growth; for 26-40 year olds, it was a subjective sense of adaptation; for 41-55 year olds, it was living in the compensation mode in the present without relying on the past. The study revealed a deformation of time orientation in the respondents of all age categories. The past experience was not in the field of current consciousness in the respondents of different ages. During the war, the present became the leading temporal orientation. The future was more uncertain for respondents aged 41-55 years. The most accessible internal human resources were: optimism, resilience, faith, goal setting, and external resources - information. During the year, the importance of informational resources has increased in 41-55 year olds. A year after the start of the full-scale invasion, the determinants of the resources used by the 17-25-year-olds were anticipation of growth; for the 26-40-year-olds, the determinants were adaptation through compensation and changes in their hierarchy of values; for the 41-55-year-olds, the determinants were existence in the mode of compensation in the negative present and changes in their hierarchy of values. The leading values in all age categories at the beginning of the war were the values of Life and Peace. The determinants of the subjective sense of adaptation at the beginning of the war and a year later in the respondents of different ages were determined. A year after the start of the full-scale invasion, the determinant of the subjective sense of adaptation for the 17-25-year-olds were personal growth in a full-fledged future; for the 26-40-year-olds, it was the internal conflict in the present and growth in the future; and for the 41-55-year-olds, it was the value of Life.

Mathematical model of the «network - nonlinear load» system with an active power filter in the mode of compensation of higher harmonics

Mathematical model of the «network - nonlinear load» system with an active power filter in the mode of compensation of higher harmonics

ONE ASPECT OF REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN 0.4 kV RURAL NETWORKS

A sign of today is the development of powerful agro-industrial enterprises and sources of dispersed generation in rural areas. The issues of uninterrupted power supply and improvement of electricity quality indicators in such distribution networks are relevant. In rural electrical networks of alternating current, the total transmitted power S contains active P and reactive Q power of inductive nature, which is due to active – inductive load and therefore, respectively, the current in the power supply system has active and inductive components. The load consumption of active and reactive power characterizes the coefficient of active power cosφ, which is defined as the ratio of active power to total. Quite often in energy the reactive power factor tgφ is used as the ratio of reactive power to active power. In our opinion, this more clearly reflects the ratio of the amount of energy consumed. The article considers the conditions for providing the necessary values ​​of the power factor in the mode of compensation of reactive power of the power supply system of low-power processing enterprises of agricultural products. The analytical dependence of the power of the compensation device required to ensure the desired value of the power factor is determined. An algorithm for calculating the harmonic components of the capacitor bank current in the network with sources of higher harmonics has been developed. The calculations take into account the dependences of current harmonics on the load of 0.4 kV network consumers. Conducted analysis of the occurrence of possible resonant phenomena in the 10 (6) kV network. The value of the capacitor bank current is determined in the case when the source of the higher harmonics is the power supply system itself or the consumers of electricity in the 0.4 kV network.

Active power filter for reactive power compensation for the powerful sounding pulses shapers

The expediency of using a power active filter in the mode of reactive power compensation of the supply network for the powerful sounding pulses shaper power supply system of the Institute of ionosphere NAS and MES of Ukraine is shown. An analysis of the literature has been carried out, which shows the effectiveness of solving the problem of reactive power compensation, filtering higher harmonics of the power supply network using active filtering of higher harmonics of current or voltage using an additional energy source to obtain a compensating signal in the form of current or voltage. The choice of the power circuit for constructing a power active filter has been made. A voltage inverter on IGBT transistors is used as a power active filter. The basic principles of operation of the power active filter control system are described, which are based on the p-q theory of power and provide for the calculation of instantaneous values ​​of the task currents for each phase of a three-phase power supply system. The work of the Matlab-model of the power supply system of the shaper is shown, the oscillograms of the main energy characteristics of the shaper are given. As a result of using a power active filter, the current of the supply network becomes close to sinusoidal, and the power factor tends to 1. A positive effect on the efficiency of the shaper when the power active filter is included in the supply network is noted, which is due to the efficiency of compensation of the reactive power consumed by the shaper from the supply network. The simulation results are presented, in particular, graphs of reactive power change at the point of connecting the power active filter to the supply network, at different levels of reactive power consumption by the shaper. The results obtained confirmed the possibility of using a power active filter in the mode of reactive power compensation of the supply network when solving the problems of improving the electromagnetic compatibility of powerful sounding pulses shapers with the supply network, reducing losses and increasing the reliability of the shapers. Keywords: active power filter, reactive power control, control systems

Closed-loop mode geometric error compensation of five-axis machine tools based on the correction of axes movements

The evaluation of the results of geometric error compensation is critical, and it can serve as the feedback of the compensation to help improve the precision of the compensation. In this paper, the closed-loop mode geometric error compensation of five-axis machine tools is presented by correcting the movements of all axes. At first, general geometric error modeling of the machine tool is proposed based on POE theory. The initial positions of linear axes and rotary axes relative to the machine tool are considered and the error twist of each axis containing position-independent errors is established. Second, the closed-loop mode is developed by analyzing the open-loop mode of geometric error compensation. The precision inverse feedback module is formed by introducing the designed tool poses. The output of the feedback is the integrated errors of the revised movements of axes relative to the ideal tool poses of nominal movements of axes. Third, the adaptive correction of movements of axes is proposed based on CSO (chicken swarm optimization). The initializing of the swarm, the Jacobian based moving of roosters, and the moving of chicks containing one mutation are developed. The fitness of the swarm is calculated using the integrated errors relative to the compensation goal in the precision inverse feedback. Finally, simulations by comparing with open-loop mode error compensation and real cutting experiments are proposed on one SmartCNC500_DRTD five-axis machine center to verify the effectiveness of the closed-loop mode geometric error compensation.

Department of Agricultural Economics and Business Management, Faculty of Agriculture

Tea growers face many risks due to weather conditions, plant diseases, price volatility and policy changes. Crop insurance is one of the potential management tools to manage these risks. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the demand for tea crop insurance with respect to factors affecting the decision to adopt insurance for tea cultivation. Data was collected from 150 tea smallholder farmers randomly selected from three Divisional Secretariat divisions. Conjoint choices were used to elicit preference for attributes of insurance. The insurance policy was defined by four attributes: damage assessment rule (index-based, indemnity-based), type of damage (drought, non-drought), premium, and mode of compensation (by money, by plants). Data was analysed using logistic models. According to the results, age of the farmer, gender, age of cultivation, and asset level were the variables that influenced the willingness to adopt insurance. Drought damage, monetary compensation, low monthly yield, high cost of production and extension services were significant variables that influenced the level of premium. On the other hand, the significant variables that influenced willingness to buy index based insurance were drought damage, monetary compensation, age of farmer, and high asset ownership.

Does tipping facilitate sexual objectification? The effect of tips on sexual harassment of bar and restaurant servers

PurposeIn many countries, service workers' (e.g. restaurant staff, bartenders) income depends highly on tips. Such workers are often female and targeted by sexual harassment. The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether the mode of compensation (tips vs. no tips) could play a causal role in the perceived legitimacy of sexual harassment.Design/methodology/approachIn an experimental study (N = 161), the authors manipulated the source of income of a fictional female bartender (fixed income vs. smaller fixed income + tips) as well as whether she or her boss chose her (sexualized) clothing. The authors then asked male participants in an online survey to imagine being her customer and to form an impression of her.FindingsThe bartender was viewed as more sexualized, more manipulative and sexual behaviors toward her were perceived as more legitimate when she received tips. Further, the effect of tipping on the legitimacy of sexual behaviors was mediated by perceptions that she was manipulative. The target was perceived as more manipulative when she chose her clothes than not.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is an online scenario study and, as a consequence, assesses only judgments rather than actual behaviors.Practical implicationsEncouraging fixed salaries rather than tipping could reduce the occurrence of sexual harassment.Social implicationsThe present work suggests that tipping may play a detrimental role in service workers' well-being by contributing to an environment in which sexual harassment is perceived as legitimate.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study showing that mode of compensation can increase the objectification of workers and legitimize sexually objectifying behaviors toward them.

Professor Shu-Ting Chang, Cancer Mycotherapy and Le Chatelier Principle.

In the jubilee paper devoted to Professor Shu-Ting Chang, we aimed to outline the applicability of the Le Chatelier principle to various fields, especially to cancer biology and immunotherapy of malignant neoplasms. Cancer progression has been shown to be associated with a response to cell stress and survival agents. It was proclaimed that cancer immunotherapy, using fungal metabolites, should be carried out as a mode of compensation for imbalances that arise during the basic treatment. The challenges of immunotherapy in recent years have also received mention.

Dichotomy of Dosage Compensation along the Neo Z Chromosome of the Monarch Butterfly.

Mechanisms of sex chromosome dosage compensation (SCDC) differ strikingly among animals. In Drosophila flies, chromosome-wide transcription is doubled from the single X chromosome in hemizygous (XY) males, whereas in Caenorhabditis nematodes, expression is halved for both X copies in homozygous (XX) females [1, 2]. Unlike other female-heterogametic (WZ female and ZZ male) animals, moths and butterflies exhibit sex chromosome dosage compensation patterns typically seen only in male-heterogametic species [3]. The monarch butterfly carries a newly derived Z chromosome segment that arose from an autosomal fusion with the ancestral Z [4]. Using a highly contiguous genome assembly, we show that gene expression is balanced between sexes along the entire Z chromosome but with distinct modes of compensation on the two segments. On the ancestral Z segment, depletion of H4K16ac corresponds to nearly halving of biallelic transcription in males, a pattern convergent to nematodes. Conversely, the newly derived Z segment shows a Drosophila-like mode of compensation, with enriched H4K16ac levels corresponding to doubled monoallelic transcription in females. Our work reveals that, contrary to the expectation of co-opting regulatory mechanisms readily in place, the evolution of plural modes of dosage compensation is also possible along a single sex chromosome within a species.

RESEARCH OF THE MODES OF FULL COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER IN A THREE-PHASE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Introduction The article is devoted to the issues of current balancing and reactive power compensation in a three-phase power supply system. Optimal in all these respects is the mode of full compensation of reactive power, by which we mean such a symmetrical mode, in which only active power is consumed from the source. The task of calculating the mode of full reactive power compensation is non-linear and can be solved using non-linear optimization methods based on the adopted parameters and optimization criteria. The objective of the article is to develop a visual model of the power supply system with an unbalanced load, in which current balancing and reactive power compensation is performed using a symmetrical-compensating device, which parameters are determined using search non-linear optimization tools and modern computer mathematics software packages. The purpose of the article is to research the modes of full compensation of reactive power in a three-phase power supply system with a linear asymmetric load in order to identify the ambiguity of solving the problem of synthesizing parameters of a reactive power compensator. Methodology of research consists in the development of a visual model of a power supply system that feeds unbalanced load. As a symmetrical compensating device, capacitors connected between the phases of the transmission line are used. The model is controlled by a program that launches the model and performs optimization and selection of optimization variable values. The optimization values are the capacitors of the symmetry-compensating device. The optimization criterion is a spherical metric consisting of the reactive powers of each source of electricity. Results lead depending on the choice of the initial values of the optimization variables, the optimization process enters two modes of full compensation of reactive power – main and additional. The main mode is characterized by small values of capacitors and small values of currents, and in the additional mode, these values of the system and operational parameters reach extremely large values that are unacceptable for practical use. Originality lies in the fact that in terms of optimization theory this means that there is no global optimum in the solution of the problem of full compensation, however, there are two local optimums. Both modes are stable, as evidenced by modeling on the SPS-model of the system in the time domain in the space of state variables. Practical significance of the work lies in the fact that when designing a microprocessor system that optimizes the operating mode of the power supply system, it is necessary to envisage the situation of additional mode.

Ultra-slow diffusion of hexacyanoferrate anions in poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride)-poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) multilayer films

Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films display either a linear or an exponential increase of their thickness with increasing the number of polycation/polyanion deposition cycles. Each of these growth regimes is further associated with a specific mode of internal PEM charge compensation: either intrinsic in the case of linearly growing films, or extrinsic for exponentially growing films with incorporation of small ions from the neighbouring electrolyte solution. In this report, we investigate by electrochemistry the charge compensation mechanism operational for poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride)-poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) (PDAMAC-PAA)n films recently found to be out-of-equilibrium immediately after the deposition process despite of their exponential growth mode. It is found here that these films are defined by a negative Donnan potential drop (ca. −160 mV), thus evidencing an extrinsic charge compensation process, and most importantly, by a remarkably slow kinetics for loading of hexacyanoferrate anions, a very unusual property for PEMs with exponential growth. Depending on the film thickness, the diffusion coefficient of the redox probe in the film is found to be of the order of 10−13 − 10−15 cm2 s−1, i.e. about 8 to 10 orders of magnitude less than that typically measured in aqueous solution. This results in a steady state filling of e.g. a 2.8 µm thick PEM film with the redox probe that is achieved after more than 40 h, a feature in line with the typical 4 to 5 days relaxation timescale of the film structure previously determined by atomic force microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy analyses.

Factors Influencing Farmer’s Decision-Making Behavior on Rural Construction Land Transformation

In order to protect cultivated land and balance farmers’ needs and shortage of land, the Chinese government introduced policies to rearrange land use in rural areas. However, many problems, such as unused rural construction land and illegally occupied land, have occurred through implementing land use policies. Rural construction land transformation has been promoted to solve these problems. This transformation was designed to let farmers voluntarily transforming their idle rural construction land. Then, local government could rearrange village layout for developing cultivation, industry and green space. Therefore, in order to analyze the factors that influenced farmers’ decision-making behavior in rural construction land transformation, household surveys were conducted in four typical villages in Jizhou District. After using the Probit model to analyze the data, the results indicated that the willingness to settle in the city, the mode of housing resettlement, the mode of compensation, the rationality of the measurement standards, and the annual total household income positively affected the willingness of farmers to transform their rural construction land. The strong willingness to settle in the city dominated the other factors. Moreover, the age and amount of construction land, the method of construction land acquisition, and the amount of cultivated land negatively affected the decision-making behavior during the transformation of rural construction land. Based on the influencing factors, policy suggestions are proposed from the perspectives of establishing an orderly transformation mechanism, implementing priority transformation, and providing compensation for transforming rural construction land.

Fitness implications of sex-specific catch-up growth in Nephila senegalensis, a spider with extreme reversed SSD.

BackgroundAnimal growth is often constrained by unfavourable conditions and divergences from optimal body size can be detrimental to an individual’s fitness, particularly in species with determinate growth and a narrow time-frame for life-time reproduction. Growth restriction in early juvenile stages can later be compensated by means of plastic developmental responses, such as adaptive catch-up growth (the compensation of growth deficits through delayed development). Although sex differences regarding the mode and degree of growth compensation have been coherently predicted from sex-specific fitness payoffs, inconsistent results imply a need for further research. We used the African Nephila senegalensis, representing an extreme case of female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD), to study fitness implications of sex-specific growth compensation. We predicted effective catch-up growth in early food-restricted females to result in full compensation of growth deficits and a life-time fecundity (LTF) equivalent to unrestricted females. Based on a stronger trade-off between size-related benefits and costs of a delayed maturation, we expected less effective catch-up growth in males.MethodsWe tracked the development of over one thousand spiders in different feeding treatments, e.g., comprising a fixed period of early low feeding conditions followed by unrestricted feeding conditions, permanent unrestricted feeding conditions, or permanent low feeding conditions as a control. In a second experimental section, we assessed female fitness by measuring LTF in a subset of females. In addition, we tested whether compensatory development affected the reproductive lifespan in both sexes and analysed genotype-by-treatment interactions as a potential cause of variation in life-history traits.ResultsBoth sexes delayed maturation to counteract early growth restriction, but only females achieved full compensation of adult body size. Female catch-up growth resulted in equivalent LTF compared to unrestricted females. We found significant interactions between experimental treatments and sex as well as between treatments and family lineage, suggesting that family-specific responses contribute to the unusually large variation of life-history traits in Nephila spiders. Our feeding treatments had no effect on the reproductive lifespan in either sex.DiscussionOur findings are in line with predictions of life-history theory and corroborate strong fecundity selection to result in full female growth compensation. Males showed incomplete growth compensation despite a delayed development, indicating relaxed selection on large size and a stronger trade-off between late maturation and size-related benefits. We suggest that moderate catch-up growth in males is still adaptive as a ‘bet-hedging’ strategy to disperse unavoidable costs between life-history traits affected by early growth restriction (the duration of development and adult size).

Roger Lüdeke, <i>Zur Schreibkunst von William Blake: Ästhetische Souveränität und politische Imagination</i>

In contrast to William Blake’s popular twentieth-century reception, which was dominated by his fans’ fascination with his visionary art and lyrical poetry, a substantial proportion of his recent academic audience has carved a poet-persona whose religious diction is closely linked to his opinions about the American and French Revolutions, as well as the 1790s, the decade of political repression in Britain. The main achievements of these academic interpretations, based on archival work and derived from historical contextualization, Lüdeke finds to be summarized in Jackie DiSalvo’s introduction to Blake, Politics, and History (1998). In his own nearly fifty-page introduction Lüdeke frequently returns to Jon Mee’s chapter in that collection. What starts off as a narrowly focused assessment of Blake studies and historicism soon expands into a complex discussion of the “defining tension between the religious and the political” (“konstitutive Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Religiösem und Politischem”) (9). Taking his starting points from Eric J. Hobsbawm and Jürgen Habermas, as well as Mee and Saree Makdisi, Lüdeke summarizes the outcomes of the research on the public sphere and its self-declared prophets, enthusiasts, antinomians, millenarians, and dissenters. Critics, he asserts, now perceive religion as a mode of compensation, affecting, in turn, the interiorization and aestheticization of art (12-13). Lüdeke wants to reconsider certain investigative leads and to reexamine the relationship between the political and the religious by focusing on radical and protestant discursive practices and textual strategies (14).

Status quo and mechanism suggestions on eco-compensation of three water sources in Kunming

Through questionnaire and symposium, this paper had surveyed current situation of local PES of Songhuaba, Yunlong, and Qingshuihai water source regions, and induced major influential factors of PES mechanism by causal analysis graph method. According to information of basic features, cognition discrepancy and environmental protection awareness of participants, this paper get a general picture of lower income and education background, and insufficient popularity of local policy, which has a large effects on residents’ activeness in participating ecological protection activities and will increase difficulties in promoting their environmental protection awareness. Addition to that, problems such as morbidity of regulations and laws, lacking of smooth in department coordination, single mode of compensation, difficulties in measuring eco-values, and lacking effective management system have hindered local PES mechanism from sufficient implementation. Based on the analysis above, this paper promotes five mechanism suggestions: strengthen organizing and coordinating capacity, broaden funding channels, increase protection intensity, attach importance to protection propaganda and education, and conduct performance appraisal.