Mode Of Physical Activity Research Articles

The influence of assistance in home-based exercise programmes for individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Regular physical activity (PA) decreases the risk of comorbidities associated with a sedentary lifestyle in individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs). They also may experience additional barriers that may prevent PA, including access, proper instruction and support. At-home PA programming is a feasible alternative to long-term adherence. This study aimed to determine (1) how an at-home DVD programme affects PA adherence and (2) the extent to which caregiver support influences PA. Thirty-one adolescent or adult-aged participants with mild or moderate ID were randomised into a DVD or control group exercise intervention. Participants were given autonomy to choose what type of PA modality from the intervention they would like to participate in. Caregiver support during the PA was also measured. The two-way repeated-measures MANOVA demonstrated that the intervention DVD group was statistically significant, with a large effect size in PA minutes (P=0.014, ηP2=0.236) and rate of perceived exertion (P=0.002, ηP2=0.342) compared with the control group. The findings demonstrated that using an adapted DVD increased PA minutes and the rate of perceived exertion without high levels of caregiver support.

Efficacy of physical activity in polycystic ovary syndrome treatment.

Physical activity (PA) is acknowledged as an important component of lifestyle therapy in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The purpose of this current systematic review is to analyze recent literature assessing the role of PA and exercise interventions as potential treatment for PCOS. The recent literature published since 2022 has focused on understanding the specific benefits of different PA modalities on PCOS pathophysiology, suggesting that high intensity exercise may relay greater metabolic improvements, although results are still inconclusive; expanding our understanding of the impact PA has on a wider range of outcomes, including sleep, quality of life, inflammation, and DNA methylation; and recognizing barriers and limitations of implementing efficacious PA interventions for individuals with PCOS. Current literature supports a role for PA in improving PCOS-related cardiometabolic and reproductive outcomes; however, there is still a significant evidence gap of high-quality studies assessing optimal exercise regimens as well as strategies for implementing PA interventions in real-world settings for individuals with PCOS.

Mountain sport activities, affective state, and mental health – A narrative review

A large body of literature indicates that physical activity in general is associated with a variety of health benefits. Mountain sport activities (e.g., mountain hiking, climbing, mountaineering, or skiing) are considered popular modalities of physical activity in both inhabitants of and tourists in mountainous areas. In addition, the majority of mountain sport activities show characteristics that may be favorable for a positive influence on mental health. However, the potential of mountain sport activities on mental health parameters (including, but not limited to affective state, stress, coping abilities, self-efficacy, and quality of life) has been less researched compared to non-mountain sport activities. Therefore, the aims of the present narrative review are to identify characteristics of mountain sport activities related to potential influences on mental health and to summarize current findings on the acute and longer-term effects of sport activities in mountainous areas on affective state and on mental health in general. Furthermore, hypotheses aiming to explain these effects are discussed. Although mountain sport activities show a large diversity in their features, many modalities share characteristics that can be considered relevant in the context of both short-term effects on affective states and of longer-term effects on mental health (Figure 1). Already existing secondary literature focusing specifically on mountain sport activities is limited to one systematic review in the context of mountaineering (Jackman et al., 2020) and one narrative review on health effects of skiing (Burtscher et al., 2019). Original articles for acute effects on affective state and for longer-term effects on mental health parameters were found for mountaineering/alpine climbing, sport climbing, mountain hiking, skiing, and mountain biking. In summary, it can be said that single bouts of mountain sport activities have the potential to positively influence affective state. Observations on negative affective state during the activity are explained by the focus that the participants need to overcome the challenges during the activities. Positive longer-term effects on mental health by mountain sport activity programs are reported in literature. Negative effects on mental health are reported less frequently and occur primarily in the case of accidents or are related to the strenuous experiences during mountaineering expeditions. Potential benefits of mountain sport activities can be explained using approaches related to the physical activity (similar to non-mountain sport activities, e.g., self-efficacy hypothesis) and the environmental conditions in which the activities are practiced (e.g., attention restoration theory). However, the number of studies on hypotheses explaining mental health effects is limited. In addition, not all modalities of mountain sport activities are represented in the literature. In particular, mechanistic considerations of the decisive factors in the various mountain sport activities that can influence mental health would be desirable. References Burtscher, M., Federolf, P. A., Nachbauer, W., & Kopp, M. (2019). Potential health benefits from downhill skiing. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, Article 1924. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01924 Jackman, P. C., Hawkins, R. M., Burke, S. M., Swann, C., & Crust, L. (2020). The psychology of mountaineering: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 27-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2020.1824242

Take a Break for Memory Sake! Effects of Short Physical Activity Breaks on Inhibitory Control, Episodic Memory, and Event-Related Potentials in Children.

The pervasive sedentary lifestyle exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced physical activity (PA) among school-age children, necessitating innovative strategies to evaluate short PA breaks that are feasible in a classroom setting. This study explored the cognitive and neurophysiological (electroencephalography; EEG) impacts of short bouts of different PA modalities on inhibitory control (flanker task) and episodic memory (word recognition task) in children. Utilizing a within-participants cross-over design, thirty-six children (n = 36; 9-12 years old) attended the lab on three separate days with each visit including either a 9 min bout of sustained moderate-intensity cycling, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), or seated rest. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were assessed during the flanker task (P3 component) and the word recognition task (LPC and FN400 components) to elucidate the neural mechanisms underpinning behavioral outcomes. Findings indicated no differences in flanker performance but greater episodic memory recall for HIIE compared to seated rest. Neurophysiological results revealed no differences for P3, but notably larger amplitude for LPC and FN400 postcycling, particularly over parietal electrode sites. These results underscore the potential of short PA breaks to improve cognitive and neurocognitive function in children, offering a feasible integration strategy into daily school routines without extensive time commitment.

Tai Chi and Aerobic Exercise on Cancer-Related Dyspnea in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

ContextDyspnea, a prevalent and debilitating symptom in patients with advanced lung cancer, negatively affects symptom burden and prognosis. Physical activity has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for managing dyspnea. ObjectivesThis study compared the effectiveness of two widely-recognized physical activity modalities, namely Tai Chi (TC) and aerobic exercise (AE) for treating dyspnea in patients with advanced lung cancer. MethodsPatients with advanced lung cancer (n=226) were randomized into TC, AE, or control groups. There was no baseline dyspnea requirement for patients. The AE group received two 60-minute supervised sessions and home-based exercises per month, the TC group received 60-minute sessions twice weekly, and the control group received exercise guidelines for 16 weeks. The primary outcome (sleep quality) of the study has been previously reported. In this secondary analysis, we focused on dyspnea outcomes, including overall and lung cancer-specific dyspnea. Assessments were conducted at baseline (T0), 16 weeks (T1), and one year (T2). ResultsCompared to the control group, TC significantly improved overall dyspnea at T1 (between-group difference, −8.69; P=0.03) and T2 (between-group difference, −11.45; P=0.01), but not AE. Both AE (between-group difference, −11.04; P=0.01) and TC (between-group difference, −14.19; P<0.001) significantly alleviated lung cancer-specific dyspnea at T2 compared with the control group. ConclusionBoth TC and AE alleviate dyspnea severity in patients with advanced lung cancer, and continuous exercise can yield substantial improvements. Due to its multi-component nature, Tai Chi has a greater effect on dyspnea.

WALKING WITH BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION: A NOVEL METHOD TO IMPROVE PHYSICAL FITNESS IN OLDER ADULTS?

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Alternative physical activity modalities and methods are needed to combat low adherence among older populations. Therefore, we are investigating whether blood flow restricted (BFR) walking improves measures of lower limb strength, and functional performance, compared to traditional walking in older adults. METHODS Healthy adults ≥60 years were randomised into BFR (n=5) or non-BFR (n=4) walking groups. Both groups walked outdoors, 3 days/week for 12 weeks starting at 4km/h and increasing walking speed by 0.5km/h every 4 weeks. The BFR group walked for 25min with BFR applied (60% arterial occlusion pressure) to the lower limbs in 2x 10mins bouts (separated by 5mins walking without occlusion). The non-BFR group walked for 50mins without occlusion, matching current best practice for low-moderate intensity physical activity. Participants were assessed at baseline and post-intervention (12 weeks) for knee extension maximal voluntary torque (MVTpeak) and functional capacity (four square step test [4SST], 5x sit-to-stand [STS], timed up and go [TUG], gait speed, and 6-minute walk test [6mWT]). RESULTS There were no differences at baseline between groups (p&amp;gt;0.05). Both groups improved across all measures from baseline to post-intervention, with significant effects for time observed for: 4SST (7.92±1.2s – 6.83±1.39s; p=0.035), TUG (6.16±0.81s – 5.58±0.9s; p=0.04), STS (11.30±1.70s – 10.14±1.7s; p=0.032), but not for gait speed (3.98±0.69s – 3.71±0.69s; p=0.456), 6mWT (564.72±72.13m – 601.27±64.2m; p=0.129) and MVTpeak (112.33±25.8Nm – 120.55±23.5Nm; p=0.995). No group x time effect was observed from baseline to 12 weeks (p&amp;gt;0.05). SUMMARY The current results demonstrate significant improvements in functional measures (4SST, TUG, STS) from baseline to post-intervention, with no differences observed between groups. This indicates that low-intensity BFR walking may provide comparable physical fitness improvements to non-BFR walking while completing only 50% of the volume.

The associations of daily steps and body mass index with incident gastroesophageal reflux disease in older adults.

High body mass index (BMI) is a major risk factor of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a prevalent morbidity of older adulthood linked to lower quality of life and an increased risk of esophageal cancers. Daily stepping behavior, the most common physical activity of older adulthood, is associated with an array of favorable health outcomes, sometimes independent of high BMI. Whether stepping behavior is associated with the incidence of GERD independently or in combination with BMI is currently unclear. We followed 442 individuals (58.4% female) aged 65-91 years enrolled in the Physical Activity and Aging Study. Baseline steps were obtained by pedometer and categorized by tertiles (lower, middle, upper), while BMI was categorized into normal weight, overweight, and obesity. To explore joint associations, daily steps were dichotomized into "high steps" (middle/upper tertiles) and "low steps" (lower tertile), while BMI was dichotomized into normal weight and overweight/obesity. The joint exposure categories included "low steps and overweight/obesity," "low steps and normal weight," "high steps and overweight/obesity," and "high steps and normal weight." We identified 35 (7.9%) cases of GERD over a mean follow-up of 2.5 years. Compared to the lower tertile of steps, the hazard ratios (HRs) [95% confidence intervals (95% CIs)] of GERD were 0.44 (0.20-0.96) and 0.17 (0.05-0.54) for the middle and upper tertiles, respectively, after adjusting for confounders (including BMI). Compared to normal weight, the HRs (95% CIs) of GERD were 1.35 (0.54-3.37) and 3.00 (1.19-7.55) for overweight and obesity, respectively, after adjusting for confounders (including steps). In a joint analysis, compared to "low steps and overweight/obesity," the HRs (95% CIs) of GERD were 0.32 (0.10-1.00), 0.23 (0.10-0.54), and 0.20 (0.07-0.58) for "low steps and normal weight," "high steps and overweight/obesity," and "high steps and normal weight," respectively. Higher daily steps were associated with a lower risk of GERD in older adults, independent of BMI. Since accumulating steps through walking is an achievable and acceptable modality of physical activity in older adulthood, future lifestyle interventions designed to achieve high daily steps counts may have favorable implications for the development of GERD in older adults of any BMI status.

Health-Related Quality of Life is Associated With Pain, Kinesiophobia, and Physical Activity in Individuals Who Underwent Cervical Spine Surgery.

To determine the association between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and neck pain, kinesiophobia, and modalities of physical activity in individuals with postoperative degenerative cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy (DCM/R) because postoperative pain after cervical spine surgery is likely to persist, causing kinesiophobia and avoidance of physical activity. A questionnaire was distributed to 280 individuals with DCM/R. The questionnaire comprised the following four items: HRQOL (EuroQol 5-dimensions 5-level), neck pain (numerical rating scale [NRS]), kinesiophobia (11-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia [TSK-11]), and physical activity (paid work, light exercise, walking, strength training, and gardening). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed using the NRS, TSK-11, and physical activity as independent variables. In total, 126 individuals provided analyzable responses (45.0%). After including the NRS score as an independent variable to the multiple regression equation for participants' background, the independent rate of the regression equation significantly improved by only 4.1% (R2=0.153). The addition of the TSK-11 score significantly improved this effect by 11.1% (R2=0.264). Finally, the addition of physical activity also significantly improved the explanatory rate by 9.9% (R2=0.363). Neck pain, kinesiophobia, and physical activity (specifically paid work and walking) were independently associated with HRQOL in individuals with postoperative DCM/R.

Health Promotion with Long-Term Physical Activity Program for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at higher risk for developing common chronic diseases. Engagement in physical activity (PA) can prevent health issues; however, people with ASD are known to engage in lower levels of PA in comparison to their peers. This study evaluated the effect of a long-term, 12-month PA intervention on the fitness and quality of life of adults with ASD. A quantitative approach was implemented to assess participants' fitness, functional ability, quality of life, and participation in a range of PA classes at three different time points. Qualitative data were collected via in-depth, semi-structured interviews with three participants with ASD and three staff members. A total of 34 adults with ASD (mean age 39.76 + 7.27) participated in the quantitative part of the study. Approximately 53% of the participants exhibited perseverance and conducted adequate PA each month. Significant improvements were found in one fitness component and two quality-of-life components. Factors revealed for the program's success were the individuals' free choice of the PA classes and supporting people and a budget that tailored the project. Policymakers who plan health promotion programs for adults with ASD should consider long-term PA programs, with freedom of choice among PA modalities and schedules.

Physical activity components associated with gait parameters in community-dwelling older adults

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between components of physical activity and spatiotemporal gait parameters in community-dwelling older adults. MethodsCross-sectional study with 134 independent community-dwelling older adults. A questionnaire was applied to obtain information related to the components of physical activity (frequency, duration, modality, and history of physical activity in the life course) and the GAITRite System was used to quantify gait parameters. Three MANOVA models adjusted for potential confounders were conducted to identify associations between components of physical activity (predictors) and gait performance (outcome). ResultsHigher weekly frequency but not daily hours of physical activity and sports practice (tennis, boxing, football, volleyball, and tai chi) were significantly associated with better gait performance, specifically gait speed and stride length. ConclusionUnderstanding the most effective components of physical activity to maintain functional capacity and independence in community-dwelling older adults, allowing for active aging, is essential for formulating more effective strategies.

Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes: In Search of a Personalized Approach to Improving β-Cell Function.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most widespread diseases worldwide. Lifestyle interventions, including diet and physical activity (PA), are fundamental non-pharmacological components of T2DM therapy. Exercise interventions are strongly recommended for people with or at risk of developing or already with overt diabetes, but adherence to PA guidelines in this population is still challenging. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of T2DM patients, driven by differing residual β-cell functionality, as well as the possibility of practicing different types and intensities of PA, has led to the need to develop tailored exercise and training plans. Investigations on blood glucose variation in response to exercise could help to clarify why individuals do not respond in the same way to PA, and to guide the prescription of personalized treatments. The aim of this review is to offer an updated overview of the current evidence on the effects of different regimens and modalities of PA regarding glucose sensing and β-cell secretory dynamics in individuals with prediabetes or T2DM, with a special focus on β-cell function.

O.4.6-8 Dutch school policies for less sitting and more physical activity in primary schools

Abstract Purpose A more dynamic school day that includes less sitting and more physical activity throughout the day may support health in primary school children. In this mixed methodologies study, we assessed which physical activity possibilities are incorporated in the school policies of Dutch primary schools and if this translates into more physical activity in pupils. Methods Seven primary schools were included in the study. The head teachers completed a questionnaire on the incorporation of physical activity in the school policy. Physical activity policy was assessed for physical education, physical activity during breaks, scheduling of physical activity during lessons, after school physical activity and active transport to school. In each school, actual physical activity was objectively measured using accelerometers in pupils in two classes and planning and logging of PA by teachers. Results We will assess the impact of the school policy on physical activity in pupils using logistic regression. We will assess the impact of the several school policies on total physical activity in pupils, and on the three (light, moderate and high) modalities of physical activity. Conclusion The results of this study will give us more insight in the current role of physical activity in Dutch primary schools. The potential impact of the school policy on physical activity levels in pupils can be used as a starting point for a more integral dynamic school day approach. Support/Funding Source This study was partially funded by “Stichting Westelijke Tuinsteden’.

Musculoskeletal Injury Prevalence, Pain Perception, and Physical Activity Level Among Brazilian Strength and Cross-Training Practitioners.

In this study, we sought to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries, perceived pain, and physical activity level among Brazilian practitioners of strength training (ST) and functional fitness (FF). Participants were 311 men and women who trained in 10 FF training centers and seven ST gyms. Each participant completed surveys of the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries, their pain perception, and their physical activity level. A chi square test was used to analyze associations between groups and distributions of injuries. When any significant difference was observed, the difference score was analyzed through the adjusted residual values. Fisher's exact test was used to determined the associations between musculoskeletal injury prevalence and training modality (FF and ST) and between musculoskeletal injury prevalence and practice frequency (times/wk). To measure the magnitude of association between variables, the Phi coefficient was calculated for 2x2 associations and Cramer's V was used whenever the distributions were outside this standard. When the dependent variable presented a dichotomous characteristic, an Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated with a confidence interval of 95%. We found a higher musculoskeletal injury prevalence in the axial skeleton (n = 52; 83.88%) in FF practitioners and in the lower limbs of ST practitioners (n = 9; 52.96%). When the physical activity level cutoff point was set at 300 minutes per week, there was a significant relationship between physical activity and training modality (p = 0.005). There was also a significant association between pain perception and musculoskeletal injury (p < 0.001). Clinical follow-up was a protective factor to being injured (OR = 0.18; CI = 0.06-0.49), and, even after multivariate analysis this significant association was maintained (OR = 0.03; CI = 0.01 - 0.08). Thus, FF practitioners reported more musculoskeletal injuries than STs, and follow-up medical or physical therapy was a protective factor to these injuries. FF practitioners also had a higher level of weekly physical activity weekly than ST practitioners. Functional fitness practitioners may be at a higher risk of injuries than those who participate in traditional strength training.

Beating trauma: Physical activity to promote resilience against substance use

BackgroundThe relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and frequent substance use (SU) is not well understood, impeding prevention efforts. MethodsWe assessed the relationship between ACEs and frequent SU and investigated if different modalities of physical activity (PA) moderate this pathway. The analysis included persons enrolled in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health who responded to surveys at Waves I (11–20 years), III (18–27 years), and IV (24–33 years). The impacts of cumulative ACEs and PA modalities on daily cigarette smoking, daily cannabis use, and binge drinking ≥ 3 times a week in emerging and early adulthood were assessed through adjusted logistic regression models. ResultsAmong the sample (N=9451), 29.3%, 12.5%, and 7.8% experienced 1, 2, or 3 or more ACEs, respectively. With exception to binge drinking, cumulative ACEs (3+) were strongly associated with daily cannabis use in Wave III (aOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.6–3.6) and Wave IV (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI:1.3–3.3) and daily cigarette smoking in Wave III (aOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.9–3.0) and Wave IV (aOR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.8–2.8). No PA modality moderated the ACEs to SU pathway; however, walking for exercise lowered the odds of current and prospective daily cannabis and cigarette use by 20–40%. Strength training, team sports, and individual sport participation were associated with 20–30% reduced risks of future daily cigarette use. ConclusionThe impacts of ACEs exposure on frequent SU persist into emerging and early adulthood. Future research should investigate the potential of PA to improve SU prevention strategies.

The brain in motion-cognitive effects of simultaneous motor activity.

During the last 30 years, a large number of behavioral studies have investigated the effect of simultaneous exercise on cognitive functions. The heterogeneity of the results has been attributed to different parameters, such as intensity or modality of physical activity, and the investigated cognitive processes. More recent methodological improvements have enabled to record electroencephalography (EEG) during physical exercise. EEG studies combining cognitive tasks with exercise have described predominantly detrimental effects on cognitive processes and EEG parameters. However, differences in the underlying rationale and the design of EEG versus behavioral studies make direct comparisons between both types of studies difficult. In this narrative review of dual-task experiments we evaluated behavioral and EEG studies and discuss possible explanations for the heterogeneity of results and for the discrepancy between behavioral and EEG studies. Furthermore, we provide a proposal for future EEG studies on simultaneous motion to be a useful complement to behavioral studies. A crucial factor might be to find for each cognitive function the motor activity that matches this function in terms of attentional focus. This hypothesis should be investigated systematically in future studies.

“I just feel better about myself”: Feasibility of a fitness-focused & women-centered complement to treatment

ABSTRACT Exercise may be a useful complement to treatment programs aimed at reducing the negative neural and functional consequences of alcohol and drug use. While some empirical studies have examined the impact of physical activity (PA) as a complement to treatment, they are limited in sample size or they fail to consider the unique physiological status of women. In preparation for a developmental study, we took steps to examine the feasibility of a fitness-focused intervention with women (n = 25) in treatment. To that end, we conducted a mixed method study with actual physical wellness and perceptions of physical wellness as the target domains. Participation in PA was viewed positively; however, women wished they engaged in exercise more consistently. Ultimately, women viewed exercise as a means to feeling better about themselves emotionally and physically. Recommendations link findings to practice including psycho education, group-based goal setting, and offering a variety of PA modalities.

“I just feel better about myself”: feasibility of a fitness-focused & women-centered complement to treatment

ABSTRACT Exercise may be a useful complement to treatment programs aimed at reducing the negative neural and functional consequences of alcohol and drug use. While some empirical studies have examined the impact of physical activity (PA) as a complement to treatment, they are limited in sample size or they fail to consider the unique physiological status of women. In preparation for a developmental study, we took steps to examine the feasibility of a fitness-focused intervention with women (n = 25) in treatment. To that end, we conducted a mixed method study with actual physical wellness and perceptions of physical wellness as the target domains. Participation in PA was viewed positively; however, women wished they engaged in exercise more consistently. Ultimately, women viewed exercise as a means to feeling better about themselves emotionally and physically. Recommendations link findings to practice including psycho education, group-based goal setting, and offering a variety of PA modalities.

Rate of Responders for Post-Exercise Hypotension after Beach Tennis, Aerobic, Resistance and Combined Exercise Sessions in Adults with Hypertension.

Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is typically reported as mean values, but a great inter-individual variation in blood pressure (BP) response after a single exercise session is expected, especially when comparing different modalities of exercise. The purpose was to evaluate the inter-individual BP responses after beach tennis, aerobic, resistance and combined exercise sessions in adults with hypertension. We conducted a post hoc analysis of pooled crossover randomized clinical trials from six previously published studies of our research group, and analyzed data from 154 participants with hypertension (≥35 years). BP was assessed using office BP, and the mean changes throughout the 60 min after recreational beach tennis (BT, n = 23), aerobic (AE, n = 18), combined (COMB, n = 18), and resistance (RES, n = 95) exercise sessions were compared to a non-exercising control session (C). To categorize the participants as responders and non-responders for PEH, the typical error (TE) was calculated as follows: TE = SDdifference/√2, where SDdifference is the standard deviation of the differences in BP measured before the interventions in the exercise and control sessions. Participants who presented PEH greater than TE were classified as responders. The TE was 7 and 6 mmHg for baseline systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. The rate of responders for systolic BP was as follows: BT: 87%; AE: 61%; COMB: 56%; and RES: 43%. For diastolic BP, the rate of responders was as follows: BT: 61%; AE: 28%; COMB: 44%; and RES: 40%. Results evidenced that there was a high inter-individual variation of BP after a single bout of different physical activity modalities in adults with hypertension, suggesting that exercise protocols with aerobic characteristics (i.e., BT, AE, and COMB sessions) presented PEH in most of its practitioners.

Emerging Life Sciences Series: Q&amp;A with the Editor

Emerging Life Sciences Series: Q&amp;A with the Editor

How much resistance exercise is beneficial for healthy aging and longevity?

• Resistance exercise (RE) is an important physical activity modality conferring major health benefits that are partially complementary to benefits from endurance exercise. • Recent meta-analyses reveal a U-shaped relationship between RE volumes and mortality, with optimal benefits achieved at about 60 min of RE per week. • The mechanisms for potential adverse effects at higher RE volumes are unknown and may be due to hitherto undefined confounders and/or specific individual vulnerabilities. • Wearable technologies and advanced data analysis methods provide exciting tools to explore such risk factors. • Presently, there is no convincing reason for healthy individuals to reduce their RE activities.