Modal Length Research Articles

A framework for modal split and implications on transport growth and travel time savings

Mobility is one of the most debated issues in the current discussion on transport policies and the climate change. Related indicators are the modal split, transport growth and travel time savings, used for travel behaviour evaluations. In official transport statistics, the modal split is generally used in two ways, according to the number of modal trips and to the modal trip length. Although they are usually used separately, we will show that they are directly connected, where the latter is a weighted version of the former. The introduction of the reference units of “person” and “day” overcomes the limitations of a trip-based definition and extends the ansatz to a mobility-based methodology, where all modal combinations can be considered. Empirical data analysis shows, that transport growth is founded on the increase of individual motorised transport at the disadvantage of pedestrians, whereas other modes remain fairly stable. Daily travel time generally increases especially with individual motorised transport in comparison to non-motorised modes, which shows an inconsistency, for example, for some assumptions or approaches of travel time savings. The proposed methodology does not require any prior assumptions and provides therefore a simple and general applicability. The data analysis is based on national travel survey data from Germany, Switzerland, UK and USA from the 1970-ies up to 2018. One main result of the paper is a frame of reference for the relativity of mobility behaviour, which consistently connects these mobility indicators.

Selectivity of gillnets for the capture of Selene peruviana and Peprilus medius in the Ecuadorian Pacific

In the Ecuadorian Pacific, Selene peruviana and Peprilus medius are target species for artisanal fishing caught with gillnets that constitute an important fishery resource for local consumption, given that they are highly valued species due to their low cost and their contribution of high biological value protein. However, no studies have determined selectivity in capturing these species. This study evaluates the selectivity of monofilament surface gillnets with mesh sizes of 3" (7.62 cm) and 3 ½" (8.89 cm), mostly used by artisanal fishers. Data were obtained from several fishing operations within the coastal zone of 8 nautical miles (nm) in Manabí, Ecuador, in 2017, between 6:00 pm and 6:00 am. Selectivity parameters and curves were evaluated through multi-model analysis using the SELEC method. The lognormal model showed the best fit with modal lengths of 24.23 and 21.96 cm for S. peruviana and P. medius, respectively, and selection factors of 3.23 and 3.11. The optimal mesh sizes were calculated at 7.20 and 6.91 cm, respectively, which are smaller than those commonly used by most local artisanal fishers. Therefore, it can be inferred that the size distribution of the captured species follows a lognormal distribution, suggesting that gillnets have a higher probability of capturing larger fish.

LncRNA BC200 is processed into a stable Alu monomer.

The noncoding RNA BC200 is elevated in human cancers and is implicated in translation regulation as well as cell survival and proliferation. Upon BC200 overexpression, we observed correlated expression of a second, smaller RNA species. This RNA is expressed endogenously and exhibits cell-type-dependent variability relative to BC200. Aptamer-tagged expression constructs confirmed that the RNA is a truncated form of BC200, and sequencing revealed a modal length of 120 nt; thus, we refer to the RNA fragment as BC120. We present a methodology for accurate and specific detection of BC120 and establish that BC120 is expressed in several normal human tissues and is also elevated in ovarian cancer. BC120 exhibits remarkable stability relative to BC200 and is resistant to knockdown strategies that target the 3' unique sequence of BC200. Combined knockdown of BC200 and BC120 exhibits greater phenotypic impacts than knockdown of BC200 alone, and overexpression of BC120 negatively impacts translation of a GFP reporter, providing insight into a potential translational regulatory role for this RNA. The presence of a novel, truncated, and stable form of BC200 adds complexity to the investigation of this noncoding RNA that must be considered in future studies of BC200 and other related Alu RNAs.

Lipopolysaccharide with long O-antigen is crucial for Salmonella Enteritidis to evade complement activity and to facilitate bacterial survival in vivo in the Galleria mellonella infection model

Bacterial resistance to serum is a key virulence factor for the development of systemic infections. The amount of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the O-antigen chain length distribution on the outer membrane, predispose Salmonella to escape complement-mediated killing. In Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) a modal distribution of the LPS O-antigen length can be observed. It is characterized by the presence of distinct fractions: low molecular weight LPS, long LPS and very long LPS. In the present work, we investigated the effect of the O-antigen modal length composition of LPS molecules on the surface of S. Enteritidis cells on its ability to evade host complement responses. Therefore, we examined systematically, by using specific deletion mutants, roles of different O-antigen fractions in complement evasion. We developed a method to analyze the average LPS lengths and investigated the interaction of the bacteria and isolated LPS molecules with complement components. Additionally, we assessed the aspect of LPS O-antigen chain length distribution in S. Enteritidis virulence in vivo in the Galleria mellonella infection model. The obtained results of the measurements of the average LPS length confirmed that the method is suitable for measuring the average LPS length in bacterial cells as well as isolated LPS molecules and allows the comparison between strains. In contrast to earlier studies we have used much more precise methodology to assess the LPS molecules average length and modal distribution, also conducted more subtle analysis of complement system activation by lipopolysaccharides of various molecular mass. Data obtained in the complement activation assays clearly demonstrated that S. Enteritidis bacteria require LPS with long O-antigen to resist the complement system and to survive in the G. mellonella infection model.

The Effect of Film Development on Primary Breakup in a Prefilming Airblast Atomizer

Abstract Liquid fueled gas turbines are likely to remain a dominant force in aviation propulsion for the foreseeable future, and therefore understanding the atomization process is key to meeting future emissions and performance legislation. To make experiments and simulations possible, simplified geometry and boundary conditions are often used, for example, simulations of primary atomization often use a fixed film height and velocity. This paper aims to quantify the effect of a fully developed unsteady film on the atomization process. A custom Coupled Level Set & Volume of Fluid (CLSVOF) solver with adaptive meshing built in OpenFOAM v9 is used. A simulation of the atomization process in the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology atomization experiment (Warncke et al., 2017, “Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Primary Breakup of an Airblasted Liquid Sheet,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 91, pp. 208–224) is presented. A precursor simulation of the film development is used to provide accurate, temporally and spatially resolved inlet boundary conditions. These results are compared to previous CLSVOF simulations from Wetherell et al. (2020, “Coupled Level Set Volume of Fluid Simulations of Prefilming Airblast Atomization With Adaptive Meshing,” ASME Paper No. GT2020-14213)” using traditional boundary conditions. The unsteady film has doubled the modal ligament length and widened the distribution, and is now in better agreement with experimental measurements. A clear correlation in both time and space is observed between the film, atomization process, and spray. The sauter mean diameter (SMD) is significantly increased, again giving better agreement with the experiment. A discussion of extracting statistical descriptions of the spray is given, outlining the unfeasible computational cost required to converge droplet diameter distributions and other high order statistics for a case such as this.

Population survey of Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea (Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae) at its limit of geographic distribution in the Western South Atlantic

Introduction: The sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 is a common echinoderm in intertidal regions along the Brazilian coast, which recently became the focus of unreported and unregulated fisheries. This study was carried out in sandy-rocky substrates at Armação do Itapocoroy, Penha, Santa Catarina (26o47’ S; 48o36’ W), near its southern limit of geographic distribution.
 Objective: To determine the densities (individuals*m-2) of Holothuria (H.) grisea within a spatial-temporal perspective as well as to determine biometric and growth characteristics of the population.
 Methods: Two-meter wide transects perpendicular to the coastline were carried out in winter and spring 2019 and in summer and spring 2020, in periods of spring low-tides. In each sampling occasion the total number of specimens of H. grisea were determined, and a group of 90 organisms was submitted to in situ biometrics (weight, length and width), and immediately returned alive to their habitat.
 Results: The densities of H. (H.) grisea were significantly higher in the subtidal sector and lower in the upper intertidal sector with no indication of significant differences among sampling campaigns. Depth was the primary factor explaining the observed density patterns and rugosity of the substrate was secondary but also important. The body length ranged from 5.2 to 22.5 cm, whereas the weight varied from 6.0 to 230 g. The mean and modal lengths were 12.54 and 13 cm, respectively. Approximately 75 % of the population sampled was between 10 and 14 cm and the average weight was 60 g. Estimates from von Bertalanffy growth function indicate that the youngest sea cucumber was one year-old, and the oldest had approximately two and a half years.
 Conclusions: This is the first study to determine biometric parameters for H. (H.) grisea in southern Brazil and the first one to estimate growth and age estimates for a wild population of this species. The densities recorded in the present study were lower than those previously reported for this region, suggesting anthropic influence.

Selectivity of gillnets on the main fish species caught in the floodplains of the Madeira River (Rondônia, Brazil)

Small-scale fishing in the floodplains of the Amazon basin has intensified, with gillnets being one of the main types of tackle used. In this study, we evaluated the length structure of fish species in a floodplain lake of the Madeira River basin, emphasizing the selectivity of the nets in the main species caught. The fisheries were collected in periods of high water and low water, with nets of mesh sizes of 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 160 mm. Tests between the periods and also comparing the meshes were performed and the parameters of the selectivity curves estimated with the SELECT calculation code. Records of 17 new maximum lengths are presented. Of the 12 most abundant species, the selectivity of the nets in the modal lengths for Anchovia surinamensis were 13.3, 19.9, 26.6 and 33.2 cm in the nets with mesh sizes of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm, respectively. In the three smallest mesh sizes, the values for Potamorhina altamazonica were 12.7, 19.0 and 25.3 cm and for Pellona flavipinnis values were 15.4, 23.2 and 30.9 cm. In the two smallest mesh sizes, the following values were presented for the species Potamorhina latior (12.9 and 19.4 cm), Potamorhina rutiloides (11.3 and 16.9 cm), Triportheus elongatus (19.7 and 29.5 cm), Triportheus flavus (14.1 and 21.1 cm) and Pimelodus blochii (15.5 and 23.0 cm). The estimates of selectivity of the nets, in addition to being basic information for fishery sciences, are also fundamental for the management of Amazonian fish stocks.

Long-term changes in petrel populations on Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha, inferred from the diet of Brown Skuas Stercorarius antarcticus

Petrels that breed in burrows and return to their colonies after dark are among the most poorly studied seabirds. Brown Skuas Stercorarius antarcticus (family Stercorariidae) are major predators of burrowing petrels at many seabird breeding islands in the Southern Ocean, so monitoring the diet of skuas can provide insights into petrel population trends. Regurgitated pellets and other prey remains indicate that petrels comprise 94% (monthly range 91–97%) of all prey items in the pellets and other prey remains on Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha. Other seabirds (0.7%), land birds (1.0%), subantarctic fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis (0.5%) and marine animals (3.5%) make up the remainder of the Brown Skua diet. At least 12 species of petrels are eaten, including two species that are not known to breed on Inaccessible Island, but five taxa comprised over 98% of all petrels eaten: Fregetta storm petrels (44%), White-faced Storm Petrels Pelagodroma marina (23%), Broad-billed Prions Pachyptila vittata (21%), Great Shearwaters Ardenna gravis (6%) and Common Diving Petrels Pelecanoides urinatrix (5%). Pellets containing 2 or 3 avian prey items (15% of pellets) were more likely to contain conspecifics than heterospecifics, indicating either local differences in prey distribution or individual dietary specialisation. The prey composition changed seasonally linked to the phenology of the prey species, with White-faced Storm Petrels more common in the skua diet in spring, and Fregetta storm petrels in summer. Fur seals and Great Shearwaters have become more important in the skua diet, reflecting known or suspected increases in the populations of these species on the island, whereas the populations of Common Diving Petrels and Subantarctic Shearwaters Puffinus elegans may have decreased. Modal tarsal length of Fregetta storm petrels changed from 37 mm in 1987/89 to 39 mm in 2009, suggesting a possible increase of F. tropica relative to F. grallaria in the skua diet. However, overall there has been little change in the diet of Brown Skuas on this island over the last four decades.

Vestibular Prehabilitation-A Single UK Center Experience and Literature Review.

Objectives To assess whether vestibular prehabilitation with intratympanic gentamicin is a useful preoperative adjunct in allowing for early mobilization and short length of stay in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS). Design Retrospective single-center study and literature review. Setting Tertiary neurosurgical center. Participants Adult patients undergoing surgery for VS. Main Outcome Measures Our primary outcome measures were evidence of compensation following prehabilitation (defined as saccades becoming more covert and clustered on video head impulse testing-vHIT), length of stay, and days until mobilization. Secondary outcome measures were reduction in gain on vHIT following treatment as well as need for antiemetics postoperatively. Results Ten patients have been treated at our center and the majority have shown preoperative reduction in gain and evidence of compensation on vHIT. Median time to mobilization was 1 day and modal length of stay was 6 days. We found the current evidence to be variable, with small sample sizes and significant variation in outcome measures used. Conclusion Overall we have found that the use of vestibular prehabilitation enables early mobilization, shortened length of stay and appears to be a promising preoperative adjunct in this population. Further research and assessment with a multicenter prospective clinical trial is merited.

Modal and empirical lengths at sexual maturity for six deep-sea species in Ecuadorian oceanic waters

The objective of the present work was to establish modal lengths, empirical lengths at sexual maturity, and proportions of mature individuals of six deep-sea species from the bycatch of the experimental fishery for Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides). Fishing was conducted in Ecuadorian oceanic waters by only one vessel, between 2017 and 2021. Modal lengths were identified using frequency distributions. The length at sexual maturity (Lm) was estimated using the empirical equation: Ln Lm = -0.1189 + 0.9157 * Ln (Lmax). Modal lengths presented a little annual increment in Antimora rostrata and Coryphaenoides armatus while the values decreased for Centroscymnus owstonii, C. delsolari, and Hydrolagus melanophasma. Interannual lengths were similar for Etmopterus granulosus. Modal lengths were higher than the sexual maturity length for H. melanophasma, C. delsolari, C. owstonii and A. rostrata. Furthermore, Coryphaenoides armatus showed a similar value and E. granulosus a lower modal length. Empirical length at sexual maturity was between 56.35 and 66.26 cm TL for all species except for H. melanophasma, which was 100.53 cm TL. Antimora rostrata and C. armatus presented an increment of mature individuals while the annual percentage decreased for H. melanophasma, C. owstonii, and C. delsolari. Etmopterus granulosus showed a lower proportion of mature individuals.

The Use of Immersive Virtual Reality in Sensory Sessions on a Specialist Dementia Unit: Service Evaluation of Feasibility and Acceptability

This service evaluation reviewed inclusion of Immersive Virtual Reality (iVR) relaxation activities as part of routine occupational therapy sensory sessions on a specialist dementia unit. Twenty-five sessions were completed over 13 wk with 14 participants. Nine participants chose to engage in multiple sessions. Feasibility was assessed through participant engagement and tolerability. Modal first session length was in the range 30 s to 2 min. This increased to over 2 min on second sessions. There was a lack of significant adverse effects measured by direct questioning, neuropsychiatric assessment before vs. after sessions and adverse incident reporting. Acceptability was assessed via structured review of user and staff feedback which noted positive experiences such as relaxation, openness to discussion, reminiscence, wider engagement and interest in future use. Further work is required to explore efficacy and use in other settings.

Vector assessment model in R3 space for forest value

While Forests have enormous potential and value, it is necessary to establish a valuation model to help us make decisions and make sound recommendations. To this end, I have made the following contributions. I collected nine data sets from 12 forests and integrated them into three dimensions. I combined the subjective hierarchical analysis (AHP) and CRITIC objective assignment method to obtain the weights. Using the indicators and data of these three dimensions, I constructed a vector assessment model in R3 space, where the modal length of the spatial vector represents the forest value, the angle with the standard vector (1, 1, 1) represents the space of progress, and the plane established by the two vectors together represents the direction of improvement. In addition, I found a relationship between artificial logging intensity and forest value, and established extreme value points, concluding that appropriate artificial logging helps to improve forest value. Because the modal length of Siberian coniferous forests is 1.008 and the angle of 13 degrees, there is a lot of room for improvement, and I analysed this further. I used the GM (1,1) model to predict the carbon sequestration data of Siberian coniferous forests, and the results are consistent with the analysis results of the three-dimensional vector model I established.

How big is a beaked whale? A review of body length and sexual size dimorphism in the family Ziphiidae

There is a paucity of data on the family Ziphiidae (the beaked whales) and even basic information, such as body length, is not available for some species. This review examines published records of body length for 20 of the 21 currently recognised species of beaked whale. It considers maximum, median and modal body lengths, where possible by sex. For Cuvier’s, Blainville’s and Gray’s beaked whales, modal and median lengths were much shorter than the maximum reported lengths; this may reflect misidentification of the largest animals. Although males of some species reached a greater maximum size, there was only a significant difference in median body length for three species: True’s beaked whale; the strap-toothed whale; and Gervais’ beaked whale. In all three cases, females had a significantly larger median length. The apparent lack of consistent sexual dimorphism in body length suggests that, while male beaked whales use their tusks as weapons to compete aggressively for access to receptive females, large size does not give a competitive advantage. This may be a result of the way the sexually dimorphic tusks are used during combat. The only exception to this rule appears to be the northern bottlenose whale, for which males consistently reach greater body lengths than the largest females. Male-male combat appears to take a different form in this species.

Size class, density, and distribution of Uca tangeri (Eydoux, 1835; Decapoda: Ocypodidae) in the mangrove ecosystems of Senegal

This study focusing on the decapod brachyuran Uca tangeri is the first of its kind in Senegal. It was carried out in the mangroves of the Senegal River delta, the Saloum islands, and the Casamance estuary. The modal cephalothoracic length (L; mm) is between 24 and 25 mm in Saint-Louis, 18 and 19 mm in the Saloum, and 16 and 17 mm in Casamance. The modal cephalothoracic weight (Wei; mm) oscillates between 31 and 32 mm in Saint-Louis, 24 and 25 mm in the Saloum, and 25 and 26 mm in Casamance. Whether it is the relation Lc/We or that of the height/weight, the allome-tric growth of crabs is negative (b 0.8) among the biometric parameters. The average crab density in the mangrove is between 1.3 and 1.6 crabs per square meter. The strong presence and abundance of Uca tangeri suggest this species does not have a preferential spatial distribution.

Gillnet Selectivity Estimating for Sustainable Stock Management of Endemik Tarek (Alburnus tarichi Güldenstädt, 1814) Population in Lake Van (Eastern, Turkey)

This study was carried out to estimate the selectivity properties of gillnets for Tarek (Alburnus tarichi Güldenstädt, 1814) in Lake Van, Turkey. The Tarek is the most fished freshwater fish species in Turkey. The study was carried in 2021 fishing season at seven different sampling locations in the lake. Gillnet selectivity estimated was based on eight different gillnet mesh sizes (i.e. 1.25, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.1, 3.9, 4.4, 4.8 cm). The SELECT method was used to determine the selectivity parameters. According to the gamma model, optimum modal lengths for 1.25, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.1, 3.9, 4.4 and 4.8 cm mesh sizes were estimated as 6.61, 8.46, 10.58, 13.22, 16.39, 20.62, 23.27 and 25.38 cm respectively. When considering the minimum landing size, the findings of the study showed that use of gillnets which have less than 3.9 cm mesh size should be prohibited for the fishing of A. tarichi in Lake Van.

Masseter muscle volume as a disease marker in adult-onset myotonic dystrophy type 1

The advent of clinical trials in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) necessitates the identification of reliable outcome measures to quantify different disease manifestations using minimal number of assessments. In this study, clinical correlations of mean masseter volume (mMV) were explored to evaluate its potential as a marker of muscle involvement in adult-onset DM1 patients. We utilised data from a preceding study, pertaining to 39 DM1 patients and 20 age-matched control participants. In this study participants had undergone MRI of the brain, completed various clinical outcome measures and had CTG repeats measured by small-pool PCR. Manual segmentation of masseter muscles was performed by a single rater to estimate mMV. The masseter muscle was atrophied in DM1 patients when compared to controls (p<0.001). Significant correlations were found between mMV and estimated progenitor allele length (p = 0.001), modal allele length (p = 0.003), disease duration (p = 0.009) and and the Muscle Impairment Rating Scale (p = 0.008). After correction for lean body mass, mMV was also inversely correlated with self-reported myotonia (p = 0.014). This study demonstrates that changes in mMV are sensitive in reflecting the underlying disease process. Quantitative MRI methods demonstrate that data concerning both central and peripheral disease could be acquired from MR brain imaging studies in DM1 patients.

Individual-specific levels of CTG•CAG somatic instability are shared across multiple tissues in myotonic dystrophy type 1.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is a complex disease caused by a genetically unstable CTG repeat expansion in the 3'-untranslated region of the DMPK gene. Age-dependent, tissue-specific somatic instability has confounded genotype-phenotype associations, but growing evidence suggests that it also contributes directly toward disease progression. Using a well-characterized clinical cohort of DM1 patients from Costa Rica, we quantified somatic instability in blood, buccal cells, skin and skeletal muscle. Whilst skeletal muscle showed the largest expansions, modal allele lengths in skin were also very large and frequently exceeded 2000 CTG repeats. Similarly, the degree of somatic expansion in blood, muscle and skin were associated with each other. Notably, we found that the degree of somatic expansion in skin was highly predictive of that in skeletal muscle. More importantly, we established that individuals whose repeat expanded more rapidly than expected in one tissue (after correction for progenitor allele length and age) also expanded more rapidly than expected in other tissues. We also provide evidence suggesting that individuals in whom the repeat expanded more rapidly than expected in skeletal muscle have an earlier age at onset than expected (after correction for the progenitor allele length). Pyrosequencing analyses of the genomic DNA flanking the CTG repeat revealed that the degree of methylation in muscle was well predicted by the muscle modal allele length and age, but that neither methylation of the flanking DNA nor levels of DMPK sense and anti-sense transcripts could obviously explain individual- or tissue-specific patterns of somatic instability.

KARAKTERISTIK BIOLOGIS IKAN TONGKOL (Euthynnus affnis) HASIL TANGKAPAN PURSE SEINE DI PERAIRAN HERLANG TELUK BONE, INDONESIA

Purse seine fishing gear is designed to catch both large and small pelagic fish, and commonly used in tuna fisheries. However, this gear is not size-selective, and can pose a threat to fish stocks. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the biological characteristics of little tuna (Euthynnus affinis) caught by purse seiners operating in the waters of Herlang District in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data collected from March to May 2019 included little tuna fork length (FL), weight, sex, and gonad maturity stage (GMS). Fish characteristics analysed in this study were length-weight relationship, size distribution, life phase, and gonadal maturity. Analyses were performed in MS Excel 2010 and Graphpad Prism v.5.03. Male and female little tuna had isometric growth patterns. Modal length class was 24.0-24.4 cm for males and 23.0-23.4 cm for females. All fish caught were below 30 cm TL, while the mean size at first maturity for this species is 39.8 cm. Although the catch was dominated by immature fish (GMS I and GMS II), all GMS stages were present for both sexes, with around a third of females in GMS III-V.&#x0D; Keywords: Scombridae, gonad maturity stage, length-weight relationship, early maturation, fishing pressure.

TH1.5 A Novel Method Breast Lesions Localisation: Using Scout System

Abstract Aims The advent of screening along with increased patient awareness means that approximately 30–50% of breast lesions are impalpable at diagnosis. SAVI SCOUT is a reflector guided system using an implanted device within the breast to guide excision. A probe is then used, in a similar fashion to sentinel node localisation, to target and excise the lesion. As it lacks an external component, it can be placed days prior to surgery, one of a number of advantages it has over our current standard; wire guided excision. Methods Our unit aimed to review the implementation of the SAVI SCOUT system into our practice, looking at the excision and re-excision rates as well as evaluating the advantages or drawbacks we found during our learning curve with this device. Results 18 patients underwent 19 SCOUT guided excisions, over a nine month period. Average age was 62 (range 50–81) and modal length of hospital stay was 0 days (range 0–1). All 18 patients were female and 79% (n-15) underwent wide local excision with 21% (n-4) undergoing quadrantectomy with mammoplasty. 100% of patients (n-19) had the lesion successfully removed. 10% (n-2) of patient underwent re-excision due to close or positive margins. Conclusion Our study has small numbers so far but represents successful use of this technology with good outcomes. We have also found its use acceptable to both surgeons and radiographers. In our experience we have found that diathermy can prevent the reflector from sending or receiving signals if used too close to the device.

Uzatma ağlarında ip kalınlığının Marmara Gölü’ndeki sazan (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) avcılığında av verimi ve seçicilik üzerine etkisi

The effects of multifilament gillnet twine thickness on selectivity and catching efficiency for the common carp fishery were investigated in this study. Sampling was carried out with multifilament gillnets of two different twine thicknesses (with 210d/2 and 210d/3) on 140, 150, 160, 180, 200 mm mesh sizes between June 2015 and December 2016 in Marmara Lake, located in Western Turkey. Higher modal lengths and lower catch per unit effort (CPUE) values and lower sub-minimum landing size (MLS) individuals rate (excluding 180 and 200 mm mesh sizes) were obtained in the thick multifilament material (210d/3) with the same mesh size compared to thin material (210d/2). All mesh sizes in both twine thickness provided modal lengths above the MLS. However, the thin twine material had a higher nominal percentage of undersized fish (8%), greater than the 5% accepted limit for total catches when all mesh sizes are considered together. As a result, the modal lengths and spread values increased and the selectivity and catching efficiency decreased with the thicker twine material.