Modal Interpretation Research Articles

An adaptive and late multifusion framework in contextual representation based on evidential deep learning and Dempster–Shafer theory

AbstractThere is a growing interest in multidisciplinary research in multimodal synthesis technology to stimulate diversity of modal interpretation in different application contexts. The real requirement for modality diversity across multiple contextual representation fields is due to the conflicting nature of data in multitarget sensors, which introduces other obstacles including ambiguity, uncertainty, imbalance, and redundancy in multiobject classification. This paper proposes a new adaptive and late multimodal fusion framework using evidence-enhanced deep learning guided by Dempster–Shafer theory and concatenation strategy to interpret multiple modalities and contextual representations that achieves a bigger number of features for interpreting unstructured multimodality types based on late fusion. Furthermore, it is designed based on a multifusion learning solution to solve the modality and context-based fusion that leads to improving decisions. It creates a fully automated selective deep neural network and constructs an adaptive fusion model for all modalities based on the input type. The proposed framework is implemented based on five layers which are a software-defined fusion layer, a preprocessing layer, a dynamic classification layer, an adaptive fusion layer, and an evaluation layer. The framework is formalizing the modality/context-based problem into an adaptive multifusion framework based on a late fusion level. The particle swarm optimization was used in multiple smart context systems to improve the final classification layer with the best optimal parameters that tracing 30 changes in hyperparameters of deep learning training models. This paper applies multiple experimental with multimodalities inputs in multicontext to show the behaviors the proposed multifusion framework. Experimental results on four challenging datasets including military, agricultural, COIVD-19, and food health data provide impressive results compared to other state-of-the-art multiple fusion models. The main strengths of proposed adaptive fusion framework can classify multiobjects with reduced features automatically and solves the fused data ambiguity and inconsistent data. In addition, it can increase the certainty and reduce the redundancy data with improving the unbalancing data. The experimental results of multimodalities experiment in multicontext using the proposed multimodal fusion framework achieve 98.45% of accuracy.

Maximality and modality in infinitival Wh-complements

Infinitival Wh-complements exhibit a modal interpretation, which arises despite there being no overt lexical modal. In the only comprehensive analysis of the modality, Bhatt (1999) argues that it should be attributed to a covert modal operator. The semantics of this operator is more specific than the typical Kratzerian one. This paper reexamines the original motivation underpinning Bhatt's analysis of the covert modal, and argues that such facts can be accounted for if the interrogative component of infinitival Wh-complements is specified to denote only maximal answers – a solution that is needed more generally in the interpretation of questions. Thus, it is not necessary to imbue the covert modal with a more specific semantics, making it possible to more broadly unify modal Wh-questions and infinitival Wh-complements.

Of the Perfect and the Ordinary: Indistinguishability and Hallucination

Abstract The claim that perfect hallucination is introspectively indistinguishable from perception has been a centrepiece of philosophical theorizing about sense experience. The most common interpretation of the indistinguishability claim is modal: that it is impossible to distinguish perfect hallucination from perception through introspection alone. I run through various models of introspection and show that none of them can accommodate the modal interpretation. Rejecting the modal interpretation opens up two alternative interpretations of the indistinguishability claim. According to the generic interpretation, hallucination is indistinguishable from perception despite the existence of possible exceptions, while according to the actuality interpretation, the indistinguishability of hallucination from perception consists in the actual failure to distinguish hallucination from perception. These alternative understandings of the indistinguishability claim have a number of significant implications for the problem of perception, including the rejection of perfect hallucination and illusion in favour of our ordinary, non-philosophical concepts of these states.

К вопросу о критерии параполноты логик

The paper discusses some aspects related to the definition of a paracomplete logics. There are various ways to formalize the basic condition of paracompleteness – the requirement of the presence in the logical system of such formulas that these formulas themselves and their negations are false. The corresponding definitions of the paracompleteness are given. It is indicated in which cases these definitions may be equivalent. The conditions of equivalence of the law of excluded middle φ ∨ ¬ φ , the law of Clavius ( ¬ φ → φ ) → φ and its special case ( φ → ¬ φ ) → ¬ φ are considered. The paper deals with issues related to the issues of the paracomplete negation, as well as its modal interpretation.

Заголовки прозових творів для дітей: синтаксична організація та комунікативно-прагматичний потенціал

Introduction. In the contemporary scientific paradigm, the multivector study of representatives at the syntactic level has been implemented using various discursive and stylistic texts. However, the research of heading of prose for children is fragmentary. In this regard, it is perspective to describe the headings of fairy tales by V. Nestaiko, concurrently directing attention to the systematic analysis of their syntactic structure, morphological expression means, and lexical content. Equally relevant is the linguo-stylistic aspect, which, in combination, allows for the identification of the artist's style. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the syntactic specificity and outline the typology of sentence structures explicating the headings of fairy tales by V. Nestaiko, clarify their functional potential, communicative-pragmatic features, stylistic and structural parameters. The syntactic units presented in the heading complexes are characterized in terms of evaluative aspects, emotional-expressive coloring, modality, realization of authorial intention, and with the purpose of highlighting the originality of the writer's thought and his/her skill in handling artistic language. Methods. The objectivity of the research was ensured by employing a descriptive method, allowing for the classification and characterization of factual material based on a set of defining features. The distributive analysis method facilitated the research of title sentences in terms of their combinatory and contextual features. The comprehensive analysis was used to describe syntactic units with an emphasis on their structure, semantic, morphological, and stylistic features, intention, communicative-pragmatic potential, and modality. Results. The studied headings are presented through several simple sentences, predominantly differing not only in structural parameters but also in emotional-expressive coloring, modality, intention, pragmatic features, and morphological expression. The author actively employs quotations – expressions of fairy tale characters that, in the context of other constructions, create stylistic contrast. The headings of the works are characterized by the presence of animal names and patronyms, as well as exclamations. Originality. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by: 1) a detailed description of simple single-clause and compound two-clause structures, complex compound sentences, and non- clausal constructions that model headings; 2) a systematic analysis of sentence elements and their formal representatives – lexical units that have accompanying positive or negative nuances, often serving expressive functions and revealing intentional-pragmatic potential; 3) a comprehensive study of the names of fairy tales in the aspect of modal interpretation, which became a prerequisite for their examination with a focus on the real-irreal paradigmatic feature, as well as means of expressing morphological, syntactic, and lexical-grammatical modalities. Conclusion. The heading complexes of V. Nestaiko's works are informative and structurally rich. They are expressed through syntactic units with varying structures, content, part-of-speech, emotional-evaluative, expressive, intentional, and pragmatic potential. In the headings of the writer's fairy tales, there are expressions that often have the nuances of oral spontaneous communication and implement interrogative, imperative, desiderative, affirmative/negative modal meanings, occasionally modal meanings of probability and necessity. All of this highlights the individual style of the writer.

Darbības vārdi varēt, drīkstēt un valodas ietekmējošā funkcija Latvijas Republikas Saeimas 2018. gada sēžu stenogrammās

The study focuses on Latvian modal verbs varēt ‘can, may’ and drīkstēt ‘may’ and their ability to perform the conative function of language. Both modal verbs are studied together because varēt can be used in the sense of drīkstēt and drīkstēt meaning contains a reference to possibility. The source of research is verbatim reports (the year 2018) from the Corpus of the Saeima (parliament of Latvia). The analysis of both modal verbs is based on the determination of modal meanings and interpretation of their ability to influence. The use of modal verbs’ person and mood has been taken into account. In the result of the research, it can be concluded that the conative function of both modal verbs in verbatim reports of the Saeima (the year 2018) in most cases is indirect and implicit. This is also evidenced by the lack of imperative and debitive mood of both modal verbs. Since the basic meaning of the verb drīkstēt is associated with the expression of permission (in negation – prohibition), it – unlike varēt – carries out a more direct and categorical conative function of language.

A Modal Interpretation of Quantum Spins and Its Application to Freudian Theory

In the present paper, we aim to develop a formal quantum logic theory of the interplay between conscious and unconscious processes of the human mind, a goal that has already been envisaged in quantum cognition; in doing so, we will show how the interplay between formal language and metalanguage allows for characterizing pure quantum states as infinite singletons: in the case of the spin observable, we obtain an equation defining a modality that is then re-interpreted as an abstract projection operator. By including a temporal parameter in the equations and by defining a modal negative operator, we derive an intuitionistic-like negation, for which the non-contradiction law is seen as an equivalent of the quantum uncertainty. Building on the psychoanalytic theory of Bi-Logic by Matte Blanco, we use modalities in interpreting the emergence of conscious representations from an unconscious one, and we demonstrate that this description fits well with Freud’s view of the role of negation in mental processes. Psychoanalysis, where affect plays a prominent role in shaping not only conscious, but also unconscious representations, is therefore seen as a suitable model to expand the domain of quantum cognition to the broader field of affective quantum cognition.

Fourteen modal theorems consistent with the theory of mental models

Very important concepts in the theory of mental models are those of ‘possibility’ and ‘necessity’. Based on the definitions this psychology theory gives for those concepts, it has been shown that it complies with the requirement Fitting and Mendelsonh provides in general for modal logic. That requirement consists of being coherent with the modal interpretation of the square of opposition presented by Aristotle. This paper tries to move forward in this direction. It analyzes fourteen modal theorems indicated by Carnap under the approach of the theory of mental models. The results reveal that the theory is also compatible with those theorems.

Lower Order Description and Reconstruction of Sparse Scanning Lidar Measurements of Wind Turbine Inflow Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

Preview measurements of the inflow by turbine-mounted lidar systems can be used to optimise wind turbine performance or alleviate structural loads. However, nacelle-mounted lidars suffer data losses due to unfavourable environmental conditions and laser beam obstruction by the rotating blades. Here, we apply proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to the simulated line-of-sight wind speed measurements of a turbine-mounted scanning lidar obtained from two large eddy simulations. This work aimed at identifying the dominant POD modes that can be used to subsequently derive a reduced-order representation of the turbine inflow. Secondly, we reconstructed the data points lost due to blade passage by using Gappy-POD. We found that only a few modes are required to capture the dynamics of the wind field parameters commonly used for lidar-assisted wind turbine control, such as the effective wind speed, vertical shear and directional misalignment. By evaluating turbine-relevant metrics in the time and frequency domain, we found that a ten-mode reconstruction could accurately describe most spatio-temporal variations in the inflow. Furthermore, a modal interpretation is presented by direct comparison with these wind field parameters. We found that the Gappy-POD method performs substantially better than spatial interpolation techniques, accurately reconstructing up to even 50% of missing data. A POD-based wind field reconstruction offers a trade-off between wind field reconstruction techniques requiring flow assumptions and more complex physics-based representations, offers dimensional reduction and can overcome the blade passage limitation of nacelle-mounted lidar systems.

A Modal Interpretation for Aeroelastic Stability Enhancement of Mistuned Bladed Disks

Understanding the mechanism of the aeroelastic stability improvement induced by mistuning is essential for the design of bladed disks in aero-engines. In this paper, a quantitative interpretation is given. It starts by projecting the mistuned aeroelastic modes into the space spanned by the tuned modes. In this way, the mistuned aeroelastic damping can be expressed by the superposition of the tuned damping. Closed-form expressions are found, providing clear interpretations of several frequently reported trends in the literature. Further, a prediction approach is proposed, where the analysis of aeroelastic coupling only needs to be performed once, and it is decoupled from the analysis of the mistuning effect. The advantages are two-fold. First, the design of the mistuning pattern is accelerated. Second, this allows one to introduce more accurate data or models of aeroelastic damping. An empirical bladed disk with NASA-ROTOR37 profile is used as an example, and the alternate, wave, and random patterns are considered.

Distributed Monitoring of Power System Oscillations Using Multiblock Principal Component Analysis and Higher-order Singular Value Decomposition

The primary goal in the analysis of hierarchical distributed monitoring and control architectures is to study the spatiotemporal patterns of the interactions between areas or subsystems. In this paper, a novel conceptual framework for distributed monitoring of power system oscillations using multi-block principal component analysis (MB-PCA) and higher-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) is proposed to understand, characterize, and visualize the global behavior of the power system. The proposed framework can be used to evaluate the influence of a given area or utility on the oscillatory behavior, uncover low-dimensional structures from high-dimensional data, and analyze the effects of heterogeneous data on the modal characteristics and interpretation of power system. The metrics are then investigated to examine the relationships between the dynamic patterns and participation of individual data blocks in the global behavior of the system. Practical Application of these techniques is demonstrated by case studies of two systems: a 14-machine test system and a 5449-bus 635-generator equivalent model of a large power system.

On the modal interpretation of the connective of realisation

The connective of realisation associates propositions with names of contexts, at which they are said to be realised. Realisation is usually understood as relativised truth-connective, thus under most accounts it distributes over all Boolean connectives. Nonetheless, there are good reasons to consider weaker kinds of realisation, which lack some distributive laws. Three kinds of semantics for such weak realisation were provided: many-valued, set-theoretic and relational. The paper addresses the problem of Jarmużek's interpretation of the connective of realisation in relational models. It is argued that Jarmużek truth condition for the connective of realisation is tantamount to imposing symmetry on the relation of accessibility in a model. Moreover, a simplified semantics as well as axiom system for Jarmużek system are presented. Finally, a unification with Tkaczyk's – most general -- results is provided by proving completeness result for the axiom system with respect to Tkaczyk-style set-theoretic semantics.

Particularized conversational implicatures and miraculous communication

I argue that Grice's account of particularized conversational implicatures makes successful implicatures miraculous. Successful conversational implicatures satisfy three conditions. The first is Calculability, that implicatures are able to be calculated. The second is Grasped Content, that the hearer work out the implicature as intended by the speaker. The third is Inferential Path Sameness, that the speaker and hearer work out the implicated proposition from the similar reasons. Many implicatures satisfying these conditions in the actual world fail to do so in a wide range of nearby possible worlds. Operationalizing ‘miraculous communication’ by the modal interpretation of lucky outcomes, communication by particularized implicatures is miraculous.

Aspect as an indicator of a clausal size in Involuntary State Constructions in BCS

Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS) has a productive ‘involuntary state construction (ISC) with a modal interpretation. There is an ongoing debate concerning the syntactic complexity of this construction. According to one account – the “mono-clausal analysis”, ISCs have only one (overt) lexical verb, and the modal interpretation stems from the imperfective operator (Rivero and Milojević-Sheppard 2003,Rivero 2009, Tsedryk 2016). There is also a “bi-clausal account” which argues in favor of a covert matrix verb of involuntary disposition feel-like, which takes a clausal ModP complement, giving the modal interpretation (Marušič & Žaucer 2005 [henceforth M&Ž]). In this paper, I provide additional evidence in favor of the bi-clausal approach and in so doing, account for a previously unresolved aspectual restriction on the construction, namely that it is ungrammatical with a perfective lexical verb. The main claim is that the unavailability of perfective in the ISC is due to selectional properties of covert feel-like, which results in the violation of requirements on perfective.

Realism, reliability, and epistemic possibility: on modally interpreting the Benacerraf\u2013Field challenge

A Benacerraf–Field challenge is an argument intended to show that common realist theories of a given domain are untenable: such theories make it impossible to explain how we’ve arrived at the truth in that domain, and insofar as a theory makes our reliability in a domain inexplicable, we must either reject that theory or give up the relevant beliefs. But there’s no consensus about what would count here as a satisfactory explanation of our reliability. It’s sometimes suggested that giving such an explanation would involve showing that our beliefs meet some modal condition, but realists have claimed that this sort of modal interpretation of the challenge deprives it of any force: since the facts in question are metaphysically necessary and so obtain in all possible worlds, it’s trivially easy, even given realism, to show that our beliefs have the relevant modal features. Here I show that this claim is mistaken—what motivates a modal interpretation of the challenge in the first place also motivates an understanding of the relevant features in terms of epistemic possibilities rather than metaphysical possibilities, and there are indeed epistemically possible worlds where the facts in question don’t obtain.

Structural complexity is negatively associated with brain activity: a novel multimodal test of compensation theories of aging

Fractal dimensionality (FD) measures the complexity within the folds and ridges of cortical and subcortical structures. We tested the degree that FD might provide a new perspective on the atrophy-compensation hypothesis: age or disease-related atrophy causes a compensatory neural response in the form of increased brain activity in the prefrontal cortex to maintain cognition. Brain structural and functional data were collected from 63 middle-aged and older adults and 18 young-adult controls. Two distinct patterns of FD were found that separated cortical from subcortical structures. Subcortical FD was more strongly negatively correlated with age than cortical FD, and cortical FD was negatively associated with brain activity during memory retrieval in medial and lateral parietal cortices uniquely in middle-aged and older adults. Multivariate analyses revealed that the lower FD/higher brain activity pattern was associated with poorer cognition—patterns not present in young adults, consistent with compensation. Bayesian analyses provide further evidence against the modal interpretation of the atrophy-compensation hypothesis in the prefrontal cortex—a key principle found in some neurocognitive theories of aging.

Measurement and Quantum Dynamics in the Minimal Modal Interpretation of Quantum Theory

Any realist interpretation of quantum theory must grapple with the measurement problem and the status of state-vector collapse. In a no-collapse approach, measurement is typically modeled as a dynamical process involving decoherence. We describe how the minimal modal interpretation closes a gap in this dynamical description, leading to a complete and consistent resolution to the measurement problem and an effective form of state collapse. Our interpretation also provides insight into the indivisible nature of measurement--the fact that you can't stop a measurement part-way through and uncover the underlying `ontic' dynamics of the system in question. Having discussed the hidden dynamics of a system's ontic state during measurement, we turn to more general forms of open-system dynamics and explore the extent to which the details of the underlying ontic behavior of a system can be described. We construct a space of ontic trajectories and describe obstructions to defining a probability measure on this space.

Domain Restriction in Generic Statements

ABSTRACT Domain restriction is a pervasive if often neglected part of discourse comprehension. Speakers and authors implicitly limit the domain of discourse of quantifiers (e.g., everyone) and noun phrases (e.g., the girls). Our previous research shows that an initial temporal or locative prepositional phrase (PP), which introduces a topic situation, is the preferred context for interpreting the domain of subject noun phrases in the same sentence or a subsequent sentence. In this research, the sentences and minidiscourses were about concrete nongeneric situations. The present article reports three experiments designed to explore domain restriction in generic statements. Experiment 1 shows that indefinite determiners and the presence of a modal (would) favor generic interpretations. In Experiments 2 and 3 a sentence initial (vs. sentence final) PP increased interpretation of the subject as being restricted to the topic situation as well as increasing the frequency of generic interpretations. We propose that in sentences with modals (would) the initial PP acts as the antecedent of a conditional. Furthermore, based on differences in responses depending on whether the genericity of the subject or the temporal restriction on the subject are posed, we suggest that domain restriction is an inference from the representation constructed during discourse comprehension while a decision about genericity is a part of core sentence interpretation.

Modality force and syntax in an understudied class of reduced why-questions in English

This paper analyzes the syntactic and interpretive components of a frequently used but understudied type of reduced why-question in English, referred to as Why-VP, as in why take Structure of Japanese? Using a substantial corpus of naturally occurring examples, it is argued that why in Why-VP is in fact a head which selects a null infinitival head, hosting in its specifier a structural subject, pro, and which in turn selects the familiar verbal projections (Voice/V). Previous work on Why-VP has suggested that it is necessarily elliptical and that it is necessarily rhetorical (conveying a preference). These assumptions led to proposals appealing to special compositional technologies. Analysis of the naturally-occurring examples, however, reveals that Why-VP retains a true interrogative interpretation. The syntactic structure proposed, in which Why-VP is an infinitival wh-question, predicts that it should have a modal interpretation, following Bhatt’s (1999) analysis of covert modality in embedded wh-infinitivals. It is the modal interpretation characteristic of Why-VP that contributes to the rhetorical flavor, but that also allows for the genuine-question reading. Thus, we need rely only on independently available and familiar compositional mechanisms to understand the observed pragmatic effects.

A Logic of Creating

I describe a “logic of creating” inspired by the “existential” argument of the existence of God in St. Thomas Aquinas’s De Ente et Essentia. suggest a modal reading of his reasoning based upon states-of-affairs said to be actual, contingent, necessary and the like. I take “creating” as teasing actuality out of possibility. After explaining the modal logic that I am assuming and relating it to Christian understandings of meaning and being, I present my modal interpretation, contrasting it with the views of three modern philosophers. In an appendix I will analyze the text of St. Thomas’s existential proof.