Modal Frame Research Articles

SELECTED LEGAL CONCEPTS IN HISTORICAL-LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS JURISLINGUISTICS AND THE METHODOLOGY OF DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS

The legal lexicon covering the lexical field of words related to the financial collapse of a company in Polish has changed significantly over the years. The most important word today, upadłość (from the verb upadać, Eng. to fall/fail) used to have a general meaning, while 200 years ago, the two words used in this sense were bankructwo (from Italian) and konkurs (from Latin). This latter word is also mentioned in sources from 100 years ago, when it occurred alongside a new word plajta (from German), referring to a specific, premeditated type of bankruptcy. In the following decades of the 20th century, the word upadłość became a specialist term, in contrast to bankructwo, which took on a general meaning, while konkurs fell out of use and plajta began to refer to fields other than economics. The presented analysis, which uses the method of lexical paradigmatic fields, is one of the historical-linguistic tools that can be used in jurislinguistics. Also other methods and concepts, e.g. syntagmatic fields, grammatical analyses, the use of utterance frame or modal frame offer many possibilities to conduct cognitively valuable diachronic analyses of legal language.

Modalization of Speech Actions as the Basis of the Metaphoric Transfer (on the Example of German Economic Discourse)

The question of the nature of speech modalization has been repeatedly considered in linguistics from various positions, which is partially reflected in the text of the article. The authors of the publication propose to look at the points of intersection of the process of metaphorization of statements within the framework of one type of discourse with the expression of the author's attitude to and/or assessment of its content. To substantiate the validity of this approach, the authors refer to the methodology of logical analysis of language, the theory of intersubjectivity and the theory of evaluativity, linking cognitive methods of analyzing the process of metaphorization with a broad understanding of the category of modality. This formulation of the problem fits into the modern scientific paradigm of interdisciplinarity and the actualization of interdisciplinary relations, which reflects the relevance of the proposed text. The scientific novelty of the topic is an attempt to determine the correlation of the category of modality in its axiological and ideological aspects with metaphorization as a means of actualizing evaluativity in economic discourse. Commonly, denoting phenomena, processes or results is not limited to their nomination, but the producer of the utterance gives them a modal assessment. The empirical material containing fragments of texts of the German-language mass media on economic topics reflects the validity of the proposed interpretation of the issue, shows the potential relationship of phenomena in the intersection of various connotative meanings of a cognitive metaphor, potentially serving to express the attitude to the proposition of an utterance at the level of intersubjective assessments that create a modal frame of the text. The given examples clearly demonstrate that cognitive metaphors in various forms of their implementation could serve to express ideological modality from the standpoint of intersubjectivity, since the producer of the text relies on the reflection of a fragment of reality in the communicative and cognitive activity of subjects of the national-cultural community of people. The article recognizes a certain ambiguity of the proposed interpretation of the category of modality, which is considered in the traditional grammar as an expression of possibility, ought and desirability, or as a confidence, doubt and assertion that the action is carried out at different time levels using phrases with modal verbs, modal words or adverbs, particles, etc. Thus, the article can be considered as an indirect invitation to a discussion on the issue.

Иллюзия реальности как основа драматургического конфликта в творчестве А. Володина

The paper aims to provide an insight into specificity of A. Volodin’s artistic worldview by analysing dramaturgic conflict in his creative work. The study is novel in that it is the first to analyse content of the plays “The Factory Girl”, “Five Evenings” and “The Appointment” from the modal-evaluative perspective: such a semantic category as illusion of reality is considered as a basis for dramaturgic conflict in these plays. The research findings consist in identifying specificity of the axiological orientation peculiar to the author’s worldview of Volodin the dramatist, in revealing that modal frame of illusoriness highlights the issue of losing emotional and spiritual ties in the society whose representatives live in different realities.

Experimental study of seismic in-plane elliptical damper with empirical design formulae

A seismic steel damper designed to deform inelastically in an in-plane flexural bending mode for more efficient utilisation of the material was investigated. This proposed device, referred to as an in-plane elliptical damper (i-PED), consists of two circular arches with intermediate straight arms connected in a closed form to eliminate end rotation at the symmetric axis in order to enhance the ultimate capacity. Test results obtained from a series of component tests on i-PEDs with various dimensions indicated that the energy-dissipation capacities of the dampers under cyclic loads were rich and consistently stable. The i-PED with a shorter arm length and smaller radius of curvature of arch exhibited higher strength and energy-dissipation capacity. Empirical formulae for estimating the mechanical properties of the dampers were developed for preliminary design purposes. The numerical predictions were found to correlate well with the experimental results, demonstrating that using the Bouc–Wen model is sufficient for simulating the inelastic mechanical behaviour of steel dampers. Furthermore, shaking table tests of a five-storey modal frame implemented with i-PEDs were conducted, with non-linear time history analyses carried out for comparison. Encouraging results on seismic response control with good numerical prediction were obtained, suggesting the feasibility of the proposed damper and design scheme for practical application.

Diegetyczne uspójnienie systemu nauk. O Nowej Atlantydzie Francisa Bacona

The article interprets New Atlantis by Francis Bacon and reads it as a hypertext of Instauratio Magna, the project of restoration of sciences, which the philosopher failed to carry out fully. The author seeks to discover the interrelations between the discursive, rhetorical and literary modes of writing that shaped the early stages of modern science. In his opinion, empirical science does not establish its starting point only with its own new instruments, but it also deploys contemporary patterns of narrative fiction (for example, the modal frame of travel story) and rhetorical probability (also allegory). The power of this composite renders its own origin coherent.

SEPTEM VERBA A CHRISTO W STAROPOLSKICH APOKRYFACH NOWOTESTAMENTALNYCH W PERSPEKTYWIE ŹRÓDŁOZNAWCZEJ I LINGWISTYCZNEJ. CZĘŚĆ DRUGA: JĘZYKOWE UKSZTAŁTOWANIE

This article is the second and the last part of a series dedicated to the characteristics of a description of Christ’s seven words uttered on the cross as accounted in Old Polish biblical and apocryphal narrations. In part one, I focus on the origin of the words, the characteristics of Old Polish texts containing them. I highlight the most important differences in the narration of the specific fragments of Old Polish Passions of Jesus. Part two is entirely dedicated to the language of the fragments of Old Polish texts on Christ’s seven words uttered on the cross (ŻPJK, SCh and RD). First, I present the enumeration schemes in each apocrypha. They are strictly related to the tradition of religious instruction and teaching and are an attempt at sorting out the material. The article presents also the various ways in which Christ’s specific words are called. The regular word-forming structure of the modifiers affects the rhythmic form of the specific fragments of texts. Finally, I show how quotations from Christ were introduced into each apocrypha: how the utterances’ modal frame was shaped and what verbs of speech were used. It turns out that in each historic text, Christ’s words were treated differently: in the SCh, they were described most extensively and in the RD – least extensively but it is the RD where the enumerations are most precise with respect to the syntax, perhaps because the specific parts are at the smallest distance from each other. Christ’s seven words on the cross are least structured in the ŻPJK.

ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНО НЕЙТРАЛЬНЫЕ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ТЕКСТЫ: В ПОИСКАХ СПЕЦИФИКИ

The article aims to discuss the problem of verbal features distinguishing emotionally neutral texts from emotional ones. Such features are necessary for elaborating a computer classifier designed to assign Internet texts in Russian to different emotional classes of texts including the neutral class. The complex analysis of the notion of neutrality in stylistics, axiology, emotiology and sentiment analysis allowed the author to formulate the preliminary hypothesis that emotionally neutral texts are marked by (1) the absence of obscene words and evaluative adjectives; (2) the non-expression of the modal frame of the utterance, which influences the functioning of xenomarkers (markers of narrative retelling), of deictic words and frequent predicates; (3) the lack of emotional vocabulary. The sources of the data for the study were three subcorpora: a subcorpus of texts from Wikipedia (136,184 tokens)—“neutral texts a priori”; a subcorpus of texts from the Russian social network VKontakte assessed by 2,000 informants as neutral ones—“neutral texts a posteriori” (14,000 tokens), and, finally, 15,000 emotionally loaded fragments of 60 to 80 words (1,092,327 tokens) from VKontakte assessed by the informants as texts manifesting different emotions: from anger to joy. The choice of the two neutral subcorpora was due to the author’s intention to examine the category of neutrality taking under consideration the genre of Internet texts. To learn the features of neutral Internet texts, the author used the methodology of corpus linguistics largely supported by a number of tools offered by the Sketch Engine corpus manager platform. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis and provided new details. Thus, the analysis revealed that the genre of the Internet text plays a crucial role in how the neutrality category manifests in it: for instance, Wikipedia texts have no obscene words, VKontakte texts assessed as neutral have a number of such lexemes. A similar discrepancy between neutral texts of different genres is observed on the grammatical level: for Vkontakte texts the collocation of the Russian verb byt’ [be] and the pronouns of the third person on, ona, oni [he, she, they] is statistically significant, for Wikipedia texts it is not. There are still some features proper to the two subcorpora considered as neutral: the absence of so-called “xenomarkers” and emotional vocabulary (words naming emotions, their manifestations, and typical situations in which people usually feel them); the low frequency, in comparison with emotional texts, of verbs and deictic words indicating time or place. The author has made a conclusion that, in the internet communicative space, the category of neutrality is construed differently than in others spheres of communication. Internet texts are generally so saturated with emotions that, even if in another context a text would be interpreted as an emotional one, in the social network users assess it as a fragment with no emotion. Another significant result is that the author has found a correlation between the type of narrator—narrator-experiencer, narratorobserver and narrator-non observer—and the type of text in terms of the category of neutrality. In further research, this will facilitate the predictability of text class—emotional or neutral.

Profesor Camilleri i pan Caravaggio. Multimodalne studium twórczości i psychozy

Multimodal techniques (meaning the use of narrative modes signalised by various typographies etc.) enable a fuller presentation of Caravaggio’s mental dysfunction (in the novel the focalizing role is performed by, among others, the notes of the painter who is falling into obsession and madness – it is these that form his internal storyworld). Confrontation with the journalistic account, provided by the alter ego of the very author of the novel (so called sylleptic narrator) – that is the second level of narration – constitutes the modal frame for the presentation of the artist’s fate and contributes to showing the mental state of Caravaggio who is obsessed with “black sun” (this obsession might be the source of the chiaroscuro technique), and who sees in hallucinations his own severed head. This way, Camilleri creatively exploits the motif of decapitation, found in Caravaggio’s paintings, following many research studies showing that the heads found in the paintings could have been the painter’s self-portraits and expressions of his expiation. This context is supplemented by reproductions of Caravaggio’s paintings, which are embedded in the narration and “commented upon” in his fictional journal, thus constituting yet another layer registering (and illustrating) what takes place in the artist’s mind.

The Modality of Complete Certainty in Bunin's Novel The Life of Arseniev: Types and Methods of Its Expression

The article is devoted to the description of sub-modes of complete certainty about evaluation of the informative component, revealed in the content structure of utterances. The article also covers the ways of their objectification in Bunin's novel The Life of Arsenyev. Modality of complete certainty is understood as a kind of non-predicative modality which forms ‘the external modal frame’. It is accepted that markers of complete certainty are modal parentheses, whose functioning conditions and lexical meaning allowed the author to single out certain sub-modes, taking into account the degree of evaluation certainty: ‘absolute certainty’, ‘expected certainty’, ‘certainty, determined by the thinking process of the modal subject’, ‘certainty, formed by the knowledge of society’. The markers of absolute certainty are parentheses of the following synonymic set: surely, in fact, really, certainly, undoubtedly, it is true, obviously and predominantly certainly, as well as the lexical unit I repeat. The sub-mode of ‘expected certainty’ is objectified by the introductory words it is known, clearly, consequently. The sub-mode of ‘certainty based on an individual’s thinking process’ is represented by the lexemes think, remember and sentences in the position of parenthesis I think, I suppose. The level of evaluation certainty depends on whether or not the modal subject takes into account the features characterizing the subject of predication. Apart from the function of evaluation objectifier of complete certainty in the novel, the text-building function of the parentheses really, in fact and undoubtedly has also been emphasized. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s4p55

Correlation of Stiffness and Natural Frequency of Precast Frame System

The main objective of this study was to obtain the correlation between the severity of damage to the stiffness of the frame in the format of its intrinsic dynamic properties, the natural frequency of the structural system at damaged and undamaged state. In this research, a laboratory test was performed on the precast post-tension frame of a similar dimension and strength specification to Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) school buildings. The modal frame is a reduced in scale of 1 to 5 and subjected to cyclic lateral loadings and monitored its frequency through vibration test. The vibration test was performed at each end of the cycle of a lateral pushover test. The vibration data was recorded by accelerometers due to external forced vibration to assess its natural frequency, mode shapes and damping values of the system. This research found that there is a physical tangible relationship between natural frequency changes and stiffness in the frame. The results showed that as the severity of damage increases, the natural frequency of the frame decreases significantly, indicating that softening of the system that lead to a favorable ductility for earthquakes.

Parateksty polskich przekładów z literatury włoskiej w czasach stalinowskich

The aim of the article is to present the strategy of political manipulation in the paratexts which contain the translations of Italian literature in Poland of Stalinist era. To demonstrate different editorial procedures, the analysis takes into consideration two most significant examples: three editions of the novel by Renata Viganò entitled Agnese va a morire (the first two from 1951, the third from 1955) and the publication of a fragment of the novel by Elio Vittorini entitled Sempione strizza l’occhio al Frejus in “Przekrój” magazine in 1953. The selection of these examples shows a specific modal frame into which the translations of Italian Literature were forced. Due to that procedure, the Italian novel could be read in connection with other propaganda texts which constitute the intertextual context, determine the interpretation key and intensify the propaganda message.

Dynamic logic for belief revision

We show how belief revision can be treated systematically in the format of dynamicepistemic logic, when operators of conditional belief are added. The core engine consists of definable update rules for changing plausibility relations between worlds, which have been proposed independently in the dynamic-epistemic literature on preference change. Our analysis yields two new types of modal result. First, we obtain complete logics for concrete mechanisms of belief revision, based on compositional reduction axioms. Next, we show how various abstract postulates for belief revision can be analyzed by standard modal frame correspondences for model-changing operations.

Modal Frame Correspondences and Fixed-Points

Taking Lob's Axiom in modal provability logic as a running thread, we discuss some general methods for extending modal frame correspondences, mainly by adding fixed-point operators to modal languages as well as their correspondence languages. Our suggestions are backed up by some new results – while we also refer to relevant work by earlier authors. But our main aim is advertizing the perspective, showing how modal languages with fixed-point operators are a natural medium to work with.

Topological duality for intuitionistic modal algebras

This paper describes a generalisation of the adjunction and duality between topological spaces and frames, inspired by the Kripke semantics of modal logic. A relational space is defined as a topological space with a binary relation on the points, and a modal frame is defined as a frame with two operations □ and ◊ satisfying various axioms. The frame of open sets of a relational space has a natural modal structure; with appropriate morphisms, this extends to a contravariant functor from the category of relational spaces to the category of modal frames. This paper defines an adjoint to this functor, and shows that the adjunction restricts to a duality between the subcategories in the image of the adjunction. The paper goes on to consider those modal frames which are freely generated from modal distributive lattices, and in particular, those arising from the Lindenbaum algebras of intuitionistic propositional modal languages. These spectral modal frames are constructed by defining a modal structure on the frame of ideals, and characterised (up to isomorphism) by exactness and compactness conditions of the modal connectives. Finally, they are shown to be equivalent to the frames of open sets of relational spaces; from this a completeness theorem for intuitionistic modal logic follows.

Grafted frames and S1 -completeness

AbstractA grafted frame is a new kind of frame which combines a modal frame and some relevance frames. A grafted model consists of a grafted frame and a truth-value assignment. In this paper, the grafted frame and the grafted model are constructed and used to show the completeness of S1. The implications of S1-completeness are discussed.A grafted frame does not combine two kinds of frames simply by putting relations defined in the components together. That is, the resulting grafted frame is not in the form of <W,R,R′>, or more generally, in the form of <W, R, R′,R″>,…>, which consists of a non-empty set with several relations defined on it.1 Rather, it resembles the construction of fibering proposed by D. M. Gabbay and M. Finger (see [4] and [3]). On a grafted frame, some modal worlds, which belong to the initial modal frame, are attached by some relevance frames.However, these two semantics have important differences. Consider the combined semantics involving semantics of relevance logic and modal logic. A fibred model and a grafted model proposed in this paper differ in the following respects. First, a fibred model is constructed from a class of modal models and a class of relevance models. A grafted model consists of a grafted frame and a truth-value assignment, where the grafted frame is constructed from a modal frame and some relevance frames, and the assignment is a union of a modal truth-value assignment VM and some relevance truth-value assignments VR. VM (VR) defined in this paper is not the same as the assignment contained in a modal (relevance) model. Second, in a fibred model each relevance world is associated (or fibred) with a modal model and each modal world with a relevance model.2 To be the grafted frame on which a grafted model is based, it is enough to have some modal worlds attached by some relevance frames. Moreover, no relevance world is associated with a modal frame in the grafted frame. Third, fibred models are intended to provide an appropriate semantics to combined logics. Grafted frames and grafted models are inspired to characterize S1, which, containing only one modality □, is not a combined logic. It is shown in this paper that S1 is sort of a meta-logic of the intersection of S0.4 and F, where S0.4, a new system proposed in this paper, is in turn a meta-logic of the relevance logic.

Modal frame characterization by way of auxiliary modalities

Modal frame characterization by way of auxiliary modalities

Branching versus linear logics yet again

Abstract A brief overview is given of the temporal logics used in concurrent program verification and in database and systems specification. The properties of the underlying modal frame structures are analysed. The relative advantages of the linear and branching approaches are discussed. The state versus path formulas controversy is revisited. A meta-linear operator L is proposed and compared with the “in all trajectories” operator considered in the language CTL*. The usefulness of the new operator within the context of a layered methodology for database and information systems specification and verification is illustrated. The operator is seen as a “frame change operator” and other interesting operators of this class are referred. Finitary and infinitary axiomatisations are given for the operator L . The proof of the completeness of the infinitary axiomatisation is briefly outlined. This proof requires an appropriate extension of the usual Henkin methods.

On the structure of explications: Some illustrations from Russian

In this paper, the author discusses the meaning of the Russian particles tol'ko, daze, -to, razve and neuželi (roughly, ‘only’, ‘even’, ‘emphasis’ and ‘question’). In each case, he proposes an explication (a paraphrase) which can be substituted for the particle itself. He discusses the concepts of ‘presupposition’ and ‘modal frame’, and their usefulness in the semantic analysis of particles.

First-order definability in modal logic

In the early days of the development of Kripke-style semantics for modal logic a great deal of effort was devoted to showing that particular axiom systems were characterised by a class of models describable by a first-order condition on a binary relation. For a time the approach seemed all encompassing, but recent work by Thomason [6] and Fine [2] has shown it to be somewhat limited—there are logics not determined by any class of Kripke models at all. In fact it now seems that modal logic is basically second-order in nature, in that any system may be analysed in terms of structures having a nominated class of second-order individuals (subsets) that serve as interpretations of propositional variables (cf. [7]). The question has thus arisen as to how much of modal logic can be handled in a first-order way, and precisely which modal sentences are determined by first-order conditions on their models. In this paper we present a model-theoretic characterisation of this class of sentences, and show that it does not include the much discussed LMp → MLp.Definition 1. A modal frame ℱ = 〈W, R〉 consists of a set W on which a binary relation R is defined. A valuation V on ℱ is a function that associates with each propositional variable p a subset V(p) of W (the set of points at which p is “true”).