Civil Society Mobilization Research Articles

Civil society, local government and rural health in an eastern Indian state

ABSTRACT This paper explores how civil society mobilization makes a difference in local government performance in delivering rural healthcare. The study was carried out during 2019–2020 in tribal-dominated Nilgiri and Daringbadi blocks of Odisha state in eastern India. Civil society activism is found to interject more programmatic priorities into local governance of health in Nilgiri than in Daringbadi. Success in Nilgiri is linked to its history of subaltern mobilization, the organizational efforts of a pro-poor political party and a comparatively mobilized civil society. Conversely, failure in Daringbadi is linked to a fractured community, little if any history of civil society mobilization and hegemony of the ruling party which uses local government to advance its own political agenda.

Singularities of Timor-Leste’s Process of Self-Determination (1974–2002)

Abstract The self-determination of Timor-Leste presents singular features in contexts of Portuguese decolonization and global politics. It spans three periods: Portugal’s territorial reconfiguration after the Carnation Revolution; re-colonization under a major international player in global decolonization; and direct involvement of the United Nations in final phases leading to independence. It distinctively combines struggle for self-determination with a plight for broad human rights. A transnational multitude of actors, from colonial and neo-colonial powers to the UN and leading regional and world powers, blended state diplomacy with “citizens diplomacy” arising from the mobilization of civil society and the impact of international public opinion.

Introduction

It is my pleasure to introduce Volume 25, No. 2 of Enterprise and Society. In this issue, we are pleased to present a special section on “Corporate Responses to Racial Unrest,” guest-edited by Michael Thate and Tyesha Maddox. The section commences with a scene-setting introduction from the guest editors, followed by three papers. The first is from Keith Hollingsworth on the aftermath of the Atlanta race riot of 1906, followed by Mattie Webb on an exercise in the art of the possible, waging the battle against Apartheid in South African workplaces. This section is rounded off by Sethulego Matebesi’s exploration of responses to civil society mobilization among South African mining companies. Taken together, these four essays break important new ground and indicate promising lines of future research.

Network power and mental health policy in post-war Liberia.

This article traces the influence of network power on mental health policy in Liberia, a low-income, post-conflict West African country. Based on key informant interviews, focus group discussions and document analysis, the work uses an inductive approach to uncover how a network of civil society groups, government officials, diasporans and international NGOs shaped the passage, implementation and revision of the country's 2009 and 2016 mental health policies. With relations rooted in ties of information, expertise, resources, commitment and personal connections, the network coalesced around a key agent, the Carter Center, which connected members and guided initiatives. Network power was evident when these actors channelled expertise, shared narratives of post-war trauma and mental health as a human right, and financial resources to influence policy. Feedback loops appeared as policy implementation created new associations of mental health clinicians and service users, research entities and training institutes. These beneficiaries offered the network information from lived experiences, while also pressing their own interests in subsequent policy revisions. As the network expanded over time, some network members gained greater autonomy from the key agent. Network power outcomes included the creation of government mental health institutions, workforce development, increased public awareness, civil society mobilization and a line for mental health in the government budget, though concerns about network overstretch and key agent commitment emerged over time. The Liberian case illustrates how networks need not be inimical to development, and how network power may facilitate action on stigmatized, unpopular issues in contexts with low state capacity. A focus on network power in health shows how power can operate not only through discrete resources such as funding but also through the totality of assets that network linkages make possible.

Volunteering as a social and psychological phenomenon

The article provides a theoretical reflection on the interpretations of the concepts of volunteering and volunteer activity in terms of their use in regulatory documents, as well as in the scientific discourse of foreign and domestic research. Two approaches to understanding volunteering are identified: institutional and social. It is substantiated that the institutional approach is based on the principles of integrity, organic solidarity, a combination of objective and subjective, and focuses on the involvement of organisations, governments and institutions in the promotion and support of volunteering. It is argued that volunteering as a social approach is implemented through the independent interconnection (social community) of people as subjects of volunteer activity, who have formed social values, interests, attitudes as the basis for the formation of the social identity of the community, demonstrate a responsible attitude and satisfaction with volunteering.It is established that the main functions of volunteering include mobilisation, social stabilisation, formation and development of civil society, regulatory, stimulating, communicative, as well as socialisation functions of self-knowledge, self-affirmation and professionalisation. Volunteering is seen as a type of activity based on the principles of freedom from external coercion, the possibility of choosing an action option, altruism, and activities outside of family and friendship. The features of volunteering as an activity are its procedural nature and positive orientation, as well as the implementation of this work in free time. The structure of volunteering is revealed through the motivational, cognitive, emotional and volitional components. Volunteer activity can be aimed at implementing three multidirectional aspects: ensuring the impact of active people on the specific historical situation in society; ensuring the impact of the most important activity on the personal properties of the person involved in this activity; obtaining significant competencies and specific knowledge, skills and abilities by the person involved in this activity.

Paths Towards LGBT Rights Recognition in Brazil

IntroductionThis article addresses the processes that led to the recognition of LGBT rights in Brazil, the role played by civil society mobilization, and the interaction between the Federal Supreme Court and the National Congress in these processes.MethodsThe study’s primary method is document analysis. Our sample was established in 2021 and includes four court decisions and 93 law proposals presented from 2011 to 2020 by 83 legislators whose profiles are also analysed (data collected in 2021). Moreover, the article references secondary source interviews conducted in 2017 and 2018.ResultsThe Federal Supreme Court was responsible for all the LGBT rights recognized at the federal level in Brazil. Our data shows that federal legislators, on the other hand, have been unable to make bills focused on LGBT rights (pro or against) pass. Some highlights from the results show that 46.2% of the proposals on the matter are contrary to those rights, and 48.2% of the legislators who mobilize the matter are affiliated with the Evangelical Bench, an influential conservative institution in the Brazilian National Congress. Although not yet able to make law proposals pass, those legislators with a conservative profile tend to use LGBT rights as political currency by presenting bills or making speeches against these rights. They also play a role in not allowing pro-LGBT rights achievements in the legislative arena. Aware of the legislators’ profile, civil society organizations tend not to focus all their efforts on this arena and to take or create legal opportunities, even though the path through courts still represents several obstacles. Moreover, although the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has shown a willingness to decide on LGBT rights, the outcomes of the rulings depend on the composition of the body, which is influenced by nominations made by the president. That is, the same court Brazil has relied on to recognize LGBT rights could be responsible for denying them had it had the same powers but different members.ConclusionsWhile the deadlock in the Federal Congress persists, and the judicial decisions that recognized LGBT rights remain effective, LGBT persons continue to exercise their conquered rights. However, the conservative wave in Brazil places the country in a context of uncertainty and vulnerability with regard to LGBT rights.Policy ImplicationsThis study’s contribution lies in showing why Brazil is an unpaired case when it comes to LGBT rights recognition and how vulnerable these conquered rights are in the country. The article provides an overview of the recognition processes taking multiple arenas and actors into account. Therefore, the analyses and the database of law proposals fill a gap in the literature and can contribute to future work from both scholars (for example, other studies from the database) and practitioners (for example, the development of legal mobilization frames and strategies).

Civil society in Brazilian urban peripheries during the early COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT The pandemic of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has exposed the face of inequality in several countries. Populations historically suffering from social, economic and political problems that affect their well-being are the most impacted, as is the case of Brazilian peripheries. From this background, we discuss the mobilization of Brazilian civil society in urban peripheries in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, through the combination of the concepts of framing, identity and solidarity. To do that, we analyzed data from the Map Corona in the Peripheries and a netnography of the cases from the Unified Center of Favelas (CUFA) and the Front City of God (CDD). As results, we present a model of recursiveness among the three concepts, as a driver of collective action, and notice the relevant role of the emergency brought by the pandemic as a trigger of this recursiveness.

PHILOSOPHICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Philosophical dimensions of space, society, and communities hold great significance today and have been the subject of study by both domestic and Western scholars. This theme has deep roots in philosophy and geography, with initial approaches linking the development of nations and peoples to their territories. These views found expression in geographic determinism, as seen in the works of Montesquieu, and the ideas of “geosophy” by J. K. Wright. The research objective. The primary goal of this study is to provide a philosophical perspective on the complex nature of politics in the context of its interaction with various aspects of the geographical and cultural environment. The statement of basic materials. The anthropological approach to political geography sheds light on the role of sociocultural factors in political processes, including: the influence of cultural values, religious beliefs, traditions, and language policies on political activities. The interplay between culture and politics, particularly in the perception of political candidates and the formation of political identities. The impact of globalization on political geography and the challenges it poses to politics and geopolitics. Globalization affects politics and society by: increasing interdependence among countries and regions. Necessitating adaptation to changes in the global system and the development of effective political strategies. Influencing national political systems through global economics, international trade, and organizations. Contemporary challenges and opportunities include: collaborative international decision-making and addressing global issues, such as climate change and mass migration. The role of the internet and social media in political communication, mobilization of civil society, and the dissemination of political information.

10.A. Round table: Food marketing regulation and civil society mobilisation

Abstract For over 20 years, the EU has struggled to protect children from the harmful impact of food marketing even though food marketing has been identified as an important contributor to unhealthy food environments and diet-related diseases. Overall, political will has been insufficient to implement the WHO recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children in Europe. In particular, the Audiovisual Media Services Directive - the main EU legislative instrument intended to serve this purpose - contains major gaps, and its limited scope has promoted the shifts of marketing investment from regulated to unregulated programmes and media, leaving children insufficiently protected from exposure to unhealthy food marketing. Moreover, and perhaps even more fundamentally, the Audiovisual Media Services Directive relies primarily on the establishment of public-private partnerships and the adoption of industry codes of conduct, even though it is increasingly established that such regulatory mechanisms are not suitable to achieve the objective they pursue. This lack of political will to effectively regulate food marketing to protect children from its harmful impact is all the more striking if one considers the growing recognition in Europe and beyond that food marketing should be envisaged not only as a global health issue but also as a major child rights concern. Various Council Presidency Conclusions (e.g. Malta in 2017, Bulgaria in 2018) and the EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child (2021) all call on the EU to protect the right of the child to good nutrition through the regulation of, among others, food marketing. The need to address food marketing is further reinforced by the various actions that are ongoing in the EU, including the Best ReMaP joint action, and the forthcoming adoption by the WHO of a Guideline on policies to protect children from the harmful impact of food marketing. This one-hour workshop proposes to discuss how the renewed mobilisation of civil society organisations across Europe, working closely with the academic community, can use this framing of food marketing as both a public health and a human rights concern. In particular, it will reflect on the human rights arguments that can be used to promote better health for all. Two short presentations will consider specifically the role that 1) human rights and health impact assessments, and 2) the best interest of the child principle can play in promoting healthier food environments. It will then reflect specifically on the ongoing Food Marketing Initiative, which over 20 pan-EU federations of public health, consumer and children's rights organisations are leading. A panel discussion with several of the organisations involved in this Initiative will reflect on the landmark moments of this Initiative to date, and how it has helped to foster new thinking in this policy area which is crucial to promote healthier food environments for all. Key messages • Envisaging food marketing as a child rights issue offers new, potentially powerful arguments to ensure that children are better protected from its harmful impact. • New forms of civil society mobilisation can urge the EU and its Member States to act in light of existing evidence with a view to promoting healthier, more sustainable food environments for all. Speakers/Panelists Eleanor Brooks University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Amandine Garde Law & Non-Communicable Diseases Unit, Liverpool, UK Alba Gil European Public Health Alliance, Brussels, Belgium Dorota Sienkiewicz EuroHealthNet, Brussels, Belgium Emma Calvert BEUC, Brussels, Belgium

Synthesising the diversity of European agri-food networks: A meta-study of actors and power-laden interactions

Farmers are at the centre of scientific and political debates about sustainability in European agriculture, but rarely do we discuss the roles of other actors who shape their behaviour. Understanding the interactions and balance of power in agri-food systems is critical to effectively govern sustainability transitions. Here, we conduct a meta-study of 71 case studies in European agri-food systems to synthesise evidence on the diversity of actors and network configurations. We characterise the reported power-laden relationships to generate an agri-food network for each case study and then create a typology of archetypical network configurations. Our study provides three major insights. First, we find a diverse range of actors and complex network configurations. This indicates that the predominant focus on farmers in sustainability policy overlooks the other actors in their agri-food networks, thus risking suboptimal policy design and efficacy. Second, the typology identifies three groups of networks – agro-industrial control, multifunctional value chains, and civic food networks – associated with diverging levels of farmer autonomy. Agricultural governance should therefore consider the context-specific agency of farmers; policies that target farmer decision-making can only have impact if farmers have the capacity to change. Third, the typology demonstrates the potentially complementary roles of conventional and alternative value chains, as well as top-down state support and bottom-up civil society mobilisation. Agri-food networks hence provide diverse leverage points for sustainability transformation.

Evolution of Mining Company Responses to Civil Society Mobilization in South Africa

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and the social license to operate (SLO) are widespread global phenomena in mining-dependent countries. These self-regulated frameworks are used to ensure local ownership and as a response to conflict by mining companies. Over the past two decades, CSR in the mining industry has only been more prevalent in Africa and South Africa. Studies on CSR and SLO primarily focus on community perspectives. This paper interrogates how mining companies respond to civic social pressure by considering two cases that have experienced much conflict in South Africa. Based on eighteen in-depth interviews and an analysis of company and media reports, our case studies demonstrate that mining companies primarily use CSR and SLO to assert and maintain corporate control under the guise of promoting local ownership and sustainable mining. Such strategies provide temporary relief and gradually erode CSR and SLO’s legal and political imperatives.

Step by Step in Argentina: Putting Abortion Rights into Practice.

In December of 2020, the Argentine Congress legalized abortion through 14 weeks, vastly increasing access to abortion care in the country. The law's passage followed years of advocacy for abortion rights in Argentina - including mass public and civil society mobilization, vocal support from an established pool of abortion providers who offered abortion services under specific legal exceptions prior to the new law, and the growth of community groups such as the Socorristas en Red who provide support for people to self-manage abortions. Aided by ample political will, the number of health facilities offering services increased substantially after the law was passed, and the public visibility around the law has helped assure people seeking abortion that it is their right. Proyecto mirar is an initiative focused on both gathering and using qualitative and quantitative data to inform stakeholders about the progress and obstacles of the law's implementation. In this review, we present an overall summary of the first two years of implementation of the abortion law in Argentina based on proyecto mirar data and contextualized through the historical processes that have contributed to the law's passage and application. While we see increases in abortion services and improved public perception around abortion rights, inequities in access and quality of care persist throughout the country. Specifically, providers in some regions are well trained, while others create obstacles to access, and in some regions health services provide high quality abortion care whereas others provide substandard care. To be sure, the implementation of public policies does not happen overnight; it requires government support and backing to tackle obstacles and solve implementation problems. Our findings suggest that when new abortion laws are passed, they must be supported by civil society and government leaders to ensure that associated policies are well crafted and monitored to ensure successful implementation.

Cultural Heritage and Legal Mobilisation After Terror: July 22 and the Battle for Y

ABSTRACT This article investigates the growing recognition of cultural heritage as a contentious human rights issue. After the bombing of the Norwegian government buildings in Oslo on 22 July 2011, the YBlock, emerged as a cultural heritage object of high symbolic value. The government's megaproject of constructing a new government complex was contested due to its impact on the human right to public space and human rights in public space. Following a lengthy civil society and legal mobilisation campaign to save the Y-Block, it was demolished in 2020. By unpacking three legal arguments put forward to preserve the building, this article contributes to the sociolegal study of legal mobilisation in the Nordic countries and casts light on disputes over cultural heritage, the right to culture, and reconstruction after urban terror. These arguments included the suggestion that a cultural heritage protection process, which had been (illegitimately) halted by the attack, had never formally ended; reference to international human rights norms and transnational policy support; and contestations over process legitimacy, where early ‘hidden' political decisions precluded the YBlock’s preservation. The article concludes that the struggle for the Y-Block was an iconic democratic exercise that reinforced cultural heritage as a collective human rights issue.

Human Rights and Justice for All: Demanding Dignity in the United States and Around the World by Carrie Booth Walling

Reviewed by: Human Rights and Justice for All: Demanding Dignity in the United States and Around the World by Carrie Booth Walling Rebecca Sanders (bio) Carrie Booth Walling, Human Rights and Justice for All: Demanding Dignity in the United States and Around the World (Routledge 2022), ISBN 9780367902124, 194 pages. Carrie Booth Walling’s Human Rights and Justice for All: Demanding Dignity in the United States and Around the World provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to international human rights. Geared primarily towards university students, but also useful for scholars, professionals, and activists seeking to orient themselves, the book offers six thematic chapters and a human rights advocacy toolkit. Walling frames the pursuit of human rights as an active political project and guides readers through major issue areas, highlighting human rights deficits and violations, relevant international legal standards, and activist campaigns for change. Interspersed throughout the text, Walling profiles a diverse range of human rights campaigners, both widely and lesser known (e.g. Yazidi activist Nadia Murad, Indigenous Mexican Otomi-Toltec climate activist Xiye Bastida, and forensic physician Dr. Şebnem Korur Fincancı), as well as several human rights campaigns and initiatives (e.g. the UN’s Free and Equal Campaign for LGBTI rights, the Syrian White Helmets’ humanitarian rescue mission, and the Coalition of Immokalee Workers’ farmworker advocacy in Florida), giving a face to human rights advocacy. This effort to continually link broad human rights principles back to the [End Page 352] people and processes that demand and implement rights, or as Walling frames it, the lived experience of human rights, is one of the major strengths of the book. The thematic chapters introduce readers to inter-related human rights challenges and then provide in depth illustrative case studies from around the world, all of which are well-documented in thorough endnotes. For instance, Chapter 2 on equality and non-discrimination examines systemic anti-Black racism in the US criminal justice system and Chinese repression and forced assimilation of the Muslim Uyghur ethnic minority under the guise of counterterrorism. Chapter 3 on the interdependence of human rights invokes Michael Goodhart’s “negative interdependence” framework to explore the intersections of class, racial, and political deprivations and exclusions that fueled the Flint, Michigan water crisis. Later, the chapter shifts to review the Islamic State’s sexual violence against Yazidi women and girls, examining overlapping vectors of gendered, religious, and ethnic insecurity. International crimes including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes are analyzed in Chapter 4, which covers a range of cases and developments including the Rwandan genocide, the development of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine, RUF atrocities in Sierra Leone, and grotesque war crimes in Syria. Chapter 5 on justice and reconciliation explores a variety of models of transitional justice including trials, truth commissions, apologies, memorialization, and reparations and introduces readers to concepts of retributive and restorative justices. Case studies include post-dictatorship trials in Argentina, the post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, and less conventionally, the Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission—an unofficial community-led initiative to shed light on the 1979 massacre of anti-racist activists perpetrated by white supremacists in Greensboro, North Carolina. This latter case, along with aforementioned case studies on US criminal justice and the Flint water crisis, make the text especially useful for American students, who often struggle to critically connect domestic politics with international human rights challenges. The final two chapters examine mechanisms of human rights adoption, monitoring, and implementation. Chapter 6 reviews patterns and practices of civil society mobilization and the dynamics of Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink’s “transnational advocacy networks,” interspersed with numerous examples such as the work of the Madres de Plaza de Mayo or Human Rights Watch. The chapter goes on to explain the institutional international human rights machinery including the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Human Rights Council, Special Procedures, and Treaty Bodies. Students can also download a supplemental seven-page file from the Routledge website which includes a list of international and regional treaties and legal instruments, trials, tribunals, and investigative bodies, and a range of human rights non-governmental organizations and journals, many of which include direct hyperlinks...

Community mobilisation and collaboration through innovative approaches to overcome significant disasters: an analysis of the biggest earthquake in Turkish history

PurposeThis commentary aims to provide an overview of how innovation in community mobilisation and collaboration can help address natural disasters quickly and more effectively. This is done using the example of the earthquake that hit Turkey and Syria and caused considerable damage, the full extent of which cannot yet be assessed.Design/methodology/approachThis commentary was prepared by two researchers who collected a number of examples and assessed their contribution to earthquake mitigation.FindingsThis commentary confirms that applying digital technologies and other innovative approaches to disaster management can mobilise people and contribute to more effective disaster management, especially in disasters where every minute counts.Originality/valueThis commentary explains the role of active mobilisation of civil society using digital technologies and other innovative approaches during one of humanity's largest earthquakes. As far as the authors are aware, this issue has not yet been discussed in this way in contemporary literature.

International Investment Law in the Shadow of Populism: Between Redomestication and Liberalism Re‐Embedded

The international investment regime is in crisis, nowhere more so than in regard to the investor–state dispute settlement system. While several developing countries have been critical of the system for some time, rich countries like the US and EU states—once the principal promoters of this regime—are now acknowledging problems and advancing reforms. This change of position has been fueled by the mobilization of civil society and the emergence of domestic populist movements on both the right and the left, reflecting widespread discontent with the past three decades of neoliberal globalization and its effects on job losses, lower wages, and increasing inequality. This article argues that this shift has opened up a unique opportunity for developing countries that want reform, as there is less pressure (real or imagined) from rich countries to continue with an old model that no longer serves. Two paths present a possible way forward: (a) Participating countries can disengage from investor–state dispute settlement and opt for the redomestication of international investment law, rekindling the Calvo doctrine, or (b) they can follow John G. Ruggie’s “embedded liberalism” to re-embed the international investment regime with values and social objectives that are now deemed politically indispensable. This article explores each of these paths, with a particular focus on Latin America. It argues that although populism creates pressures to change or abandon the regime, in developing countries it also generates constraints that may prolong the status quo.

Brazilian Civil Society and South–South Cooperation: Countering the Green Revolution from Abroad

Having transformed its hinterland to become a major exporter of agricultural commodities, Brazil has, since the mid-2000s, set up a range of South–South cooperation (SSC) initiatives to export its agri-food policies and technologies to othe countries, mainly in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. Both the domestic agricultural policies and SSC have been scrutinised and shaped by interactions with civil society actors, from peasant associations and trade unions to rights-based non-governmental organisations. This article explores modes of interaction and interdependence between different civil society and state actors in the context of SSC relating to food security and agricultural development. It analyses changes and continuities in civil society engagement, and mobilisation and de-mobilisation dynamics. Recently, the government’s de-prioritisation of the South–South agenda has been accompanied by very limited civil society activism. The article discusses why this needs attention and the challenges that need to be considered to reinstate productive state–civil society dynamics.

Ukrainian refugee solidarity mobilization online

ABSTRACT According to UNHRC, approximately 5 million refugees fled Ukraine between the 24th of February and the 17th of April 2022. Governments and civil societies all over Europe face a major task of mobilizing resources to address the refugees' welfare needs. This effort is partly dependent upon the mobilization of informal civil society. In this research note, we present preliminary findings on the online mobilization of informal civic action pertaining to informal groups' temporal, geographical, and practical dimensions. Furthermore, we outline simple procedures for obtaining data on online-organized volunteering, aiming to enhance other civil society researchers' access to studying the phenomenon.

‘Lives over profits! Bread not bullets!’: A people’s coalition for good governance in South Africa’s state of disaster

ABSTRACT While the COVID-19 pandemic and state response negatively impact government and society alike, the need for public accountability and responsiveness, and the role of civil society in ensuring this has not declined. This article examines how the Covid-19 People’s Coalition in South Africa navigated lockdown restrictions to mobilize civil society for participation in governance by demanding effective, just, transparent and responsive COVID-19 policy and practice. Based on analysis of over 40 public statements, the article shows a predominantly negative sentiment in the Covid-19 Coalition’s reaction to South Africa’s COVID-19 response. Government response was primarily assessed as inadequate, exclusive, anti-poor and vulnerable, violent, and prioritizing socioeconomic concerns that are removed from the realities of the masses. The Coalition offers an example of innovative, people-centered, contextual and bottom-up approach to civil participation. It spoke for the vulnerable and demanded accountable leadership, while highlighting longstanding challenges that have not been effectively addressed. Overlooking such problems undermines the government's ability to tackle crises and achieve good governance. It is recommended that the Coalition balances its criticism with more hands-on and constructive approaches such as exploring avenues for collaboration with government to achieve desired change.

COVID-19 in Malawi: Civil Society Mobilization for Socio-Economic Rights and Constitutionality

COVID-19 in Malawi: Civil Society Mobilization for Socio-Economic Rights and Constitutionality