Mobilization Of Community Resources Research Articles

Factors Influencing Community Resource Mobilization to Support Households in Achieving Sustainable Poverty Alleviation: The Case of Dao People in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam

This article explains the factors influencing community resource mobilization in achieving sustainable poverty alleviation focusing on Dao households in Vietnam. It found that two factors influenced community resource mobilization to help Dao households sustainably escape poverty focuses on two dimensions: internal and external factors. Internal factors include education level, occupation, skills, experience, the number of healthy workers in the household, and the household's physical capital resources. External factors encompass broader influences such as state policies and support from state organizations and non-governmental organizations. While internal factors are crucial in determining the ability to mobilize community resources, external factors, though not decisive, play a significant role in facilitating the mobilization of these resources to support the Dao people in Thanh Hoa in achieving sustainable poverty alleviation. This study contributes to the study on how poverty should be alleviated in communal levels in Asia with a special reference to Vietnam.

Mobilization of Community Resources as a Preparedness Effort for Disaster in Aceh, Indonesia

Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia that is a highly disaster-prone area. People in Aceh are required to have disaster preparedness to reduce the disaster risk and impacts. One indicator of preparedness is resource mobilization which can be seen from the preparation of human resources, technical guidance and provision of materials, funding and logistics, social networks, and also monitoring and evaluation. This descriptive study aims to find out how community resources are mobilized. The research method used is descriptive quantitative with a survey approach. The sample collection technique used proportional random sampling with the 257 respondents. Data were collected using the questionnaire used from LIPI-UNESCO/ISDR (2006). A univariate test was used to assess the resource mobilization. The results obtained were 50. 6% of respondents in the poor resource mobilization category. 75% of respondents do not have good human resource preparation, 61.1% of respondents have not participated in technical guidance and provision of materials, 61.9 respondents have not prepared funding and logistics, 77.8% have not prepared social networks well, and 74.3% monitoring and evaluation is still rarely carried out. This research shows evidence that village governments need to increase the mobilization of community resources through collaboration with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) to provide disaster preparedness counseling and training. 9 respondents have not prepared funding and logistics, 77.8% have not prepared social networks well, and 74.3% monitoring and evaluation is still rarely carried out. This research shows evidence that village governments need to increase the mobilization of community resources through collaboration with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) to provide disaster preparedness counseling and training. 9 respondents have not prepared funding and logistics, 77.8% have not prepared social networks well, and 74.3% monitoring and evaluation is still rarely carried out. This research shows evidence that village governments need to increase the mobilization of community resources through collaboration with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) to provide disaster preparedness counseling and training. Keywords: Disaster, Preparedness, Resource Mobilization

Состояние гражданской солидарности городских и сельских территорий Юга России

At the moment, the task is to scientifically comprehend successful methods and technologies for updating civil solidarity in the context of social disorganization of society and the search for unifying grounds for the country's citizens. Mobilization of community resources at the local level in conditions of heterogeneity of socio-economic and socio-cultural space is possible only through the practice of civil solidarity built on the basis of civic identity. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe geopolitical, socio-economic, political-legal and socio-cultural factors that influence the formation of civil solidarity in urban and rural areas of the regions of Southern Russia, as well as formats for including residents in solidarity practices. We have studied rural and urban areas of the regions of the South of Russia (Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Crimea, Republic of Adygea) in order to characterize the entire set of factors influencing the formation of civil solidarity in the territories of Russia. The choice of the object of study is determined by a wide range of destabilizing, polarizing factors that are currently being recorded in the Southern Federal District. Transcripts of 45 expert interviews (15 experts from each selected region of the Southern Federal District) and the results of a questionnaire survey (969 respondents in 3 regions) were used as an empirical basis. The study identifies and describes the most significant factors in the formation of civil solidarity: institutional, value-based, external challenges and threats, the mobilization potential of residents of the territory, formats of interaction in the existing settlement structure and the leadership factor.

How to activate nonprofit beneficiaries for community resilience? Examining the role of risk perception and evaluation of nonprofit services on prosocial behavior in the context of natural hazards

Nonprofit organizations serve an essential role in response to natural hazards by delivering services to affected communities and those in need. However, little is known about the drivers of nonprofit-resident engagement during and aftermath of emergencies. Utilizing survey data collected in Austin, Texas, we address this gap by analyzing how beneficiaries of nonprofit services become donors and/or volunteers. Specifically, this study empirically analyzes how risk awareness and perceived nonprofit responsiveness and satisfaction (i.e., evaluation of services) influence beneficiaries’ donation and volunteering during and after natural hazards. This relationship between risk awareness, evaluation of nonprofit services, and prosocial behaviors is understudied but extremely salient in the context of the expanding role of nonprofits on the frontlines of increasing frequency and duration of extreme weather events. The results indicate that the mediating role of citizens’ evaluation of nonprofit services in the relationship between risk awareness and prosocial behavior is evident, despite the lack of significant direct effects of risk awareness on prosocial behavior. This study offers new perspectives to understanding the co-production of nonprofit services and mobilizing community resources to prepare, respond, and recover from climate impacts and informs ongoing conversations in urban sociology and the sociology of disaster.

Nursing’s Role in Firearm Violence Prevention

American communities are in crisis due to the alarming frequency of gun violence during the last two decades. While it can be argued that the country is no more at risk of gun violence than at other times in history, technological advancement has failed to ensure any breakthroughs to curb the prevalence of violence in American culture. Nurses are trusted healthcare professionals well-positioned within communities to promote awareness, education, and lead intervention strategies to mobilize community resources to foster firearm injury prevention. However, nurses are ill-prepared to advocate for policy changes to bridge gaps in firearm safety regulations and promote the critical interdisciplinary collaboration necessary to develop comprehensive approaches to reduce firearm violence. This paper aims to provide nurses with fundamental knowledge related to strategic models that may help engage communities in meaningful, sustainable change to improve firearm safety and prevent firearm violence across the country.

Social solidarity, social infrastructure, and community food access.

This study examines the case of community resource mobilization within the context of a farmers market incentive program in Washington D.C., USA to illustrate the ways in which providing opportunities for people impacted by food inequities to develop and lead programming can help to promote food access. Through an analysis of interviews with 36 participants in the Produce Plus program, some of whom also served as paid staff and volunteers with the program, this study examines the ways that group-level social interactions among program participants helped to ensure the program was accessible and accountable to the primarily Black communities that it serves. Specifically, we explore a particular set of social interactions, which we collectively term social solidarity, as a community-level form of social infrastructure that program volunteers and participants mobilized to support access to fresh, local food in their communities. We also examine the elements of the Produce Plus program that contributed to the flow of social solidarity within the program, providing insight into the ways in which the structure of food access programs can serve as a social conduit to facilitate or hinder the mobilization of community cultural resources like social solidarity.

Management of Dementia.

This article describes an approach to managing patients following a diagnosis of dementia, including medical management, nonpharmacologic strategies, safety interventions, caregiver support, mobilization of community resources, and advanced care planning. Dementia clinical syndromes are frequently caused by mixed pathologies, leading to varied clinical presentations that include memory loss, behavioral changes, communication challenges, safety concerns, and loss of independent function. Medications for treating dementia currently target cognitive and behavioral symptoms, although disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer disease may be making their way into widespread clinical practice soon. Identification and treatment of co-occurring medical problems, such as obstructive sleep apnea, adverse medication effects, mood disorders, hearing loss, pain, alcohol misuse, and vascular risk factors, may mitigate the impact of these conditions on cognitive decline. Mobilization of clinical and community-based interprofessional teams will ensure that people with dementia and their care partners have the expertise, support, and access to resources they need. Addressing goals of care early in the disease course will allow people with dementia to contribute to their care plan by expressing their wishes. Developing a structured approach to treating common causes of dementia and related comorbid medical conditions, identifying a local network of interprofessional clinical and community-based referrals, and providing readily available educational resources will help clinicians provide quality dementia care management that extends beyond the clinic visit. Encouraging patients and families to engage in clinical research will advance the identification of effective therapies, preventive strategies, and quality care models for the future.

Using a structural vulnerability framework to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the lives of Medicaid beneficiaries receiving substance use treatment in New York City.

ObjectiveTo investigate how the COVID‐19 pandemic impacted low‐income individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) in New York City (NYC) during the beginning of the pandemic, using a structural competency and structural vulnerability theoretical framework and a qualitative research approach.Data SourcesPrimary qualitative data were collected from racial/ethnic minority adults enrolled in Medicaid receiving outpatient substance use treatment (e.g., medication, counseling) in NYC.Study DesignSemi‐structured in‐depth qualitative interviews (N = 20) were conducted during “stay‐at‐home” orders in NYC, the first epicenter of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States. Interviews were conducted over the phone during the earlier stages of the pandemic, between April 2020 and June 2020.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsSemi‐structured in‐depth interviews were conducted and audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach.Principal FindingsThree themes were yielded from our thematic analysis: (1) COVID‐19 heightened food insecurity and housing conditions increased risks of infection; (2) stay‐at‐home orders limited access to resources but had positive impacts in strengthening social relationships and reducing substance use triggers; and (3) although COVID‐19 created challenges for treatment, most described that SUD care improved during the pandemic.ConclusionsWhile COVID‐19 exacerbated numerous structural vulnerabilities among low‐income individuals with SUD, programmatic adaptations to COVID‐19 SUD care, including telehealth and loosening restrictions around medications for opioid use disorders mitigated past difficulties that patients had faced. Reducing structural vulnerabilities for Medicaid patients will require continuation of telehealth treatment delivery, retaining flexible medication regulations, and mobilizing community resources to mitigate economic disparities.

Urban Folklore and Folk Crafts Festivals in the Context of a Pandemic:The Case of Shumen

The study presents the results of an empirical research conducted in the summer and autumn of 2021 in the town of Shumen within the project “Local festivals: a resource of local communities for crisis management,” financed by the Bulgarian National Science Fund. The research focuses on a local folklore and folk crafts festival and, in particular, on the way its organizers and guests define the relationship between its economic rationality and symbolic importance at the level of local identity and as a mechanism of social solidarity of the local community. The role of the festival in local cultural policies is also analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the extent to which festivals may play the role of mobilizing community resources to address significant crises – in particular the effects of the global epidemiological crisis surrounding Covid-19.

Resource mobilization combined with motivational interviewing to promote healthy behaviors and healthy weight in low-income families: An intervention feasibility study.

Objectives:This non-randomized pilot trial examined the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention for low-income families with one parent with obesity, glucose intolerance and/or diabetes.Methods:The 12-month intervention combined health coaching using motivational interviewing to promote lifestyle behavior change and community resource mobilization to assist with basic needs plus diet quality and physical activity. Outcome measures included process measures, open-ended questions, and the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity scale.Results:Forty-five families completed an average of 2.1 health coach in-person visits, including 15 families lost to follow-up. Parents who stayed in the intervention reported the intervention was helpful. Some families and the health coach had difficulties contacting one another, and some of these families reported they would have liked more sessions with the coach. The Family Nutrition and Physical Activity scores improved significantly for all children (6 months: 2.9; p < .01; 12 months: 3.2; p < .05) and at 6 months for index children (6 months: 3.5; p < .01; 12 months: 2.9; p = .09). There was variation in the FNPA and other outcome changes between families.Conclusion:This intervention was feasible in terms of recruitment and delivery of family sessions and community referrals and acceptable to participants, but maintaining contact with participants was difficult. Findings warrant improvements to help retention and logistical aspects of communication between families and coaches and testing in a randomized, controlled trial.

A randomized controlled trial of a community-based obesity intervention utilizing motivational interviewing and community resource mobilization for low-income families: Study protocol and baseline characteristics

Low-income, racially diverse families with one parent with obesity are at high risk for child obesity. Effective approaches to promote healthy behaviors and prevent additional weight gain in family members are needed. Motivational interviewing (MI) may assist families to engage, identify motivations for change and establish goals. However, families with limited resources face other barriers to goal achievement that may be addressed through connection with community organizations. This paper describes a unique protocol combining MI and community connection. This randomized controlled trial includes low-income families with one parent with obesity and at least one child aged 6 to 12 years. Families in the intervention group receive an innovative, 12-month intervention combining health coaching using MI to promote lifestyle behavior change goals and community resource mobilization to assist with basic needs and resources to aid goals. The study protocol is modeled on community-based participatory research principles. Data is collected at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months include questionnaires, body measurements, and accelerometer data. For adults, primary outcomes are Body Mass Index (BMI), minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and hours of sedentary time per day. For children, primary outcomes are sedentary time, MVPA, and the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity Score. From this hard-to-reach population, 236 diverse families were recruited. If the study is deemed effective, it has the potential to demonstrate that the combination of MI, resource mobilization, and utilization of existing community organizations is a sustainable model to assist families at risk for obesity.

Household Language Barriers, Community Language Resources, and Asset Ownership Among Immigrants and Refugees in Western New York: A Mixed-Methods Study

While English proficiency is recognized as a main determinant of immigrants’ and refugees’ economic success, the role of community language resources is rarely examined. This mixed-methods study investigates how community language resources, defined as the percentage of adults fluent in English among those speaking the same language, affect asset ownership among immigrants and refugees. Using American Community Survey data, quantitative analyses suggest community language resources facilitate homeownership among immigrant households with a language barrier. Neither the household- nor community-level language variable is significantly associated with vehicle or income-generating asset ownership. Qualitative interviews reveal language-related challenges to buying a house and roles of community resources. Findings call for policies and programs that mobilize community resources for those with limited English proficiency.

Social media as a modern Emergency Broadcast System: A longitudinal qualitative study of social media during COVID-19 and its impacts on social connection and social distancing compliance

In the wake of COVID-19 social distancing recommendations, social media assumed a central - if unofficial - role in ensuring that individuals remained informed and connected throughout the pandemic. Yet while research shows that social media can be an effective platform for connecting individuals socially and fostering social support exchanges, both the platforms and the support exchanged therein have been mired in considerable controversies regarding their use as a tool for positive social engagement. The goal of this study is to qualitatively evaluate longitudinal changes to social media engagement during social distancing recommendations and orders to shelter-in-place. To do this, we collected longitudinal, qualitative survey data from a group of adults over the eight weeks during which most states had issued orders to shelter-in-place. We analyze data for evidence of social connection, stress reduction, and support exchange, and evaluate the impact of online social ties on staying informed and on compliance with CDC recommendations and shelter-in-place orders. Results showed a clear longitudinal evolution of users’ online social engagement. Early use was characterized by agentic purposeful engagement, information sharing, and community resource mobilization. However, over time these patterns gave way to more passive use characterized by listlessness, contentiousness and misinformation as the pandemic wore on in weeks. As social media comes to occupy an increasingly important role in the exchange of information (and misinformation) this study has important implications for the health of users and the role of social media in future disasters, including how social media impacts both stress and health related behaviors.

350 Patterns of End-of-Life Care as Measured by Emergency Department Visits among Cancer Patients in Puerto Rico

Community palliative care services are scarce in Puerto Rico (PR). Therefore, patients with advanced cancer commonly visit the emergency department (ED) at end of life. Identification of these patients and their palliative care needs can help in care coordination. Recognition of patients with limited life expectancies and palliative care needs may improve the end of life trajectory of these patients. Our objective was to characterize ED visits of advanced cancer patients at the end of life by examining, for the first time, the patterns of ED visits in PR using the PR Central Cancer Registry-Health Insurance Linkage Database (PRCCR-HILD). Data was obtained from the PRCCR-HILD, which links nearly 90% of cancer cases diagnosed in PR with insurance claims files. We included patients diagnosed between 2011 and 2016, aged ≥18 years with primary invasive cancer, that died between 2011 and 2017, with a recorded date of death, who died from cancer, and who had insurance claims during their last three months. End-of-life care indicators were ED visits, ED death, and hospice use. We used logistic regression models to examine factors associated with end-of-life care. The study cohort included 10,812 cancer patients. We found that 49% had at least one ED visit, 20% had ≥2 ED visits, and another 9.7% died in the ED. Only 9.4% of patients in the cohort were enrolled in hospice. Of those, 46% used hospice within 30 days of death and, 9% enrolled in hospice within three days of death. According to the bivariate analysis, there was an association between having ≥ 2 ED visits and the variables of age group, type of cancer, and stage at diagnosis (p-value<0.05). Likewise, there is an association with death in an ED and sex, age group, and type of cancer (p-value<0.05). In the adjusted model, patients ≥ 80 years were 44% less likely to have ≥ 2 ED visits (aOR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.46-0.68) compared to patients aged <50 years. Patients with distant stage are more likely to have ≥2 ED visits (p-value<0.05). Also, results of the multiple logistic model showed that significant predictors of death at ED were: ages 65 to 79 (aOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.87) and ages ≥80 (aOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.56). Female patients were found to be significantly less likely to die in an ED setting. ED visits at end of life can be interpreted as a poor-quality cancer care. Awareness among ED staff of the potential of ED-initiated palliative care is needed. This study demonstrates the potential of the PRCCR-HILD as a resource to further investigate the quality of care among advanced cancer patients at the end of life. Further studies are warranted to improve the quality of care and to mitigate disparities at end-of-life care in PR. Stakeholders need to commit to palliative care as a public health priority in PR, implementing education, planning services, and mobilizing community resources.

COVID-19/Sociology

Though the COVID-19 epidemic is a social disaster as much as a medical one, and though some sociological ideas circulate in public discussions, disciplinary sociology has had little influence. Internal discussions have mostly been conventional, and familiar sociological theory and methodology seem inadequate to this situation. Taking the viewpoint of the virus helps to shift perspective on a historical moment where a deadly threat is enabled by megacities, mass air travel, callous and corrupt regimes, and the undermining of public services. In this conjuncture sociology, with other social sciences, is under threat. But we can contribute to responses that mobilize community resources to deal with a social/biological crisis, and prepare for the others that will certainly come.

Challenges for accessing and maintaining good quality of HIV care among men who have sex with men living with HIV in China: a qualitative study with key stakeholders

ABSTRACTHIV care in China is shifting toward a community-based model involving a wide range of stakeholders. We aimed to understand key stakeholders’ perceived challenges of providing high-quality care for men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. In-depth interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of stakeholders (N = 17) in two Chinese cities, including providers, policymakers, and community workers. Interviews focused on stakeholders’ challenges in HIV-related work and perceived barriers for MSM in accessing and maintaining HIV care. Thematic analysis strategies were used. Three cross-cutting themes related to accessibility and quality of care (QoC) emerged. First, MSM- and HIV-related stigma were perceived to increase the risk of MSM dropping out of care. While acknowledging stigma, some providers also expressed discriminatory views such as stereotypes of the MSM community. Second, stakeholders expressed concerns about QoC including healthcare workforce shortages, limited training opportunities, and high work stress while facing increasingly unmet needs from clients. Third, stakeholders shared challenges in mobilizing community resources to expand HIV care including unclear division of responsibility and strict auditing. Supportive policies and resources may be needed to bolster China’s primary care workforce and MSM-competent care and, more broadly, high QoC for sexual and gender minority patients.

Randomized Controlled Trial of a Multilevel Intervention to Address Social Determinants of Refugee Mental Health.

Understanding processes that support the well-being of the unprecedented numbers of forcibly displaced people throughout the world is essential. Growing evidence documents post-migration stressors related to marginalization as key social determinants of refugee mental health. The goal of this RCT was to rigorously test a social justice approach to reducing high rates of distress among refugees in the United States. The 6-month multilevel, strengths-based Refugee Well-being Project (RWP) intervention brought together university students enrolled in a 2-semester course and recently resettled refugees to engage in mutual learning and collaborative efforts to mobilize community resources and improve community and systems responsiveness to refugees. Data collected from 290 Afghan, Great Lakes African, Iraqi, and Syrian refugees at four time points over 12months were used to test the effectiveness of RWP to reduce distress (depression and anxiety symptoms) and increase protective factors (English proficiency, social support, connection to home and American cultures). Intention-to-treat analyses using multilevel modeling revealed significant intervention effects for all hypothesized outcomes. Results provide evidence to support social justice approaches to improving refugee mental health. Findings have implications for refugees worldwide, and for other immigrant and marginalized populations who experience inequities in resources and disproportionate exposure to trauma/stress.

Unmet needs of patients with cancer in their last year of life as described by caregivers in a developing world setting: a qualitative study

BackgroundPalliative care is in its infancy in most of the developing world. We set out to explore the lived experiences of families and caregivers of recently deceased cancer patients in Trinidad and Tobago and to determine the unmet needs of the patients and what recommendations could be derived to improve the current services.MethodsA phenomenological approach with purposeful sampling was used. Participants were referred by key health professionals. Face-to-face interviews were conducted. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, with analysis and data collection occurring concurrently. Thematic content analysis was used to determine common domains, themes and sub-themes.ResultsInterviews were completed with 15 caregivers. All were spouses or children of the deceased. Ages of the deceased ranged from 43 to 93, the average being 65.5 years. The deceased experienced a variety of cancers including lung, colorectal and oesophageal.Unmet needs were identified under 4 domains of institutions, community, the family unit and the wider society. Institutional unmet needs were delayed diagnosis and treatment and poor inter-institution coordination. Medical and nursing care failed in the areas of health care providers’ attitudes, pain management and communication. The family unit lacked physical and psychosocial support for the caregiver and financial aid for the family unit. Societal needs were for public education to address myths and cultural beliefs around cancer.ConclusionThere is need for systemic interventions to improve the care of those dying from cancer in Trinidad and Tobago. Stakeholders need to commit to palliative care as a public health priority, implementing education, planning services and mobilizing community resources.

Indigenous legacy for building resilience: A case study of Taiwanese mountain river ecotourism

Tourist destinations as social-ecological systems face growing challenges to build resilience to cope with various disruptions. This research explores how disadvantaged Indigenous communities in Taiwan, especially those located in typhoon-sensitive and geologically fragile areas, developed resilience as tourist destinations. It applies empirical data from Indigenous River Closure, a movement which aims to develop river ecotourism and build resilience in the face of growing uncertainty. The research applies mixed methods, including in-depth interview, news-archive review, and participatory observation, with an intention for primary data and secondary data to complement one another.Based on the intertwined concepts of resilience, adaptability, transformability, and self-reorganization, the results show that River Closure initiated from within those communities (endogenous) seems to build greater resilience in ecotourism. At the same time, cases instigated by outsiders (exogenous) are not without potential to be successful, but there is a need to cautiously build consensus and increase capacity in the collaborative process with outside resources.The success of river ecotourism in a sensitive area depends on the level of social capital. It plays a key role in mobilizing community resources to adapt to uncertainty, reorganizing relations between the community and tourism development, and transforming River Closure from a community-based response to exploitation, to a robust Indigenous movement. However, while inherent social capital is proved to be a strong essence for community actions, it is becoming rare in modern society. Thus bolstering social capital is core to the exogenous approach for building resilience in the tourism sector.

Community-based rehabilitation for people with disabilities in Vietnam: Two models for one target

This case study investigated two models of community-based rehabilitation for people with disabilities (CBR) in Vietnam. One model is carried out by Charity Association of Quang Tri province in central Vietnam. The other model is conducted by Center “For Tomorrow” in Ha Noi. The study aimed to find lessons for replicating and and developing CBR models across the country. The study was conducted in late 2016 with three tasks: i) Gathering and syntherizing information on formation, development and operation of the two models; ii) Identifying advantages, disadvantages, successes and lessons learned from the two models; iii) Making recommendation for replication of the models. Research methods used include desk review, focus-group discussion, in-depth interview, and observation. Reports, documents, and papers on the formation and development of the two models were gathered and reviewed There were 8 focused-group discussion with leaders of the two models, with community leaders, and with head of clubs for PWDs in communities. A total of 30 visits with observations and in-depth interviews with PWDs and families, physicians, social workers, and volunteers of the two models were carried out. CBR guidelines of WHO/ILO/UNESCO were used as framework for analysis of the two models. Results from the reseach indicate that both CBR models have been implemented comprehensively and successfully, contributing to improvement of material and spiritual life of people with disabilities (PWD) and their families. Both models followed the CBR guidelines, fully integrated 5 elements–health, education, livelihood, empowerment, and social, in to their CBR programs. Recommendations for replication of the two models include integrating vocational training and job promotion into rehabilitation, mobilizing community resources, mobilizing and selecting volunteers, and conducting communication to imprrove knowledge of PWDs and their families, and of communities on CBR, as well as on their roles in implementing CBR.