Mobility Of Red Blood Cells Research Articles

Electrokinetic, oxidative and aggregation properties of red blood cells in the postoperative period following kidney transplantation

Objective: to study the electrokinetic and aggregation properties, as well as the pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes in red blood cells following kidney transplantation in donors and in recipients in the postoperative period. Materials and methods. Blood from 12 recipients and 5 kidney donors over time – before transplantation, as well as at week 1, months 1, 2, 7, 10 and 12 after surgery, as well as from 8 healthy volunteers who formed the control group. We used microelectrophoresis to measure the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells, characterizing the electrokinetic properties of cells. Aggregation was calculated microscopically by counting unaggregated red blood cells. Malondialdehyde concentration was measured spectrophotometrically at its absorbance maximum at 530 nm by reaction with thiobarbituric acid. Catalase activity was analyzed by reducing hydrogen peroxide in the sample spectrophotometrically at 240 nm wavelength. The obtained values were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results. Decreased electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells within 2 months after transplantation was associated with increased malondialdehyde concentration and erythrocyte aggregation, decreased catalase activity in kidney recipients, followed by restoration of indicators to the control values. Electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells decreased, while malondialdehyde concentrations increased in donors after surgery. However, the increase was less pronounced than in recipients. The changes indicate that the postoperative period causes changes at the cellular level both in donors and in recipients. This is manifested by decreased stability of erythrocyte membrane structure, which is largely determined by lipid peroxidation processes. At the systemic level, a change in the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells indicates a stress reaction before and after kidney transplantation in recipients within 2 months after surgery, and in donors in 1–2 months in the postoperative period with gradual increase in the body’s resistance. Conclusion. Kidney transplantation is manifested at the cellular and systemic levels. At the cellular level, there is decreased stability of the membrane structure, which is largely determined by lipid peroxidation processes. At the systemic level, a change in the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells indicates a stress reaction with gradual increase in the body’s resistance. The data obtained demonstrate changes in the functional properties of red blood cells both in kidney transplant recipients and in donors. These changes need to be taken into account when carrying out therapeutic measures.

Диагностические возможности электрофоретической подвижности эритроцитов и клеток буккального эпителия при стрессе

Диагностика стресс-реактивности по анализу гормонального состояния организма, является сложной, экономически затратной и трудоемкой процедурой исследования. В связи с этим актуален поиск информационных технологий, которые достаточно легко реализуются в любой медицинской лаборатории и позволяют оценить стресс-реакцию организма. Цель работы - оценка диагностических возможностей электрофоретической подвижности эритроцитов и клеток буккального эпителия в процессе развития стрессовой реакции. Методика. Для моделирования стресса использовали внутрибрюшинное введение крысам раствора адреналина-гидрохлорида (0,1 мг/кг) однократно или ежедневно в течение 3 сут эксперимента соответственно. Контролем служили крысы, получавшие физиологический раствор (в/б) в том же объеме. Буккальный эпителий исследовали на 7-е сут после введения адреналина. Мазки клеток эпителия окрашивали по Романовскому-Гимза, на препаратах подсчитывали количество клеток с микроядрами на 1000 клеток. Электрофоретическую подвижность эритроцитов оценивали методом микроэлектрофореза. Результаты. Наблюдалась качественно однотипная динамика показателя электрофоретической подвижности эритроцитов, количественно зависящая от силы воздействия. При слабых стимулах скорость изменений электрофоретической подвижности эритроцитов незначительна и сочетается с развитием адаптивных процессов, связанных с репарацией генетических повреждений. Увеличение степени стрессового воздействия путем трехкратного введения адреналина приводит к резкому изменению электрофоретической подвижности эритроцитов и росту числа эпителиоцитов с различными патологическими изменениями. Заключение. Показана возможность использования данного метода в качестве маркерной характеристики интенсивности стрессовой реакции с выявлением ее генотоксичности. Diagnostics of stress reaction using an analysis of hormonal state is a difficult, costly, and labor-consuming research. Therefore, searching for information technologies, which could be easily used in any medical laboratory and would allow evaluating the stress reaction is relevant. We studied the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells (RBC) and buccal epithelial cells of rats exposed to stress induced by a single or repeated intraperitoneal epinephrine injection. This study showed that these methods could be used as the marker characteristics of stress reaction intensity and genotoxicity. Qualitative changes in the electrophoretic mobility of RBC were similar but quantitative characteristics depended on the acting force. Under a weak stimulus, changes in the electrophoretic mobility of RBC were slight and associated with development of adaptive processes related with repair of genetic damage. A further increase in the acting force led to a sharp change in the electrophoretic mobility of RBC and an increase in the number of epithelial cells with pathological alterations.

Electrophoretic Mobility of Red Blood Cells and Micronucleus Test in Exfoliated Buccal Cells as Stress Intensity Markers

Electrophoretic Mobility of Red Blood Cells and Micronucleus Test in Exfoliated Buccal Cells as Stress Intensity Markers

The role of membrane lipids in forming the electrokinetic properties of red blood cells in solid tumors and psoriasis

Aim. Analysis of the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells in patients with the diseases caused by increased cell proliferation activity, and its relationship with the lipid spectrum of erythrocyte membranes.
 Methods. The blood of 42 patients with malignant tumors of epithelial tissues (colon, kidney, prostate, urine bladder and cervical cancer) and 16 patients with skin diseases was studied. The control group consisted of 20 healthy individuals. Electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells was assessed by microelectrophoresis. Lipid fractions levels in erythrocytes was determined by one-dimensional thin layer chromatography.
 Results. Over than two-fold decrease of electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes was observed in patients with malignant tumors of epithelial tissues and skin diseases associated with cell proliferation processes (psoriasis) - by 59 and 60%, respectively In inflammatory skin diseases (microbial eczema), the decrease was less pronounced (30%). The contents of charged phospholipid in erythrocyte membranes in case of cancer and psoriasis has changed in a similar way: a significant reduction in sphingomyelin level in the absence of significant differences in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine levels. Multidirectional statistically significant changes in the contents of lysophosphatidylcholine were revealed depending on the stage of cancer, their level was decreased two-fold in case of psoriasis. The changes of cholesterol, diacylglycerols, free fatty acids levels in the membranes of red blood cells in case of cancer and psoriasis were divergent.
 Conclusion. In diseases caused by cell proliferation activation, electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes is reduced by more than 50%. Kinetic characteristic of erythrocytes may be used for detecting the conditions of pathologic cell proliferation, including malignant tumors, since they alter in cases of phospholipid membranes lipid spectrum disorders.

The effect of cholesterol on the electrokinetic properties of erythrocyte membranes in chronic cerebral ischemia

To determine the effects of total plasma cholesterol on the electrokinetic properties of erythrocyte membranes of healthy volunteers and patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI). Authors studied the erythrocytes from venous blood of 95 patients with CCI and 54 healthy people (controls). To perform an electrophoretic cell analysis of erythrocytes, we used the shorthand method of computer microelectrophoresis. Plasma cholesterol level increased with the age. In the control group, there were the increase in percentage of fixed red blood cells, decrease in the amplitude of oscillations and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells. In CCI patients, a significant increase in the share of fixed red blood cells, decrease in the amplitude of oscillations and electrophoretic mobility were observed compared to the controls. An increase in percentage of fixed red blood cells as well as in the qualitative heterogeneity of red blood cells in the amplitude of the oscillations was identified both in patients and controls, regardless of sex and age, with higher levels of total cholesterol.

Delivering Nanoparticles to Lungs while Avoiding Liver and Spleen through Adsorption on Red Blood Cells

Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are one of the most widely investigated approaches for developing novel therapies for a variety of diseases. However, rapid clearance and poor targeting limit their clinical utility. Here, we describe an approach to harness the flexibility, circulation, and vascular mobility of red blood cells (RBCs) to simultaneously overcome these limitations (cellular hitchhiking). A noncovalent attachment of nanoparticles to RBCs simultaneously increases their level in blood over a 24 h period and allows transient accumulation in the lungs, while reducing their uptake by liver and spleen. RBC-adsorbed nanoparticles exhibited ∼3-fold increase in blood persistence and ∼7-fold higher accumulation in lungs. RBC-adsorbed nanoparticles improved lung/liver and lung/spleen nanoparticle accumulation by over 15-fold and 10-fold, respectively. Accumulation in lungs is attributed to mechanical transfer of particles from the RBC surface to lung endothelium. Independent tracing of both nanoparticles and RBCs in vivo confirmed that RBCs themselves do not accumulate in lungs. Attachment of anti-ICAM-1 antibody to the exposed surface of NPs that were attached to RBCs led to further increase in lung targeting and retention over 24 h. Cellular hitchhiking onto RBCs provides a new platform for improving the blood pharmacokinetics and vascular delivery of nanoparticles while simultaneously avoiding uptake by liver and spleen, thus opening the door for new applications.

Optical mobility of blood cells for label-free cell separation applications

This paper describes the optical mobilities of blood cell components. Blood cells are heterogeneous, and their optical behaviors depend on size, morphology, and other optical properties. In a step toward the label-free separation of blood cells, the optical mobility resulting from the optical scattering and cell properties was derived and evaluated for each cell component. The optical mobilities of red blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes were measured under various flow conditions of a cross-type optical particle separator.

EVALUATION OF THE RED BLOOD CELL CYTOPHEROMETRIC TEST FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

The effect of linoleic acid on the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells from both MS patients and normal subjects was studied. An extensive statistical evaluation of the data clearly demonstrated that there was no difference in behaviour of red blood cells from patients and normal subjects in the presence of linoleic acid. Even a tendency for the mobility of erythrocytes to be decreased in patients and increased in normal subjects after addition of linoleic acid was not observable.

Analysis of enzyme‐treated red blood cell surface and haemagglutination using a theory of soft particle electrophoresis

Enzymatic treatment of red blood cells is thought to reduce the cell zeta (zeta) potential, effectively decreasing the distance between cells to less than the length of an immunoglobulin G antibody binding site, and resulting in agglutination of cells. However, the zeta potential given by Smoluchowski's formula is based on theories of the electrophoresis of hard colloidal particles. A theory has recently been developed for the electrophoresis of colloidal particles covered with polyelectrolytes, which we call 'soft particles'. The electrophoretic mobility of red blood cell treated with papain and neuraminidase was measured as the electrolyte concentration of the medium using phosphate buffer. The results were analysed via the formula for 'soft particles'. This mobility formula involved two parameters, the fixed charge density (ZN) and parameter 1/lambda characterizing the 'softness' of the cell surface layer. The best-fit curves of 0.1 units neuraminidase-treated red blood cells indicated that ZN decreased by 76% and 1/lambda decreased by 8% compared to intact red blood cells. In contrast, in 5 units of papain-treated red blood cells ZN decreased by 45% and 1/lambda decreased by 33% compared to intact red blood cells. The present study shows that the change in ZN for neuraminidase-treated cells was very large, but the cells did not become agglutinable. Papain-treated cells had changes in both ZN and 1/lambda, and the cells became agglutinable. 1/lambda is one of the important factors for agglutination.

Electrophoretic Mobility of Red Blood Cells in Patients with Severe Forms of Intoxication

Objective: to study the diagnostic and prognostic value of changes in red blood cell electrophoretic mobility (RBCEM) in patients with infectious and noninfectious forms of intoxication. Materials and methods. A cytoferometer (Opton) was used to determine RBCEM; venous blood samples taken on heparin were studied. Thirty patients with peritonitis (infectious intoxication) and 22 patients with a pancreatic tumor and mechanical jaundice (noninfectious intoxication) were examined. All the patients received standard therapy for this disease. Eight out of 30 patients died on days 3—10 postoperatively. Results. On postoperative days 1—2, the values of RBCEM were outside the lower normal range in 90% of the patients with peritonitis (p<0.01). At the same time the patients with a good outcome of the disease differed from those who subsequently died (p<0.05), but they did not differ in the severity of the disease (APACHE II scale) and the results of laboratory and clinical blood tests. On days 7—14 versus days 1—2 after surgery, the survivors, unlike the deceased, showed an increase in RBCEM (p<0.05) and a reduction in disease severity by the APACHE II scale (p<0.05). On admission, in 95% of patients with pancreatic tumor, the values of RBCEM were beyond the lower normal range (p<0.01). Seven-day disintoxicant therapy caused a rise in this index. Conclusion. Intoxication with infectious and noninfectious agents leads to lower RBCEM. In patients with general peritonitis, the values of this index and its changes are of diagnostic and prognostic value in evaluating the severity and outcome of the disease and the efficiency of performed therapeutic measures.

Estimation of electrophoretic mobilities of red blood cells in 1-G and microgravity using a miniature capillary electrophoresis unit.

Electrophoretic mobilities of red blood cells (RBCs) were measured in microgravity using a home-made capillary electrophoresis unit, which consisted of two small reservoirs of 0.6 mL and a fused-silica capillary tubing with 2 cm in length and 50 num in inner diameter. Migration of RBCs was observed by a microscope at 1000 times magnification and recorded on a videotape. The experiments were performed during stays in microgravity (about 0.01 G), which lasted 20 s and were attained by parabolic flights of an aircraft. On average, the electrophoretic mobilities of RBCs determined in microgravity were about 30% higher than those measured at 1-G condition irrespectively whether the cells were suspended in saline or serum during measurements. This difference might be explained as being mainly due to the cell floating in microgravity. Morphological changes of RBCs may contribute partly to the difference, while the variation in viscosity of the medium under microgravity could play only a minor role.

Study of the relationship between electrophoretic mobility of the diabetic red blood cell and hemoglobin A1c by using a mini-cell electrophoresis apparatus

A mini-cell electrophoresis system using capillary tubing (50 microm inner diameter, length ca. 10 mm and volume ca. 20 nL) was applied to measure the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells of 89 patients with diabetes on single cell level. A significant negative correlation was observed between hemoglobin A1c and the average electrophoretic mobility, with a correlation coefficient of 0.793. By statistically processing the electrophoretic mobility of each single red blood cell, it became clear that the reduction of the average value of electrophoretic mobility was caused by the reduction of the relative frequency of the red blood cell with high mobility. The cause of the average reduction was not the shift of electrophoretic mobility of all red blood cells to the lower mobility.

Effects of the glycocalyx on the electrophoretic mobility of red cells and on streaming potentials in blood vessels: predictions of a structurally-based model

The polyelectrolyte layer coating mammalian cells, known as the glycocalyx, may be important in communicating flow information to the cell. In this paper, the layer is modelled as a semiinfinite, doubly periodic array of parallel charged cylinders. The electric potential and ion distributions surrounding such an array are found using the linearised Poisson-Boltzmann equation and an iterative domain decomposition technique. Similar methods are used to calculate Stokes flows, driven either by a shear at infinity or by an electric field, parallel or transverse to the cylinders. The resulting electric streaming currents due to flow over endothelial cells, and the electrophoretic mobilities of red blood cells are deduced as functions of polymer concentration and electrolyte molarity. It is shown that only the top portion of the layer is important in these effects.

Electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells treated with standardized protease enzymes for use in blood group serology

The electrophoretic mobility of human red blood cells treated with protease enzymes (papain, bromelin and ficin) was measured as a function of enzyme concentration and electrolyte concentration of the medium. The results are analyzed via an electrophoretic mobility formula for “soft particles” (i.e. particles covered with a surface layer of polyelectrolytes). This mobility formula involves two parameters, the fixed charge density (N) and a parameter 1/λ characterizing “softness” of the cell surface layer. It is found that both parameters, plotted as a function of protease concentration, exhibit a steep change around the critical protease concentration at which the cell mobility decreases abruptly and the cells become agglutinable (N decreases and 1/λ increases). The decrease in N accounts for the observed decrease in cell mobility. The increase in 1/λ suggests that the protease treatment leads to removal of glycoproteins from the surface layer, including not only their charged portions (sialic acid) but also their uncharged portions, making void spaces in the cell surface region.

Effect of static magnetic field on lectin binding to erythrocyte membrane

It is accepted that magnetic field bioeffects depend strongly on the physiological state of biomembranes as well as on the presence of certain physical and/or chemical agents, including lectins, which can initiate an agglutination. This study explores the advantages of immunochemical and biophysical methods for the evaluation of changes which occur in the erythrocyte membrane under the action of a magnetic field. The possibility of modification of the antigen-antibody reaction by the application of magnetic fields and the ways in which this modification affects both the ATP content and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells are a subject of investigation. The results show that a static magnetic field of 5 mT changes significantly the binding properties of lectin as the time necessary for complete binding increases to 50–60 min. It appears that this magnetic field alters the processes of lectin binding to the specific binding sites on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane. The rate and extent of lectin binding may be an indicator of changes in the glycoprotein complex.

Biophysical Characteristics of Erythrocytes during Acute Myocardial Infarction and Venous Thrombosis

SummaryThe osmotic fragility (OF), density distribution (DDC) and electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of red blood cells were examined in groups of patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (MI), arteriosclerotic heart disease and precordial pains (ASHD), and deep-vein thrombosis. In patients with acute MI there is a reduction in electric mobility which returns to normal range within 3 weeks. The slow RBCs were in no case slower than the slowest cells of a normal curve representing the oldest portion of the red cell population. In a definite percentage of these patients there are also changes in the OF and the DDC indicating a narrower cell population. These changes are apparently consequent to the disappearance of the slowest cells from the circulation. Mobility tests were done in buffered saline and after three washings. The cell mobility of normal patients was slowed after ½ to 1 hour incubation with the plasma of patients suffering from fresh MI. These results agree with the existence of plasma factors affecting the electric charge of RBCs. The mobility of red blood cells of patients with acute MI underwent incubation with normal plasma returned to normal. The cells of patients with ASHD and precordial pains show also a reduction in average mobility although in a lesser degree. The possibility that this group of patients suffer from micro-infarct not detected by the usual clinical tests, has been considered. Patients with deep-venous thrombosis show similar changes in cell mobility as patients with acute MI. A possible relation between reduced RBC electric mobility and thromboembolism among MI patients was suggested.

The influence of conductivity on the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells

The electrophoretic mobility of a particle in suspension depends upon the ratio of the conductivity of the particle to that of the suspending medium. This investigation shows that, for the purpose of electrophoresis, normal blood cells appear to have zero conductivity even after exposure to low pH, low ionic strength environments which cause irreversible changes in mobility. Osmium-fixed red blood cells, on the other hand, have conductivities which are high enough to have a pronounced effect on their electrophoretic mobility.

ELECTRO-KINETIC PROPERTIES OF CELLS IN GROWTH PROCESSES. II. THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITIES OF THE MATURING RAT RED BLOOD CELL.

Abstract The size distribution and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cell from the blood of new-born rats, 9–11-day-old, 28–30-day-old rats as well as young adult rats was examined. With increasing age, there is a decrease in cell volume and an increase in the electrophoretic mobility. Analyses of cell volume distribution curves indicate that the red blood cell population of the rat after birth is rapidly changing, new more mature type of cells replace the less mature ones. The significance of these results in respect to the maturation of reticulocytes and to their cell surface properties is discussed.

The Electrophoretic Mobility of Red Blood Cells of Normal Human Beings

Abstract Values obtained for the electrophoretic behavior of the red blood cells of healthy individuals is presented. The technic and instrument are described in detail and the necessary attention to meticulous care is emphasized. The data presented show that in an electric field the mobility of the red blood cells of healthy persons is constant and reproducible. It was concluded that the method is extremely sensitive and precise and that it may prove of value in the study of various disease states.