Mobile Phone Keypad Research Articles

OBSTACLE DETECTINGSPY ROBOT

In present time almost everything used basically is operated by remotes. The biggest limitation of remote controlling is its limited frequency level. This paper suggests a method for robotic control using the DTMF tone generated when the user gives commands using mobile phone keypad buttons connected with a remote mobile robot. This spy robot holds three technologies together, they are- Obstacle Sensing & Detection, DayNight Vision and DTMF. Robot motion is done by DTMF Technology. The system uses two mobile phones, one to control the robot that sends DTMF commands via call to another mobile phone mounted on the robot vehicle.

Snarcing with a phone: The role of order in spatial-numerical associations is revealed by context and task demands.

Previous literature on the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect examined which factors modulate spatial-numerical associations. Recently, the role of order in the SNARC effect has been debated, and further research is necessary to better understand its contribution. The present study investigated how the order elicited by the context of the stimuli and by task demands interact. Across three experiments, we presented numbers in the context of a mobile phone keypad, an overlearned numerical display in which the ordinal position of numbers differs from the mental number line. The experiments employed three tasks with different levels of consistency with the order elicited by the context. In Experiment 1, participants judged numbers based on their spatial position on the keypad, and we found a spatial association consistent with the keypad configuration, indicating that the spatial association is driven both by the context and by the task when they consistently elicit the same order. In Experiment 2a, participants performed a magnitude classification task, and results revealed a lack of spatial associations, suggesting a conflict between the orders elicited by the context and by the task. In Experiment 2b, participants performed a parity judgment task, and the results revealed a SNARC effect, suggesting that the order elicited by the context did not modulate the spatial association. Overall, three different tasks gave rise to three different results. This shows that the context alone is not sufficient in modulating spatial-numerical associations but that the consistency between the orders elicited by context and task demands is a key factor. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Research on Optimized Design of Stamping Technology for Mobile Phone Keypad

This research aims at discussing the steps and fractures on the surface of PMMA mobile phone keypad after the PMMA is stamped. Such steps and fractures are caused by the die structure, which leads to inward bending and displacement of the products during the punching process. Another reason is that the raw material is hard and brittle and the stress distribution of the punched position is dispersed, which results in irregular fractures. Taguchi Methods were employed to select die steel as the die material, and to choose the main factors: pipe diameter, pipe flow velocity and circulating water temperature as the control factors in the temperature control system. L16(44) orthogonal array was adopted for the experimental design, and the S/N ratios of Maximum-is-best was applied to measuring and analyzing the circulating water temperature of the circulating pipe. The verification shows that this system can greatly improve the die design and prevent the steps and fractures from happening, and the fractures were reduced by 90%, which indicated a significant improvement.

Effect of silicone rubber based impact modifier on mechanical and flammability properties of plastics recovered from waste mobile phones

The plastics recovered from electronic waste have huge potential to be recycled into new products. However, several earlier works have indicated that the toughness properties of the recovered plastics are significantly low. An impact modifier for such plastics was developed in the current study using silicone rubber waste from mobile phone keypads. The silicone rubber keypads were partially de-vulcanized by a thermo-mechanical process and were further grafted with methyl methacrylate to improve its compatibility with the recovered plastics, also from mobile phone waste. The effect of the silicone rubber based impact modifier on mechanical properties, particularly toughness under room temperature and cryogenic temperatures were analyzed. The effect of silicone impact modifier on visco-elastic properties and flammability of the plastics recovered from mobile phone waste was studied. The results revealed that the addition of silicone rubber based impact modifiers improves the toughness of the recovered plastics to a great extent and also that the improvement in toughness is maintained at cryogenic temperatures. The flame retardancy of the recovered plastics improved tremendously on addition of silicone rubber-impact modifier.

Increasing End-of-Life Recovery Profit Using Axiomatic Design Principles: A Case of Mobile Phone Keypad

Application of axiomatic design (AD) for the purpose of enhancing end-of-life recovery potential of a product has been the main focus of this paper. To demonstrate the usage of AD in this particular area, a case study that involves keypad assemblies of mobile phones is presented. The functional requirements (FR) of the two assemblies were defined differently (only Handset 2 involves refurbishment-related FRs). Using evaluation approach presented by Kwak and Kim (2010), it can be observed that when recovery-related requirements are omitted, application of AD produces a keypad assembly that fulfills the FRs derived from customer needs with more complicated product architecture. In contrast, when recovery-related FRs are included during problem definition using axiomatic approach, the disassemblability of the resulted keypad is improved and thus increasing recovery potential in the event of replacing defective keypad, while satisfying product-related FRs.

A Rapid Screening and Testing Protocol for Keyboard Layout Speed Comparison

We propose an efficient low-overhead methodology for screening key layouts for ultimate typing speed. It is fast and complementary to existing protocols in other ways. For equal overhead, it allows testing over a wider range of users. It is subject to potential biases, but they can be quantified and adjusted. It assumes an existing standard layout which is used as a comparator. It eliminates bias from differing familiarity and finger memory by appropriately mapping both layouts. We illustrate it with two mobile phone keypad layouts: Samsung's variant of the common ABC layout, and a new user-specific layout (PM). We repeat a comparison previously undertaken by a training-based method, which used ten participants, and estimated a $54\%$ speedup for PM (SD = $35\%$ ). The new method used 116 participants and estimated a $19.5\%$ speedup (SD = $7.5\%$ ). Differences in speedup estimates can be explained by the wide confidence interval of the training-based methods, differences in test corpuses, and the inherent conservatism of the new method. Effects of user characteristics could be meaningfully tested due to the larger test group. Gender had no detectable effect on any of the measures, but age and keypad experience were significantly related to ABC and PM performance. However, the relative speedup was unaffected by age or keypad experience: the method can remove comparison biases arising from differing experience levels.

Mobile Robot Controlled through Mobile Communication

This paper is about designing a robot which is controlled using a mobile phone that is connected to the robot through GSM network as a remote controller. The mobile phone's keypad is used to control the robot movement toward a desired location. The present robot is not an Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV), the user should provide extra caution for the robot movement to avoid collisions with static fixed objects as well as moving objects.

New Technique for Encoding the Secret Message to Enhance the Performance of MSLDIP Image Steganography Method (MPK Encoding)

is a Greek origin word which means Steganography word is classified into two parts: Steganos which means or covered (where you want to hide the secret messages) and the graphic which means writing. It is one of the most important techniques of data hiding. By using steganography, secret messages can be hidden in carriers such as images, audio files, text files and videos. In this paper we tried to enhance the performance of the image steganography technique by modifying the secret message itself not the technique of embedding. That's by using a new encoding technique that we called it Mobile Phone Keypad encoding or MPK encoding, that can represent the secret message characters by two decimal digits only not three decimal digits as ASCII encoding. So, it can save one third of the required space for embedding. Finally, we are hoping to globalize this new MPK encoding technique to be used in the field of steganography.

Improving mobile multi-tap text entry for Arabic language

Classical mobile phone keypads which consist of 12 buttons are commonly used to write short text messages through two common methods, the multi-tap and the predictive text entry. For the Arabic language mobile keypads, all Arabic letters are distributed over the 8 buttons of the keypad where three or more letters share the same button. In this paper, a new text entry environment is proposed. The environment includes two proposed improved approaches for Arabic language messages to make the multi-tap text entry method faster and easier. The first approach is based on the idea of remapping the distribution of Arabic letters on the keypad according to the frequency of letters. In the second approach, a bi-Gram based method is used to predict the next letter to be typed automatically. The proposed approaches are evaluated using a corpus of 1514 real Arabic text messages. Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the proposed text entry environment. The results of the experiments have showed that using the proposed remapped keypad is faster and consumes less effort in comparison to the classical keypad.

User authentication using keystroke dynamics for cellular phones

A new approach for keystroke-based authentication when using a cellular phone keypad as input device is presented. In the proposed method, users are authenticated using keystroke dynamics acquired when typing fixed alphabetic strings on a mobile phone keypad. The employed statistical classifier is able to perform user verification with an average equal error rate of about 13%. The obtained experimental results suggest that, when using mobile devices, a strong secure authentication scheme cannot rely on the sole keystroke dynamics, which however can be a module of a more complex system including, as basic security, a password-based protocol eventually hardened by keystroke analysis.

Improvised layout of keypad entry system for mobile phones

In this paper, we present a critical review of the current layout of alphabets on a mobile keypad and seek to improvise it for optimized text entry to facilitate user interaction with or without the use of predictive text input techniques. Currently, most mobile phones use multi-press as the preferred method of text entry though they also offer word-based disambiguation schemes. However, keypad layouts are not optimized for text entry using word based disambiguation schemes as several matches exist for the same numeric combination, some of which are frequently used words. This scheme effectively slows down text entry speeds, requiring more tapping for disambiguating matches. The proposed model seeks to reduce the number of matches for any possible numeric combinations, by optimization of keypad layout by repositioning alphabets on the keypad. For users not using dictionary, our model requires lesser tapping for commonly used alphabets and groups commonly used key combinations together such as in a computer keyboard. The proposed model was derived by simulation of the mobile phone keypad on a computer system and it uses cognitive agents to derive the most optimum keypad layout. Our model uses frequently used English words from a dictionary and attempts to minimize the number of matches for any given numeric key combinations, though the same could easily be duplicated for other languages. The model is expected to cause a significant rise in the text input speeds of mobile phones and other embedded devices with limited text entry capabilities, leading to better usability and customer satisfaction.

Hand Measurements and Gender Effect on Mobile Phone Messaging Satisfaction

A total of 110 participants were interviewed to investigate the effect of hand measurements and gender on mobile phone messaging satisfaction. Physical measurements of hand-size and thumbs were recorded. This study focused on mobile phone keypad design factors; namely, key size, shape, texture, space between keys, layout and keypad simplicity. Females were found to be more satisfied with the key size and space between keys, whereas males are more satisfied with key shape. Users with smaller hands and thumbs were found to be more satisfied with key size and space between keys compared to those with larger hands and thumbs. One of the recommended improvements was to have larger keys with more space between them. Results obtained can be used by mobile phone designers to design customized mobile phones, for example, mobile phones that suit users with larger hands and thumbs, especially males.

An In-Depth Look into the Text Entry User Experience on the iPhone

Sixty volunteers participated in a within-groups study aimed at evaluating the text entry system on the iPhone. Participants completed multiple structured text entry tasks on the iPhone's soft keyboard and two hard-key mobile phone keypads - QWERTY and numeric. The message completion time and number of errors per message were collected to identify potential differences in performance between the devices. Participants made significantly more total errors on the iPhone than on the hard-key numeric and QWERTY phones. When using the iPhone, iPhone owners left more errors in the completed messages than hard-key QWERTY device owners. Furthermore, novice and expert iPhone users did not differ in terms of the number of errors they made on the iPhone. A detailed analysis of the iPhone keyboard was also conducted. iPhone key hit rates were all above 90%, while hit rates for a hard-key QWERTY keypad were above 96%. Keys on the iPhone also had higher false alarm rates.

A study of the effect of thumb sizes on mobile phone texting satisfaction

This paper investigates the effect of participants' varying thumb sizes in relation to the experience of using mobile phone keypads for sending text messages. The keypad design factors considered in the study were key size, shape, texture, space between keys, layout, and simplicity. One hundred and ten people participated in the study. Their age ranged between 17 to 25 years old. The researchers recorded the participants' thumb lengths and circumferences. Participants' positive or negative satisfaction with using mobile phone keypads correlates to their thumb length and circumference. For example, if a participant's thumb circumference was large, he or she tended to be dissatisfied with the key size and space between keys. Results confirm that varying thumb sizes affect users' text messaging satisfaction. Mobile phone manufacturers and designers can use the findings in this study to design customized mobile phones that cater to users with large thumbs. This may increase their customer's text messaging satisfaction.

Voice-activated M2M Communication over GSM Network

Wireless M2M (machine-to-machine) has emerged recently as a new technology that allows machines to transmit or receive data remotely over mobile communication networks such as GSM. The conventional wireless M2M systems available on the market today allow inputting data from mobile phone keypad. In this paper, a novel prototype system design is developed that would use voice to establish M2M communication over GSM network for the purpose of controlling remote devices. The system consists of three main components: voice-activated system, M2M system, and the device to be controlled. Detailed description of the hardware and software implementation of each design element is presented. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated through experimental tests on real spoken words. Such system design could be used in many applications such as military.

연령별 휴대폰 사용실태에 관한 연구

With the new technology and the popularization of mobile phone. the functions and designs of mobile phone have been varied rapidly. However. based on the user's level of familiarity on mobile phone function and knowledge of information technology. the using behaviors of mobile phone. especially between the young users who are well acquainted with the latest function and technology and the over middle-aged users who are relatively not. would be quite different. A survey was conducted to investigate the various using behaviors of mobile phone in different age groups. The total number of six hundred and sixty-seven people from age seventeen to sixty participated in this study. The participants were divided into young group (age between 17 to 29) and the over middle-aged group (age between 40 to 60) to compare the difference group considered design. price. and function of the mobile phone as three important factors. on the other hand. the over middle-aged group considered quality of communication. price and ease of use as three important factors. All the respondents of the young group know how to use the text messaging function. however for the over middle-aged group. 40% of the respondents knows how to use the text messaging function. The over middle-aged group seemed mainly use the mobile phone for voice communication. however the young group had a tendency to communicate each other with short text message rather than through voice conversation. Twenty percentage of young group responded that they had an experience of pain or discomfort at the thumb. the thenar eminence area. or carpus area during pushing the mobile phone keypad. The excessive frequent use of keypad may cause the risk of repetitive strain injury (RSI). The results of this study could provide important information to understand the way of using mobile phone in different age groups. and also could be used to design and market the mobile phone.<br/>

Keystroke dynamics on a mobile handset: a feasibility study

The ability of third generation telephones to store sensitive information, such as financial records, digital certificates and company records, makes them desirable targets for impostors. This paper details the feasibility of a non‐intrusive subscriber authentication technique – the use of keystroke dynamics. This feasibility study comprises a number of investigations into the ability of neural networks to authenticate users successfully based on their interactions with a mobile phone keypad. The initial results are promising with network classification performing well, achieving a 9.8 per cent false rejection rate and an 11.0 per cent false acceptance rate.