Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Fields Research Articles

The Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Radiation Effects on Heart Rate Variability Function

Background: The proliferation of mobile phone usage has given rise to concerns about the potential health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF), particularly in relation to heart rate variability (HRV), a key indicator of cardiac health. Previous studies have yielded inconsistent results using lower-order statistical measures, leaving a gap in understanding the nonlinear interactions between EMF exposure and HRV. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of mobile phone EMF on HRV by employing bicoherence analysis of ECG data. It sought to determine whether the position of EMF exposure relative to the heart and the duration of exposure affected HRV parameters. Methods: Twenty subjects were recruited for the study, with ECG and EEG data collected under EMF and non-EMF conditions. ECG data were captured using a 12-lead system, with electrodes placed according to standard guidelines. EEG electrodes were positioned following the 10-20 system. Bicoherence and coherence analyses were conducted to assess nonlinear interactions in HRV activity and the relationship between heart and brain signals. The study also considered the duration of EMF exposure, comparing the effects of 10-minute and 40-minute sessions. Results: The bicoherence values for ECG data during EMF exposure at the left ear showed negligible differences, with values ranging between 0.0 to 0.04. However, chest positions V1 and V2 revealed statistically significant larger bicoherence values during non-EMF trials as opposed to EMF trials. Coherence analysis between ECG and EEG demonstrated significantly higher values across the 16-30Hz frequency band during EMF trials. No significant differences were observed for 10-minute EMF exposure, whereas 40-minute exposure sessions indicated a correlation with changes in HRV. Conclusion: The study's findings suggest that mobile phone EMF can affect HRV parameters, with the effects being more pronounced during longer exposure durations and when the source of EMF is closer to the heart. These results support the need for guidelines on safe mobile phone usage and further research into the effects of EMF on cardiac function.

Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on brain waves in healthy volunteers

The interaction between biological tissue and electromagnetic fields (EMF) is a topic of increasing interest due to the rising prevalence of background EMF in the past decades. Previous studies have attempted to measure the effects of EMF on brainwaves using EEG recordings, but are typically hampered by experimental and environmental factors. In this study, we present a framework for measuring the impact of EMF on EEG while controlling for these factors. A Bayesian statistical approach is employed to provide robust statistical evidence of the observed EMF effects. This study included 32 healthy participants in a double-blinded crossover counterbalanced design. EEG recordings were taken from 63 electrodes across 6 brain regions. Participants underwent a measurement protocol comprising two 18-min sessions with alternating blocks of eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) conditions. Group 1 (n = 16) had EMF during the first session and sham during the second session; group 2 (n = 16) had the opposite. Power spectral density plots were generated for all sessions and brain regions. The Bayesian analysis provided statistical evidence for the presence of an EMF effect in the alpha band power density in the EO condition. This measurement protocol holds potential for future research on the impact of novel transmission protocols.

BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DYSFUNCTION IN WISTAR RATS EXPOSED TO MULTI-TRANSCEIVER MOBILE RADIOFREQUENCY, SOUND, AND VIBRATIONS

This study looked at the functional changes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Wistar rats after exposure to electromagnetic field, vibration, and ringtone from a multi-transceiver mobile phone. Twenty-five (25) male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=5). For six weeks, group A (control) and test groups were exposed to mobile phone electromagnetic field through a 10-minute calls/day from a Tecno 900/1800 MHz in various modalities. Viz: groups B – E in silent-only, vibration only, ringtone-only and ringtone with vibration, respectively. BBB in various regions of the brain using evans blue dye tracer technique and brain TNF-α was studied at the end of the sixth week of exposure. There were significant (α0.05) decrease in BBB in the cerebellum, cerebrum, and the two hemispheres of the brain and insignificant increases in the levels of brain TNF across all groups of animals exposed to phones in various modalities. These findings suggest that exposure to electromagnetic fields, vibration, and sound from multi-transceiver phones may be a risk factor for loss of BBB integrity.

Does the short-term exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field originating from mobile phone affect auditory functions as measured by Acoustic Admittance and Evoked Otoacoustic Emission tests?

ABSTRACT Background Mobile phones constitute an important source of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) for humans. Taking into account high sensitivity of sensory hair cells of the inner ear to endogenous and exogenous agents, the potential impact of mobile phone usage on auditory organs is of particular interest. Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of short-term exposure to RF-EMF generated by a mobile phone during 15-minute simulated phone call on human hearing as measured by Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emission (TEOAE) and Acoustic Admittance Testing (AAT). Material and methods Within-subject study was performed on 23 healthy volunteers. All of the participants underwent TEOAE and AAT before and immediately after 15-minute simulated phone call with the use of a standard, modern smartphone. Analyzed parameters included: static compliance of tympanic membrane, middle ear pressure, ipsi- and contralateral acoustic reflex thresholds and percentage of signal reproducibility in TEOAE for exposed and non-exposed ear. Additionally, the results were compared in subgroups distinguished basing on self-reported sensitivity to RF-EMF originating from mobile phones. Results No statistically significant differences were identified between results of TEOAE and AAT before and after exposure, both in exposed and non-exposed ear. The results of EMF sensitive and non-sensitive subjects were comparable in all performed tests. Conclusions Short-term exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field did not influence auditory functions as measured by Evoked Otoacoustic Emission test and Acoustic Admittance Testing.

Detrimental Effect of Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Field on Permeability of Blood-Brain Barrier

Background: Exposure to different frequencies would have a profound effect on the brain tissue extract supernatant’s optical density and hexakis-2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) build-up. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the blood-brain barrier permeability after electromagnetic field irradiation. Methods: In this study, 150 male albino rats were randomly divided into 25 groups. They had an intraperitoneal injection of Evans blue 24 hours before experiments. Before 15 or 30-min Electromagnetic Field (EMF) irradiation (900, 1700, and 1900 MHz), 500 μCi (18.5 MBq) of 99mTc -MIBI was injected via the caudal vein. The rats decapitated 15, 30, 45, or 60 min after radiotracer injection to evaluate the brain-specific activity and brain tissue extract supernatant’s optical density. Results: No significant difference was found between the groups in 60-min post-injection activity after 15-min EMF radiation at 900, 1700, and 1900 MHz. The brain-specific activity with 30-min EMF radiation showed a significant increase in the 900 MHz group compared to others. Brain/whole body-specific activity in all experimental groups after 15-min EMF radiation showed no significant differences. On the other hand, the brain/whole body-specific activity ratio with 30-min EMF radiation showed a significant increase in the 900 MHz group compared to other groups. A comparison between the brain tissue extract supernatant’s optical density in the experimental groups after 15 and 30-min EMF radiation showed no significant difference in Evans blue accumulations in brains. Conclusions: It may be concluded that mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation may increase the blood-brain barrier permeability. As most humans use mobile phones for daily communications, all users around the world need to be advised of the effects of modern call devices.

Skin Temperature Distribution over Human Head Due to Handheld Mobile Phone Call using Thermal Imaging Camera

The possible biological hazards due to the mobile phone electromagnetic (EM) field exposure are caused mainly by a temperature rise in tissue. Hence, the calculation of temperature in tissue may be more realistic than the calculation of specific absorption rate (SAR) due to the more direct relationship between temperature and safety. The heat transfer to human tissue due to a phone call is caused by a combined effect of conductive heat transfer caused by the basic non-microwave-related activity of the mobile phone and the absorption of the microwave. This paper investigates the role of heat transfer in living tissue due to thermal conduction. This is achieved using a thermal imaging camera to measure and map the skin temperature distribution over human head due to mobile phone EM emission. Two commercial mobile phone brands, that is, Apple iPhone 7 Plus and Huawei P20 Pro, are used at 1800 MHz cellular connection and approximate radiated power of 0.125 W to measure the skin temperature over human head at both, cheek and tilt position for 6 and 30 min calls. The results show that in spite of the direct proportion between the deposited SAR and temperature increase in human tissues, the heat transfer due to thermal conduction may not directly proportional to the SAR, where other factors may play important roles, for example, mobile phone chassis material, heated battery, antenna location inside the mobile phone, and mobile phone position in close proximity to head.

Electro-magnetic Field Radiation of Mobile Phones As A Cause of Increased Release of Mercury from Amalgam Fillings and Risk of Harmful Effects on Health

The aim of the research is to determine whether there was synergism between mobile phone exposure and higher release and accumulation of mercury in tissues of the individuals with amalgam fillings. For this purpose, the computer electro-magnetic simulation and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (BDORT) method were used. For the electro-magnetic simulation, the FIT method (Finite Integration technique - numerical simulation method for calculation elelctromagnentic fields in space, expecialy in body) was used and the results of the electric field and Specific absorption rate (SAR) in the tooth model with and without amalgam fillings were obtained. Specific absorption rate is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field. It is dose for absorbed electromagnetic radiation which is dependent on frequency and can be associated with the adverse effect of tissue heating. Standards indicate SAR values that should not be exceeded. The numerical result of absorption electro-magnetic energy shows increased value of the electric field, magnetic field, induced currents and SAR in teeth with fillings. These results indicated the possible explanation of the increased release mechanism of the mercury (Hg) when using mobile phones. The Bi-Digital O-Ring Test method tested the levels of mercury in the body, liver, and urine in a group of examinees who had amalgam fillings and used cell phones. By using indirect BDORT we examined groups of examinees 10 with and 10 examinees without amalgam fillings. By using BDORT we measaured level ofHg in the body and urin samples in all examinees before exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of mobile phone and after 15 minutes of exposure of mobile phone EMF. The results showed significantly higher level of Hg in urin after exposure of EMF of mobile phone, only in a group of examinees with amalgam fillings. The results showed significant matches with some published papers by other researchers. These effects might cause potential organism disorders and represent secondary harmful effects of electro-magnetic radiation on the health of individuals. This approach throws a new light in clarifying the interplay of cellular electro-magnetic radiation and increased the release of mercury from the amalgam fillings. Increased toxic effects are imposed by themselves as possible.

The Effect of a Single 30-Min Long Term Evolution Mobile Phone-Like Exposure on Thermal Pain Threshold of Young Healthy Volunteers.

Although the majority of mobile phone (MP) users do not attribute adverse effects on health or well-being to MP-emitted radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs), the exponential increase in the number of RF devices necessitates continuing research aimed at the objective investigation of such concerns. Here we investigated the effects of acute exposure from Long Term Evolution (LTE) MP EMFs on thermal pain threshold in healthy young adults. We use a protocol that was validated in a previous study in a capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia model and was also successfully used to show that exposure from an RF source mimicking a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) MP led to mildly stronger desensitization to repeated noxious thermal stimulation relative to the sham condition. Using the same experimental design, we did not find any effects of LTE exposure on thermal pain threshold. The present results, contrary to previous evidence obtained with the UMTS modulation, are likely to originate from placebo/nocebo effects and are unrelated to the brief acute LTE EMF exposure itself. The fact that this is dissimilar to our previous results on UMTS exposure implies that RF modulations might differentially affect pain perception and points to the necessity of further research on the topic.

Exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation, ringtone and vibration affects anxiety-like behaviour and oxidative stress biomarkers in albino wistar rats.

Research on the effects of Mobile phone radio frequency emissions on biological systems has been focused on noise and vibrations as auditory stressors. This study investigated the potential effects of exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation, ringtone and vibration on anxiety-like behaviour and oxidative stress biomarkers in albino wistar rats. Twenty five male wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of 5 animals each: group I: exposed to mobile phone in switched off mode (control), group II: exposed to mobile phone in silent mode, group III: exposed to mobile phone in vibration mode, group IV: exposed to mobile phone in ringtone mode, group V: exposed to mobile phone in vibration and ringtone mode. The animals in group II to V were exposed to 10 min call (30 missed calls for 20 s each) per day for 4 weeks. Neurobehavioural studies for assessing anxiety were carried out 24 h after the last exposure and the animals were sacrificed. Brain samples were collected for biochemical evaluation immediately. Results obtained showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in open arm duration in all the experimental groups when compared to the control. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) was also observed in catalase activity in group IV and V when compared to the control. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicates that 4 weeks exposure to electromagnetic radiation, vibration, ringtone or both produced a significant effect on anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in young wistar rats.

Effect of Mobile Phone-Induced Electromagnetic Field on Brain Hemodynamics and Human Stem Cell Functioning: Possible Mechanistic Link to Cancer Risk and Early Diagnostic Value of Electronphotonic Imaging.

The mobile phones (MP) are low power radio devices which work on electromagnetic fields (EMFs), in the frequency range of 900-1800 MHz. Exposure to MPEMFs may affect brain physiology and lead to various health hazards including brain tumors. Earlier studies with positron emission tomography (PET) have found alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) after acute exposure to MPEMFs. It is widely accepted that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and their misrepair in stem cells are critical events in the multistage origination of various leukemia and tumors, including brain tumors such as gliomas. Both significant misbalance in DSB repair and severe stress response have been triggered by MPEMFs and EMFs from cell towers. It has been shown that stem cells are most sensitive to microwave exposure and react to more frequencies than do differentiated cells. This may be important for cancer risk assessment and indicates that stem cells are the most relevant cellular model for validating safe mobile communication signals. Recently developed technology for recording the human bio-electromagnetic (BEM) field using Electron photonic Imaging (EPI) or Gas Discharge Visualisation (GDV) technique provides useful information about the human BEM. Studies have recorded acute effects of Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Fields (MPEMFs) using EPI and found quantifiable effects on human BEM field. Present manuscript reviews evidences of altered brain physiology and stem cell functioning due to mobile phone/cell tower radiations, its association with increased cancer risk and explores early diagnostic value of EPI imaging in detecting EMF induced changes on human BEM.

Effect of bluetooth headset and mobile phone electromagnetic fields on the human auditory nerve

The possibility that long-term mobile phone use increases the incidence of astrocytoma, glioma and acoustic neuroma has been investigated in several studies. Recently, our group showed that direct exposure (in a surgical setting) to cell phone electromagnetic fields (EMFs) induces deterioration of auditory evoked cochlear nerve compound action potential (CNAP) in humans. To verify whether the use of Bluetooth devices reduces these effects, we conducted the present study with the same experimental protocol. Randomized trial. Twelve patients underwent retrosigmoid vestibular neurectomy to treat definite unilateral Ménière's disease while being monitored with acoustically evoked CNAPs to assess direct mobile phone exposure or alternatively the EMF effects of Bluetooth headsets. We found no short-term effects of Bluetooth EMFs on the auditory nervous structures, whereas direct mobile phone EMF exposure confirmed a significant decrease in CNAPs amplitude and an increase in latency in all subjects. The outcomes of the present study show that, contrary to the finding that the latency and amplitude of CNAPs are very sensitive to EMFs produced by the tested mobile phone, the EMFs produced by a common Bluetooth device do not induce any significant change in cochlear nerve activity. The conditions of exposure, therefore, differ from those of everyday life, in which various biological tissues may reduce the EMF affecting the cochlear nerve. Nevertheless, these novel findings may have important safety implications.

Loranthus longiflorus protect central nervous system against oxidative damages of electromagnetic radiation on rat

Background: The interaction of mobile phone radio‑frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF‑EMR) with the brain is a serious concern of our society. In this study, we aimed to experiment on the anti‑oxidative property of a parasitic plant Loranthus longiflorus (Loranthaceae) to protect central nervous system against oxidative damages of mobile phone electromagnetic field (EMF). Materials and Methods: Healthy male albino wistar rats were exposed to RF‑EMR by giving 5 min calling/5 min interval for 1 hour per day for 2 months, keeping a GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) mobile phone in silent mode (no ring tone) in the cage. After 15, 30, 45, 60 days exposure, three randomly picked animals from each group were tested with using behavioural model of CNS on rats. Results and Conclusion: Loranthus longiflorus bark extract could be effective in decreasing immobility (P < 0.05) and increased locomotor activity (P < 0.05). This result indicates the protective effect of Loranthus longiflorus bark against EMF induced oxidative damage of central nervous system. Key words: Depression, electromagnetic radiation, locomotor, Loranthus longiflorus bark, mobile phone

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY FLUX DENSITY OF THE MOBILE PHONE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD / MOBILIŲJŲ TELEFONŲ ELEKTROMAGNETINIO LAUKO ENERGIJOS SRAUTO TANKIO TYRIMAI IR ĮVERTINIMAS

The article analyses variations in the energy flux density of the electromagnetic field of 10 mobile phones depending on distance. The studies have been conducted using three modes: sending a text message, receiving a text message and connecting a mobile phone to the Internet. When text messages are received or sent from a mobile phone, the values of the energy flux density of the mobile phone electromagnetic field exceed the safe allowable limit and make 10 μW / cm². A distance of 10, 20 and 30 cm from a mobile phone is effective protection against the energy flux density of the electromagnetic field when writing texts, receiving messages or connecting to the mobile Internet. Santrauka Nagrinėjami 10 mobiliųjų telefonų elektromagnetinių laukų energijos srauto tankio kitimai priklausomai nuo atstumo. Tyrimai atliekami, kai iš mobiliojo telefono siunčiamas SMS, kai į mobilųjį telefoną yra siunčiamas SMS iš kito mobiliojo telefono, kai mobilusis telefonas jungiamas prie mobiliojo interneto. Mobiliųjų telefonų elektromagnetinio lauko energijos srauto tankio vertės, kai iš mobiliojo telefono siunčiamas ar gaunamas SMS, viršija saugią leistiną 10 µW/cm² normą. 10, 20, 30 cm atstumas nuo mobiliojo telefono – tinkama apsauga nuo elektromagnetinio lauko energijos srauto tankio viršijimo rašant ar gaunant SMS žinutes, jungiantis prie mobiliojo interneto. Mobiliųjų telefonų elektromagnetinių laukų energijos srauto tankio priklausomybė nuo atstumo pateikiama grafikais.

The toxic effects of mobile phone radiofrequency (940 MHz) on the structure of calf thymus DNA

Currently, the biological effects of nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) including radiofrequency (RF) radiation have been the subject of numerous experimental and theoretical studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible biological effects of mobile phone RF (940MHz, 15V/m and SAR=40mW/kg) on the structure of calf thymus DNA (ct DNA) immediately after exposure and 2h after 45min exposure via diverse range of spectroscopic instruments. The UV–vis and circular dichroism (CD) experiments depict that mobile phone EMFs can remarkably cause disturbance on ct DNA structure. In addition, the DNA samples, immediately after exposure and 2h after 45min exposure, are relatively thermally unstable compared to the DNA solution, which was placed in a small shielded box (unexposed ct DNA). Furthermore, the exposed DNA samples (the DNA samples that were exposed to 940MHz EMF) have more fluorescence emission when compared with the unexposed DNA, which may have occurred attributable to expansion of the exposed DNA structure. The results of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential experiments demonstrate that RF-EMFs lead to increment in the surface charge and size of DNA. The structure of DNA immediately after exposure is not significantly different from the DNA sample 2h after 45min exposure. In other words, the EMF-induced conformational changes are irreversible. Collectively, our results reveal that 940MHz can alter the structure of DNA. The displacement of electrons in DNA by EMFs may lead to conformational changes of DNA and DNA disaggregation. Results from this study could have an important implication on the health effects of RF-EMFs exposure. In addition, this finding could proffer a novel strategy for the development of next generation of mobile phone.

916 MHz electromagnetic field exposure affects rat behavior and hippocampal neuronal discharge.

Wistar rats were exposed to a 916 MHz, 10 W/m2 mobile phone electromagnetic field for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week. Average completion times in an eight-arm radial maze were longer in the exposed rats than control rats after 4–5 weeks of exposure. Error rates in the exposed rats were greater than the control rats at 6 weeks. Hippocampal neurons from the exposed rats showed irregular firing patterns during the experiment, and they exhibited decreased spiking activity 6–9 weeks compared with that after 2–5 weeks of exposure. These results indicate that 916 MHz electromagnetic fields influence learning and memory in rats during exposure, but long-term effects are not obvious.

Effects of long-term electromagnetic field exposure on spatial learning and memory in rats

With the development of communications industry, mobile phone plays an important role in daily life. Whether or not the electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone causes any adverse effects on brain function has become of a great concern. This paper investigated the effect of electromagnetic field on spatial learning and memory in rats. 32 trained Wistar rats were divided into two groups: exposure group and control group. The exposure group was exposed to 916 MHz, 10w/m2 mobile phone electromagnetic field (EMF) 6 h a day, 5 days a week, 10 weeks. The completion time, number of total errors and the neuron discharge signals were recorded while the rats were searching for food in an eight-arm radial maze at every weekend. The neuron signals of one exposed rat and one control rat in the maze were obtained by the implanted microelectrode arrays in their hippocampal regions. It can be seen that during the weeks 4-5 of the experiment, the average completion time and error rate of the exposure group were longer and larger than that of control group (p < 0.05). During the weeks 1-3 and 6-9, they were close to each other. The hippocampal neurons showed irregular firing patterns and more spikes with shorter interspike interval during the whole experiment period. It indicates that the 916 MHz EMF influence learning and memory in rats to some extent in a period during exposure, and the rats can adapt to long-term EMF exposure.

English

Today, mobile phones are used frequently and held close to the body. It is believed that microwaves may interfere with the cellular signaling systems, affecting the mechanisms by which the cells balance their functions. The objective of this work is the evaluation of the influence of different intensities of 950 MHz cell phone electromagnetic field (EMF) on the hematological parameters of male rabbits. This study was conducted on 54 male rabbits of average mass of 1400 to 1700 g. The exposure period of simulated mobile phone radiations (950 MHz, 3 and 6 W) was 2 h/day for 2 weeks. The blood from the heart was collected on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and was analyzed for hematological parameters, and was then compared with the control group. The results showed an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the white blood cells (WBC) counts in 6 W group when compared with both 3 W and control groups. Platelets (PLT) counts decreased in 3 W group but increased in 6 W group. Lymphocyte counts decreased in 3 and 6 W groups when compared with each other and control group. There were no differences in red blood cells (RBC) counts and related indices of any groups. In conclusions, mobile phone EMF disturb the constant number of some hematological parameters which may reflects from thermal or non-thermal effects of such radiations, but the exact reason for such discrepancies is not easy to identify. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Mobile phone 950 MHz radiations, hematological parameters, rabbits.

The Effect of GSM Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Field on Femur Fracture Healing in a Rat Model

The Effect of GSM Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Field on Femur Fracture Healing in a Rat Model

No effects of short‐term exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic fields on human cognitive performance: A meta‐analysis

During recent years, a large number of studies on the effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular mobile phones on human cognitive performance have been carried out. However, the results have been ambiguous. We carried out the current meta-analysis in order to investigate the impact of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on human cognition. Seventeen studies were included in the meta-analysis as they fulfill several requirements such as single- or double-blind experimental study design, and documentation of means and standard deviations of dependent variables. The meta-analysis was carried out as a group comparison between exposed and non-exposed subjects. No significant effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile phones were found. Cognitive abilities seem to be neither impaired nor facilitated. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that a substantial short-term impact of high frequency electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on cognitive performance can essentially be ruled out.

Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields: Critical evaluation of behavioral and neurophysiological studies

For the last two decades, a large number of studies have investigated the effects of mobile phone radiation on the human brain and cognition using behavioral or neurophysiological measurements. This review evaluated previous findings with respect to study design and data analysis. Provocation studies found no evidence of subjective symptoms attributed to mobile phone radiation, suggesting psychological reasons for inducing such symptoms in hypersensitive people. Behavioral studies previously reported improved cognitive performance under exposure, but it was likely to have occurred by chance due to multiple comparisons. Recent behavioral studies and replication studies with more conservative statistics found no significant effects compared with original studies. Neurophysiological studies found no significant effects on cochlear and brainstem auditory processing, but only inconsistent results on spontaneous and evoked brain electrical activity. The inconsistent findings suggest possible false positives due to multiple comparisons and thus replication is needed. Other approaches such as brain hemodynamic response measurements are promising but the findings are few and not yet conclusive. Rigorous study design and data analysis considering multiple comparisons and effect size are required to reduce controversy in this important field of research.