Mobility Management In Networks Research Articles

Mobility Management in TSCH-Based Industrial Wireless Networks

Mobility Management in TSCH-Based Industrial Wireless Networks

Hidden Markov models for predicting cell-level mobile networks performance degradation

The ubiquitous deployment of Fourth-generation (4G) and Fifth-generation (5G) networks, while expanding user connectivity over a larger geographic area, presents significant challenges for mobile network management. The surge in connected devices increase cell congestion, while user mobility, fading, and interference further deteriorate channel quality. The combined effect of these factors contribute to a gradual degradation in cell and network performance, straining the capabilities of Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) to maintain optimal service quality. The degradation progresses through distinct stages, and ultimately leading to cell outages. Existing cell degradation detection methods, such as key performance indicators (KPIs) monitoring and drive tests, rely on indicators such as signal strength (like reference signal received power (RSRP)), network measurements (like traffic volume and handover requests), and user complaints. However, these methods may not provide real-time insights, leading to delays in identifying and addressing performance issues. This paper proposes a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) approach for proactive cell degradation prediction using real-time time-series KPIs data collected from a telecom operator’s network management system. The NetMax system, a network management system specifically designed for ZTE networks, was used for KPIs data collection. RSRP, 3GPP-recommended signal strength metrics for degradation measure, defines hidden states, while traffic volume and handover requests represent the observable states. The HMM achieves an average prediction accuracy of 93.12%, F1 score of 91.81%, and precision of 92.82% with 23 observation lengths, demonstrating the models’s effectiveness in predicting mobile network’s cell degradation severity.

Joint wireless energy transmission and dynamic power management for full-duplex relay system

The rapid deployment of fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems demands sustainable power solutions. This paper introduces a novel joint design for wireless energy transmission and dynamic power management in full-duplex relay systems, aiming to ensure a continuous power supply for relay nodes. Our approach integrates energy harvesting from RF signals and dynamic battery management, focusing on optimizing throughput via energy allocation and precoding design. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme significantly outperforms conventional non-battery half-duplex schemes in system throughput. Notably, we observe performance increments in throughput compared to all mentioned traditional methods, highlighting the efficacy of our design in enhancing 5G network sustainability and efficiency. This innovative approach presents a promising solution for effective power management in next-generation mobile networks.

Analysis of methods of data flow management in mobile radio communication means

The article analyzes the existing methods of managing data flows in mobile radio communications. During the analysis, the peculiarities of the functioning and construction of these networks were considered. It has been established that such networks have features different from other networks, such as mobility, dynamic topology, independent organization, use of mobile means of communication, lack of fixed data transmission routes, etc. The task of providing routing in mobile radio communication devices, mobile radio networks, and the types of routing in communication networks are considered. The conditions for the implementation of the routing task and the features that characterize the routing process have been established. The levels of the OSI open systems model and the most well-known protocols that work at these levels and are used in data flow management are considered. Data flow management methods are classified by type and a list of requirements for the process of data flow transmission in mobile radio networks is defined, taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of mobile radio communication means, which must be taken into account when building a mobile radio network management system. It has been established that at the current stage of information technology development, data flow management methods are mostly adapted for use in computer, wired or fixed networks and do not take into account the conditions of use in mobile radio communication devices. It has been established that the construction and operation of an effective data flow control subsystem in the control systems of mobile radio networks and mobile radio communication means requires the use of the latest technologies and modern approaches in the development of data flow control methods and methods that will ensure the functioning of the corresponding data flow control subsystem. When choosing protocols, methods, methods of managing data flows, it is proposed to focus on adaptation, modification of approaches or their combined use based on the target function, taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of mobile radio networks and mobile radio communication means.

Research on Dynamic Updating Technology of Digital Maps for Mobile Communications Based on Multi source Remote Sensing Images

Abstract. With the rapid development of 5G networks in China, mobile communication network simulation technology has gradually become a widely studied direction in the academic and application fields. This study focuses on three-dimensional digital geographic information data for mobile communication, including a large amount of geographic information data that significantly affects the propagation of mobile communication radio waves, such as terrain height and ground use types. These data play a crucial role in coverage prediction, interference analysis, and frequency planning in various telecommunications planning software. This article starts from the perspective of mobile communication network management, and combines typical large-scale terrain data production practice projects for mobile communication to deeply study the process and system function design of combining geographic information systems with multi-source remote sensing data in mobile communication network monitoring and management. On this basis, this study designed and implemented a dynamic updated terrain database for mobile communication. This database can update geographic information data in real-time, ensuring the timeliness and accuracy of the data. At the same time, by optimizing the database structure and query algorithms, the speed and efficiency of data processing have been improved, providing efficient and reliable solutions for coverage prediction, optimization analysis, and planning management of large-scale mobile communication networks.In summary, dynamic updating database of three-dimensional digital geographic information has important application value in mobile communication network simulation technology. Through in-depth research and application of this database, the performance and service quality of mobile communication networks can be effectively improved, laying a solid foundation for future communication technology development.

Reinforcement learning-based unmanned aerial vehicle trajectory planning for ground users’ mobility management in heterogeneous networks

The surge of data traffic in wireless networks necessitates the provision of high-quality data services to meet users’ satisfaction levels. However, the limited spectral resources of the current network infrastructures and inherent challenges of achieving reliable line-of-sight (LoS) probability for ground users (GUs) in urban environments often lead to disruption to communication services delivery. This paper aims to address the challenges of frequent handover (HO) failures and disrupted communication services for mobile GUs by deploying an unmanned aerial vehicle as a flying base station (UAV-BS) in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). A channel model is investigated that considers both LoS and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) paths in three-dimensional (3D) air-to-ground (A2G) links using a detailed mathematical model with urban infrastructure parameters like building density and heights. In addition, a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm is presented in this work to optimize UAV trajectories in response to the dynamic mobility of GUs for enhancing LoS connections. The proposed algorithm dynamically adjusts the UAV positions and enhances transmission channels by identifying both LoS and NLoS paths. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing benchmarks through learning-based adaptive control of UAVs’ mobility, ensuring ubiquitous network connectivity for GUs and reducing HO failures in HetNets.

A Review on Deploying Blockchain Technology for Network Mobility Management

In wireless mobile networks, Mobility Management (MM) is a critical aspect that involves different tasks such as handover management, location management, offloading, resource allocation, and others. Blockchain platform comprising of an array of linked blocks innately supports the incorruptibility, sustaining the authenticity, and sustain pseudonymous privacy. Traditional MM is centralized, in contrast to blockchain-grounded MM that is partially or fully decentralized in its approach. As the inaugural researchers to review on blockchain-grounded MM, we are proud to cluster the blockchain-grounded MM concept under 7 clusters and closely study each framework with respect to different aspects such as blockchain specific parameters, MM specific parameters, network parameters, and more. We gathered a sample of 92 source references by curating the articles for eligibility criteria examined from electronic archives utilizing a comprehensive and enduring way. Grounded on this inspection, blockchain-grounded MM reinforces the overall security, trust, and privacy of location management and resource allocation, blockchain-grounded secure handover, facilitating registration and authentication, automatic MM utilizing smart contracts, reducing vulnerabilities, repairing low quality data, coordination, fair scheduling, in offloading, and blockchain-grounded resource allocation. Close studying proves that out of blockchain grounded MM frameworks, 37.5% utilize blockchain grounded secure handover, 92.5% utilize simple blockchain architecture, 32.5% utilize PoW consensus, 100% distributed MM, 97.5% host grounded MM, 95% packet reordering tolerant MM, 52.5% QoS aware MM, and 12.5% proposed for 5G networks. Finally, we present the openings and obstructions of the concept of blockchain-grounded MM and then catering surmounting advices.

Highly secured authentication and fast handover scheme for mobility management in 5G vehicular networks

The Fifth Generation (5 G) networks exhibit high flexibility and diversity in their design and deployment strategies. Transitions between base stations (BSs), heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and other cellular networks provide significant vulnerabilities and expose users to substantial risks associated with cybersecurity attacks. This article evaluates current handover authentication methods in the context of 5 G networks while proposing a set of security criteria for handover authentication. This study presents a novel authentication technique called SHK (Secure Handover Key) that utilizes SDNs (Software Defined networks). The proposed scheme integrates recycled lightweight dynamic key cryptography and combines security features such as perfect forward secrecy and robustness to leakages. The significance of the proposed approach is assessed in terms of computations, communications, signals, and energy costs on 5 G mobility applications and Vehicular Communication Networks (VCNs). The scheme employed in this study demonstrates enhanced security measures and improved changeover performance compared to conventional schemes.

Enhancing Network Security through Advanced Authentication and Key Management Mechanisms

This paper introduces the SEAKS-PKMv2 protocol, a robust security mechanism aimed at addressing vulnerabilities within the PKMv2 framework, particularly focusing on mutual authentication, key management, and encryption in mobile WiMAX networks. By integrating RSA-based and EAP-based authentication methods, SEAKS-PKMv2 establishes a secure environment that mitigates risks such as replay, man-in-the-middle and interleaving attacks. The protocol adopts a distributed authentication and localized key management approach, facilitating efficient and secure network access and data transmission. Through simulation, we evaluate the SEAKS-PKMv2 protocol’s performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, overhead, processing time, and resilience against rogue relay station attacks. The findings demonstrate significant improvements in network security and efficiency, confirming the effectiveness of SEAKS-PKMv2 in enhancing the integrity and confidentiality of communications in distributed network settings.

Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated 6G: An Ultra-Dense LEO Networking Management Architecture

With the rapid development of low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, the ultra-dense LEO satellite-terrestrial integrated networking has become a promising paradigm to provide wide coverage, high capacity and flexible services for the sixth generation (6G) mobile communication networks. However, the natural heterogeneity, high dynamics, and large scale of ultradense LEO satellite networks pose new challenges to network control and management. To this end, in this article, we propose a medium earth orbit (MEO), low earth orbit (LEO) and satellite Earth stations (SESs) integrated multi-layered management architecture for the ultra-dense LEO satellite network, where global controllers and local controllers are introduced to reduce the network management complexity. With the aid of this hybrid multi-layered management framework, we can efficiently implement the network status control, mobility management, resource management, and service management in the satelliteterrestrial integrated network. To obtain proper global and local controllers with high management efficiency in the hybrid multilayered network management architecture, we further propose a novel and efficient grouping and clustering method for the ultradense LEO satellite network, where each group manager MEO satellite and cluster head (CH) LEO satellites are respectively considered as the global and local controllers of each LEO satellite group. Numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid multilayered ultra-dense LEO networking management architecture.

A Blockchain-Based Approach for USIM Management in Mobile Networks

A Blockchain-Based Approach for USIM Management in Mobile Networks

Performance Evaluation of Quality of Experience Aware Mobility Management in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

Performance Evaluation of Quality of Experience Aware Mobility Management in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

A Survey of Mobility Management in Non-Terrestrial 5G Networks: Power Constraints and Signaling Cost

A Survey of Mobility Management in Non-Terrestrial 5G Networks: Power Constraints and Signaling Cost

Fuzzy Logic for the Improving of Handover Decision and the Adaptive Adjustment of Control Parameters in 5G Wireless Networks

Handover process is one of the most important aspects of mobility management in 5G wireless networks. It becomes a hot topic for researchers because it constitutes a guarantee of communication continuity during the user's movement, in addition to being the basic step on which the mobility load balancing process depends to distribute the load between the cells. The focus on this process is whether by providing solutions to improve the handover decision-making, or by modifying the values of the handover control parameters in a way that it guarantees the reduction of handover problems, because the inaccurate or unnecessary modification of these parameters values will cause a degradation in the quality of service. This paper presents a study targeting two mechanisms to improve handover decision-making and selection of handover control parameters adaptively based on different schemes. The first one, based on a learning model called LIM2 and the second one is based on fuzzy logic and is called RHOT-FLC. The results show that the RHOT-FLC mechanism, which relies on fuzzy logic and takes into account the user's velocity provides better performance in term of average throughput, packet drop rate, average HOPP probability, average HO latency, HO failure.

Digital Twin-Empowered Green Mobility Management in Next-Gen Transportation Networks

Digital Twin-Empowered Green Mobility Management in Next-Gen Transportation Networks

Federated Learning-Empowered Mobile Network Management for 5G and Beyond Networks: From Access to Core

Federated Learning-Empowered Mobile Network Management for 5G and Beyond Networks: From Access to Core

A Vulnerability Assessment of Open-Source Implementations of Fifth-Generation Core Network Functions

The paper presents an experimental security assessment within two widely used open-source 5G projects, namely Open5GS and OAI (Open-Air Interface). The examination concentrates on two network functions (NFs) that are externally exposed within the core network architecture, i.e., the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) and the Network Repository Function/Network Exposure Function (NRF/NEF) of the Service-Based Architecture (SBA). Focusing on the Service-Based Interface (SBI) of these exposed NFs, the analysis not only identifies potential security gaps but also underscores the crucial role of Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in implementing robust security measures. Furthermore, given the shift towards Network Function Virtualization (NFV), this paper emphasizes the importance of secure development practices to enhance the integrity of 5G network functions. In essence, this paper underscores the significance of scrutinizing security vulnerabilities in open-source 5G projects, particularly within the core network’s SBI and externally exposed NFs. The research outcomes provide valuable insights for MNOs, enabling them to establish effective security measures and promote secure development practices to safeguard the integrity of 5G network functions. Additionally, the empirical investigation aids in identifying potential vulnerabilities in open-source 5G projects, paving the way for future enhancements and standard releases.

Double‐deep Q‐learning‐based handover management in mmWave heterogeneous networks with dual connectivity

AbstractMillimeter wave (mmWave) technology, with its abundant spectrum resources and ultra‐high bandwidth, plays a crucial role in meeting the ultra‐high throughput requirements of future 6G communication and supporting a large number of device connections. However, mmWave signals are highly susceptible to congestion, and the channel quality in mmWave links can be extremely unstable, posing a significant challenge to mobility management in mmWave networks. In this article, we present a deep reinforcement learning‐based dual connectivity (DC) handover strategy for mmWave cellular networks. The DC architecture ensures a continuous connection to the core network, reducing the likelihood of frequent service interruptions. Additionally, the proposed handover strategy employs deep reinforcement learning to select the optimal handover target node, further enhancing system performance. Compared to traditional single connectivity (SC) handover strategies, DC involves more intricate handover trigger conditions and processes. We extend several typical SC handover algorithms for DC and compare them with the proposed algorithms in this study. Through numerical simulations, we evaluate the performance of these algorithms. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm minimizes unnecessary handovers, reduces service interruption time, and achieves the highest throughput.

Mobility Management in Wireless Cellular Networks Using Other Nodes as Relays

Mobility Management in Wireless Cellular Networks Using Other Nodes as Relays

Enhancing heterogeneous mobile network management based on a well-founded reference ontology

The fulfillment of the Always Best Connected & Served concept in future mobile wireless networks depends on their ability to maintain a seamless association between the user’s equipment and the network. As a result, many researchers and developers have proposed several decision-support mechanisms to cope with this challenge. One of the promising mechanisms to aid mobile wireless networks in achieving ubiquitous coverage with a seamless connection is semantic reasoning. However, once it relies on ontologies, proper representation of Link and Connection – entities that bind the communication nodes – is paramount. Unfortunately, although several network-related ontologies present these concepts, they are unclear on which entities they bind, nor do they present them simultaneously. Also, the same ambiguity can be perceived in vocabulary recommendations of several telecommunication standard bodies. Our main contribution is the ontological analysis that clarifies the definition of Link and Connection in telecommunication domain. Besides, we analyze their dependencies while refining other concepts such as Medium, Server, and Neighbor. Thus, we provide the foundations for a new network-related ontology to support mobility management in wireless networks.