Mobile Multicast Research Articles

MSA-SDMN: multicast source authentication scheme for multi-domain software defined mobile networks

ABSTRACT Multicast services provide an efficient way of conserving resources and reducing network traffic for multicast senders. However, ensuring security, particularly source authentication, is crucial for applications such as online news, IPTV, video streaming, and stock quote distribution. Previous research efforts have attempted to provide source authentication for multicast applications, but they often struggle to handle the dynamic nature of multicast mobile receivers and multi-domain networks. This paper provides an analysis of research conducted over 22 years on source authentication mechanisms with non-repudiation. Most of these mechanisms fail to address the dynamic nature of mobile users and multi-domain networks. To address this issue, a new multicast source authentication scheme for multi-domain Software Defined Mobile Networks (SDMN) is proposed. This approach uses the global view of the controller in SDMN to operate in dynamic environments, provide non-repudiation, and tolerate packet loss. Simulation results indicate that the proposed mechanism uses resources efficiently, reduces communication and delay overhead, and performs well in multi-domain and dynamic networks.

A mobility-compliant publish–subscribe system for an information-centric Internet of Things

The Information centric networking paradigm has proven particularly useful for the constrained Internet of Things (IoT), in which nodes are challenged by end-to-end communication without network assistance. This work focuses on the interaction between possibly mobile sensors and actuators in such IoT regimes which deploy the Named-Data Networking (NDN) architecture. Constrained nodes in interactive scenarios need to be highly responsive but can only manage limited control state. We argue that the request-driven NDN networking paradigm, which prevents pushing of unsolicited data, should be preserved to confine the attack surface, whereas unsolicited link-local signaling can accelerate responses without sacrificing security.In this paper, we contribute HoP-and-Pull (HoPP), a robust publish–subscribe scheme for typical IoT scenarios that targets low-power and lossy wireless networks running hundreds of resource constrained devices at intermittent connectivity. Our approach limits in-memory forwarding state to a minimum and naturally supports producer mobility, a temporary partitioning of networks, data aggregation on intermediary hops, and near real-time reactivity. We thoroughly evaluate the protocol by experiments in a realistic, large testbed with varying numbers of constrained devices, each interconnected via IEEE 802.15.4 wireless LoWPANs. We compare HoPP with common ICN pub–sub and mobility schemes as well as with basic MIPv6 and anchor-based multicast mobility. Implementations are built on CCN-lite with RIOT and support experiments using various single- and multi-hop scenarios.

Multicast Scheduling in SDN WISE to Support Mobile Nodes in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

The growing use of mobile nodes in manufacturing environments is increasing the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the communications infrastructures that support them, as is the case with Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSN). Managing networks using Software Defined Networks (SDN) addresses the challenge of handling multiple sources in a satisfactory manner. The global vision of the topology that the SDN controller has allows a logical segmentation of the network, through the allocation of dedicated resources for each information flow, thus ensuring independent service levels and complete isolation. Mobile nodes produce constant changes in topology, which lead to instability for routing protocols. Traditional routing solutions with protocols such as Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) require additional time to make the parent node change. This paper proposes Mobile Multicast Forwarding with Software Defined Network (MMF-SDN), an approach using Software Defined Networking solution for WIreless SEnsor Network (SDN WISE) protocol that exploits the advantages of SDN and Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) synchronism. The mobile nodes are managed as multicast sources, through a cumulative allocation of resources from the controller. This allows reception states to be synchronized at the parent nodes to provide network stability, avoiding subsequent recalculations in the routing protocol. Parent node changes are transparent and immediate. This proposal improves on other SDN based solutions, reducing energy consumption in reception by up to 50%, 70% end-to-end delay and improving scalability with a 30% reduction in slotframe occupancy.

Performance analysis of multilayer multicast MANET CRN based on steiner minimal tree algorithm

In this study, the multicast mobile ad hoc (MANET) CRN has been developed, which involves multi-hop and multilayer consideration and Steiner minimal tree (SMT) algorithm is employed as the router protocol. To enhance the network performance with regards to throughput and packet delivery rate (PDR), as channel assignment scheme, the probability of success (POS) is employed that accounts for the channel availability and the time needed for transmission when selecting the best channel from the numerous available channels for data transmission from the source to all destinations nodes effectively. Within Rayleigh fading channels under various network parameters, a comparison is done for the performance of SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme versus maximum data rate (MDR), maximum average spectrum availability (MASA) and random channel assignment schemes. Based on the simulation results, the SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme was seen to demonstrate the best performance versus other schemes. Also the results proved that the throughput and PDR performance are improved as the number the primary channels and the channel’s bandwidth increased while dropped as the value of packet size D increased. The network’s performance grew with rise in the value of idle probability (P_I) since the primary user’s (PU) traffic load is low when the value of P_I is high.

A Comprehensive Review of Enhancements and Prospects of Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 Protocol

The emerging mobility management schemes for the fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks mostly follow the network-based protocol principles, which do not involve the mobile node (MN) in their operation. Such solutions have not been able to meet the ultra-low handover latency requirement in complex mobility scenarios in 5G. These objectives can be potentially achieved through increased involvement of MN in the handover operation, which can now be conveniently effectuated through virtualization technologies. In this regard, the classical host-based Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) protocol has the potential to offer several benefits due to its distinctive features, such as link-layer assistance for handover preparation, in-advance new care-of address formulation, and buffering services. Several enhancements to the FMIPv6 protocol have also been proposed, which improve its handover performance. Many of these enhancements focus on the baseline FMIPv6 specification, while others aim to enhance its operation by adding support features, such as mobile multicast, vertical handovers, quality of service assurance, as well as security support. Moreover, several enhancements to the access-technology-specific solutions for FMIPv6 have also been proposed. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of FMIPv6 enhancements in order to gain insight into its advantages as well as its shortcomings. Based on the review, this paper also discusses the evolution prospects of FMIPv6 toward 5G. Finally, some of its potential limitations along with possible research directions in the context of 5G are also indicated.

Non-Asymptotic Capacity Study in Multicast Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Extensive efforts on capacity studies for the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) mainly focus on either the unicast traffic or the asymptotic results under multicast traffic. However, the former ones cannot support future multicast-intensive applications, and the latter ones cannot reveal the real achievable non-asymptotic capacity, such that it still remains largely unknown in such networks. This paper, for the first time, investigates the non-asymptotic capacity in MANETs under a general packet routing scheme with multicast traffic, where each source has multiple destinations. Under the routing scheme, when the destinations move into the communication range of their source, a packet at source will be directly sent to destinations; otherwise, it can be replicated to multiple different relays, which help to forward it to destinations. To study the non-asymptotic capacity in the MANETs, we first develop the two Markov chain theoretical frameworks to characterize the fastest packet propagation process at source and the fastest packet reception process at destinations under the routing scheme. Based on these two theoretical frameworks, we then derive an analytical expression for the capacity. Finally, the simulation and numerical results are conducted to validate our theoretical capacity and also to explore the impact of system parameters on the capacity performance.

Multicast Resource Allocation with Opportunistic Scheduling in LTE Networks

Long Term Evolution (LTE) and beyond networks offer high bitrates with low latencies which makes them the best choice to handle the growing demand on multicast mobile services such as video streaming, and news broadcasting. In Conventional Multicast Scheme (CMS), the gain of multicast is exploited by transmitting data to all users simultaneously using the rate of Worst Channel Gain (WCG), which wastes network resources. In this paper, to better balance the tradeoff between the multicast gain and multiuser diversity, we propose a mechanism to select a threshold to split users into two subgroups and exploits the Opportunistic Multicast Scheme (OMS) to transmit the data. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism improves the multicast performance in terms of increased throughput, decreased delay and Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) compared to existing mechanisms from the literature.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.24.5.21850

Extended optimisation mechanism for radio resource allocation in multicast mobile networks

Mobile communication paradigm has shifted from a closed network of transmitters and receivers to an access network transporting what the content providers have to offer. Many existing and future applications offer the same content to most, if not all, clients. These applications include crowdsensing, news, and traffic monitoring portals. Mobile operators would largely benefit if such applications use multicast messages instead of unicast. Multicast communication suits such applications, but in some scenarios its efficiency can drop to reach that of unicast. In this work, we will propose a mechanism to optimise the allocation of radio resources when used for multicast, thus offering the mobile operator an opportunity to increase profit without affecting user satisfaction. The performance of the proposed mechanism is measured for various simulation scenarios.

Extended optimisation mechanism for radio resource allocation in multicast mobile networks

Mobile communication paradigm has shifted from a closed network of transmitters and receivers to an access network transporting what the content providers have to offer. Many existing and future applications offer the same content to most, if not all, clients. These applications include crowdsensing, news, and traffic monitoring portals. Mobile operators would largely benefit if such applications use multicast messages instead of unicast. Multicast communication suits such applications, but in some scenarios its efficiency can drop to reach that of unicast. In this work, we will propose a mechanism to optimise the allocation of radio resources when used for multicast, thus offering the mobile operator an opportunity to increase profit without affecting user satisfaction. The performance of the proposed mechanism is measured for various simulation scenarios.

Simulation Analysis for Multicast Context Delivery Network Mobility Management

The objective of this paper is to presents analyses for multicast network mobility management using NS3. It is mainly to verify the proposed network architecture and its activities. NS3 is a network simulator that implements virtually network prototype that is close to real implementation. Network mobility management has become a popular topic in networking research due to its ability to mitigate mobile IPv6 problems. However the standard network mobility management only introduced to support unicast traffic. Hence this paper integrates context transfer and multicast fast reroute, and implements this integration to the standard network mobility management. This implementation enables multicast to network mobility management with high network performance support. The analyses focus on the throughput performance. The analyses of this simulator are hereby presented.

A Novel Fast Reroute Signaling Cost for Multicast Proxy Mobility

A profound analysis of signaling cost for multicast network mobility management environment. The evaluation is a innovative integration of Multicast only Fast Reroute (MFR) and Context Transfer (CT). This integration is implemented to network mobility environment which is Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). The signaling cost terms is described based on handover process flow of the proposed implementation. This paper introduces and validates a novel enhanced signaling cost procedure for multicast PMIPv6. This procedure helps to improve network mobility performance as mobile multicast traffic usage rises. Through this implementation better signaling cost formula is brought forward. The integration helps to ease usage increment issues.

A Dual Privacy Preserving Approach for Location-Based Services in Mobile Multicast Environment

Privacy preserving is imperative for mobile location-based services of which the location data of the users and their objects of interest are subject to exploitation. A variety of privacy preserving mechanisms for location-based query has been proposed in recent years, but these current methods are generally either focused on the privacy of the users or the desired objects, which are not sufficient in mobile multicast environment. This paper introduces a novel dual privacy preserving approach, encompassing anonymous user’s location and object of interests as a means to minimize privacy risks for location-based services in multicast wireless environment. Experimental evaluation of the proposed method on a simulation platform demonstrated its effectiveness in preserving users’ privacy whilst ensuring minimum response time and power utilization of the users to receive the relevant objects.

Control and data plane separation architecture for supporting multicast listeners over distributed mobility management

Abstract Distributed mobility management (DMM) is currently being researched and standardized in academia and standardization development organizations for the purpose of overcoming the major issues of existing centralized mobility management. The most recent DMM protocols are being redesigned with regard to the control and data plane separation concept. However, at present, there is no solution for supporting IP multicast listeners in such new DMM environments. In this paper, we review ongoing academic research works, standardization activities and propose an IP multicast mobility design for the DMM environment using the control and data plane concept.

Packet Loss and Packet Delivery Evaluation Using Network Simulator for Multicast Enabled Network Mobility Management

This paper investigates packet loss issue in multicast enabled network mobility management using network simulator. Network mobility management namely PMIPv6 has the capacity to reduce mobile IPv6 performance problems. But PMIPv6 basic architecture is limited to unicast communication. Therefore, this paper proposes PMIPv6 with context delivery and multicast fast reroute mechanisms to enable multicast services. In this paper, the configuration of multicast enabled PMIPv6 is done in network simulator called NS3. The aimed is to solve packet loss problem. This paper assumes that packet loss as the number of packets that are lost in a multicast communication. Packet loss is unescapable particularly in mobile multicast communication. It is a network system requirement to meet the threshold value of acceptable packet loss rate below than 5%. The packet loss ratio and the packet delivery ratio are extracted from the trace-file produced by the simulation process in NS3 simulator. The analyses of the packet loss ratio and packet delivery ratio are hereby presented. Keywords: NS3, Packet Loss, Packet Delivery, Mobile Multicast

Efficient QoS based mobile multicast using context transfer

New challenging applications and scenarios for converged fixed and mobile Internet infrastructures, require efficient technologies adapting the multicast services for fixed IPv6 infrastructures to heterogeneous mobile environment. This paper discusses architecture aimed to support QoS based mobile multicast in heterogeneous mobile IPv6 environmentusing context transfer between access routers for seamlesshandover of mobile multicast applications. The architecture includes components for policy based QoS management of mobile multicast, reliable mobile multicast support at access routers and optimised handover based on learning of capabilities of access routers and networks.

Advance Signaling Cost for Multicast Fast Reroute Proxy Mobility Management

Background/Objectives: Mobile data traffic over IP has grown very rapidly in size. This huge increase in size creates high demand performance on network that supports mobile multicast services. This motivates the development of a better performance procedure with better signaling cost. Methods/Statistical analysis: A mathematical evaluation of signaling cost for multicast network mobility management namely Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). The signaling cost is derived from a novel combination of Multicast only Fast Reroute (MFR) and predictive Context Transfer (CT) with network mobility management. The signaling cost is designated base on the improved signaling call flow of the advanced method combination. It is calculated as the location updates and the packet delivery cost of the call flow. Findings: This combined procedure helps to mitigate unnecessary multicast network mobility traffic as usage increases. From the results it is clearly shows that the location update for the advanced signaling cost remain consistent regardless of the traffic usage. Where else for the standard method the signaling cost increases significantly, in parallel with the traffic increase. This is hardly because of the reduced location updates and the packet delivery cost of the novel combination procedure. Therefore through this implementation better signaling cost formula is brought forward. Application/Improvements: The advanced signaling cost helps to overcome performance degradation in multicast mobility management application such as live Internet video, Internet-video-to-TV, online video, webcam viewing, video conference and web-based video monitoring.

The Role of Location Popularity in Multicast Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In the asymptotic analysis of large scale mobile networks, most previous works assume that nodes move in all the cells identically. We put forward this line of research by considering location popularity, which is verified by recent experimental studies. Nodes tend to visit some popular locations and go to other locations less frequently. We first analyze its multicast capacity and delay under the traditional 2-hop store-carry and forward paradigm. With different location popularity distributions, network capacity and delay will vary according to the distribution exponent. As the popularity becomes more diverse, less concurrent transmissions are tolerated in the network, which brings down the performance. Observing that transmission opportunity is not fully utilized in popular cells for 2-hop paradigm, we put forward a 3-hop scheme, which is called store-carry-accelerate-forward scheme. In this 3-hop scheme, each packet is first sent to an initial relay, who carries the packets into the popular cells and then broadcasts to multiple nodes to accelerate the delivery. By so doing, we showed that the 3-hop scheme outperforms the 2-hop scheme for all popularity distributions. Furthermore, we study the delay-capacity tradeoffs for multicast under both schemes and the buffer needed for stability requirement. Our results reveals the joint impact of multicast and location heterogeneity on the design of transmission schemes, and may shed new insights for future studies.

D3M: Multicast listener mobility support mechanisms over distributed mobility anchoring architectures

The explosion in mobile data traffic is a driver for future network operator technologies, given its large potential to affect both network performance and generated revenue. The concept of distributed mobility management (DMM) has emerged in order to overcome efficiency-wise limitations in centralized mobility approaches, proposing not only the distribution of anchoring functions but also dynamic mobility activation sensitive to the applications needs. Nevertheless, there is not an acceptable solution for IP multicast in DMM environments, as the first proposals based on MLD Proxy are prone to tunnel replication problem or service disruption.We propose the application of PIM-SM in mobility entities as an alternative solution for multicast support in DMM, and introduce an architecture enabling mobile multicast listeners support over distributed anchoring frameworks in a network-efficient way. The architecture aims at providing operators with flexible options to provide multicast mobility, supporting three modes: the first one introduces basic IP multicast support in DMM; the second improves subscription time through extensions to the mobility protocol, obliterating the dependence on MLD protocol; and the third enables fast listener mobility by avoiding potentially slow multicast tree convergence latency in larger infrastructures, by benefiting from mobility tunnels. The different modes were evaluated by mathematical analysis regarding disruption time and packet loss during handoff against several parameters, total and tunneling packet delivery cost, and regarding packet and signaling overhead.

IP multicast receiver mobility support using PMIPv6 in a global satellite network

A new generation of satellite systems that support regenerative on-board processors (OBPs) and multiple spot beam technology have opened new and efficient possibilities of implementing IP multicast communication over satellites. These new features have widened the scope of satellitebased applications and also enable satellite operators to efficiently utilize their allocated bandwidth resources. This makes it possible to provide cost effective satellite network services. IP multicast is a network layer protocol designed for group communication to save bandwidth resources and reduce processing overhead on the source side. The inherent broadcast nature of satellites, their global coverage (air, land, and sea), and direct access to a large number of subscribers imply satellites have unrivalled advantages in supporting IP multicast applications. IP mobility support in general and IP mobile multicast support in particular on mobile satellite terminals like the ones mounted on long haul flights, maritime vessels, continental trains, etc., still remain big challenges that have received very little attention from the research community. This paper proposes how Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)-based IP multicast mobility support defined for terrestrial networks can be adopted and used to support IP mobile multicast in future satellite networks, taking cognizance of the trend in the evolution of satellite communications.

Design, Implementation, and Performance Evaluation of Efficient PMIPv6 Based Mobile Multicast Sender Support Schemes

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is proposed as a promising network-based mobility management protocol, which does not need any participation of mobile nodes. PMIPv6 does not support the multicast well and most of the current research concentrates on the mobile multicast receiver. However, the mobile multicast sender is also very important and challenging, which has not been addressed well. Therefore, in this paper we propose two efficient PMIPv6 based mobile multicast sender support schemes which are PMIP bidirectional tunneling (PMIP-BT) and PMIP direct routing (PMIP-DR). In the PMIP-BT, the multicast traffic can be delivered through the PMIPv6 bidirectional tunnel, while, in the PMIP-DR, the multicast data can be transmitted via an optimized direct multicast routing. Both of them can support the multicast sender mobility transparently enabled in the PMIPv6 networks. We evaluate the performance of the proposed schemes by theoretical analysis, and the numerical results show that the proposed schemes have a better performance in terms of the signaling cost than the current schemes. Meanwhile, the proposed schemes are also implemented on the test bed, and the experimental results not only verify the validity and feasibility of our proposed schemes, but also conclude the different scenarios to which they are applicable.