Mobile IP Protocol Research Articles

RAPID-INTEGRATED NEMOV6 HANDOFF IN IEEE802.16E BWA NETWORKS

NEMO basic support protocol was created by IETF NEMO working group to extend basic end-host mobility support in, Mobile IP (MIP) protocol to provide network mobility support. However, the handover latency in this scheme is high, and not suitable for multimedia and real time applications. Many techniques have been proposed to solve this problem by parallelizing the dual layers handover and assigning the network layer handover part to the serving Mobile Router (PAR) or to the Home Agent (HA). These techniques either not fully parallelized or its advantages will be lost if the distance between the Mobile Router and its HA is so long. In this paper, we propose a new technique called Rapid-Integrated NEMO Handover (RINEMO) that keep its advantage whatever the distance between the MR and its HA and present a better parallelizing between the link layer and the network layer handover steps. Analytical results comparing the techniques are provided, showing that our technique have the lowest handover latency and lowest disruption time.

Semi-Direct Routing Approach for Mobile IP

The Mobile IP (MIP) protocol is used to maintain device connectivity while the device is moving between networks through a permanent IP address and temporary care-of-address (CoA). There are two techniques to implement MIP; these are direct and indirect. The indirect is commonly used in the current industry due to its stability while the mobile host (MH) frequently moves from network to another. However, the indirect technique suffers from the problems of delays and enlargement related to the packet size. The direct technique is more sensitive to frequent mobility, yet it required less transformation overhead with stable mobility. Accordingly, to overcome the disadvantages of both techniques, a semi-direct technique is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique is implemented by minimizing the home agent's interference (HA) with a push notification to the correspondent node (CN) that concerns any modification in the moving MH's CoA. The simulation of the proposed technique, the indirect and the direct routing techniques showed the advantages of the semi-direct routing technique over the conventional approaches. The results showed that the semi-direct approach outperformed the conventional approaches in terms of delay and overhead with frequently moved MH.

Multihoming Support in Mobile IP Networks: Progress, Challenges and Solutions

IP network mobility has already emerged as a key domain of wireless IP networking. The network research community has taken great interest and paid considerable attention to advance IP mobility applications. Accordingly, different advanced networking mechanisms have been considered to optimize IP network mobility. One of these mechanisms is network multi-homing which has been the focus of many IP mobility studies within the academic research and IETF communities. The combination of network mobility and multi-homing has turned into a conceivable approach to effectively deal with expanding system availability and improving the performance of mobile IP network. There are many studies proposed during the recent years to realize network multi-homing for the Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol, a leading IETF IP mobility protocol. This paper studies and reviews up-to-date research works in supporting multi-homing for NEMO-based mobile IP networks. The aim is to investigate the current state of multi-homing support for NEMO networks and outline recent research directions in this regard.

Multipath Mobile Internet Protocol for Mobility Networks

The internet data traffic is rapidly increases by twofold or even more in the near future. Most of the data traffic are generated from mobile devices. Due to this explosion of data traffic, existing network architecture is incapable in handling such a massive data traffic. The Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO-BSP) is an extended version of Mobile Internet Protocol (MIPv6) that is designed to support seamless communications between homogenous and heterogeneous network domains. But NEMO-BSP is suffer very high binding and tunnel cost. The Proxy Mobility Scheme Protocol (PMIPv6) was developed to overcome issues of binding and tunnel cost. There have been many attempts to reduce the binding and tunnel cost. In this research work a multipath mobile IP protocol is designed that divides data packets on multiple paths (data packers on multiple sub-flows) without tunnel formation in the mobile network environment. the Multiple Mobile Internet Protocol Scheme (MMIPS). The network is divided into domain zones called intra-domain and inter-domain zones. The proposed protocol is aimed to remove the tunnel burden and reduce the packet size which significantly reduce the binding and tunnel cost. An analytical result are show that the proposed scheme binding and packet cost is less than compared schemes.

Mobility Management Using the IP Protocol

Time critical applications, such as VoIP and video conferencing require Internet connectivity all of the time for better performance. Moreover, in case of vehicular networks, it is very common for mobile devices to move from one network to another. In such scenarios the sudden changes in the network connectivity may cause problems, which affects the data transmission rate. The movement of a mobile node from one network to another is also a challenge for the routers to maintain the routing information as well as to forward the data to the corresponding node. In all of the aforementioned scenarios, the switching between the networks with minimum latency improves the performance, i.e. in terms of mobility and availability of the network. The Mobile IP protocol serves the purpose of seamless handover of mobile devices from one network to another. A mobile node maintains its permanent IP address using the Mobile IP protocol while moving to a foreign network. When a mobile node establishes the connection with the foreign network the data packets transmitted from the home network are redirected to the foreign network. The Mobile IP protocol establishes a tunnel between the home network and the foreign network. The process of tunneling continues until the mobile node moves back to the home network or when the foreign network advertises the new IP address of the mobile node. With the increasing number of wireless devices the mobility is the key challenge. The devices with multiple interfaces such as mobile phone which uses 4G as well as WiFi, the urge for the availability of the Internet is also high. This paper provides a deep discussion about the Mobile IP protocol and its implementation. A network scenario is proposed with the configuration of the Mobile IP. According to the obtained results of the simulations, the Mobile IP protocol increases the availability of the network connection as well as it achieves the larger throughput when compared with the scenario without using the Mobile IP.

Implementation of fast handover for proxy mobile IPv6: Resolving out-of-order packets.

Mobile IP allows for location-independent routing of IP datagrams on the Internet. Mobile IP specifies how a mobile node (MN) registers with its home agent and how the home agent routes datagrams to the MN through the tunnel. Current Mobile IP protocols have difficulties meeting the stringent handover delay requirements of future wireless networks. Fast handover for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) is used to resolve handover latency and packet loss problems that occur in the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol. However, while implementing the FPMIPv6 scheme in a testbed, we encounter the out-of-order packet (OoOP) problem. The cause of this problem is the existence of two paths for data transmitted from a correspondent node (CN) to an MN. Since the problem affects the quality of service (QoS) of the network and the performance of the MN, we propose a new scheme using the last packet marker and packet buffering to solve this problem in FPMIPv6. The new Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) can control and deliver the data transmitted via the old path or the new path to an MN in order, using the last packet marker to notify the end of the data delivery in the old path and the packet buffering for holding the data delivered in the new path. We implement both the proposed scheme and FPMIPv6 in a testbed as a real network environment to demonstrate the correctness, cost effectiveness, and performance of the proposed scheme. A performance evaluation reveals that the proposed scheme can handle the OoOP problem efficiently.

Distributed mobility management solutions for next mobile network architectures

The architecture of current operator infrastructures is being challenged by the non-stopping growing demand of data hungry services appearing every day. While currently deployed operator networks have been able to cope with traffic demands so far, the architectures for the 5th generation of mobile networks (5G) are expected to support unprecedented traffic loads while decreasing costs associated to the network deployment and operations. Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) helps going into this direction, by flattening the network, hence improving its scalability, and enabling local access to the Internet and other communication services, like mobile-edge clouds. Initial proposals have been based on extending existing IP mobility protocols, such as Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6, but these need to further evolve to comply with the requirements of future networks, which include, among others, higher flexibility. Software Defined Networking (SDN) appears as a powerful tool for operators looking forward to increased flexibility and reduced costs. In this article, we first propose a Proxy Mobile IPv6 based DMM solution which serves as a baseline for exploring the evolution of DMM towards SDN, including the identification of DMM design principles and challenges. Based on this investigation, we propose a SDN-based DMM solution which is evaluated against our baseline from analytic and experimental viewpoints.

Improving Mobile IP Performance Through Priority Scheduling

The increasing number of portable computers, combined with the growth of wireless services, makes supporting Internet mobility important. Since a mobile node always changes its point of attachment to the Internet, it may cross a cell boundary during data transmission process. Packets sequence disruption during handover procedure may result in decreasing network performance especially in higher layers protocols. In this paper we investigate the behavior of Mobile IP protocol in presence of route optimization procedure. We discuss the impact of handover process on packets routed from old Foreign Agent to new Foreign Agent after handover and show that using priority scheduling for packets received from the Home Agent and queued at the old Foreign Agent's buffer after handover can reduce the number of disordered packets received at the new Foreign Agent after handover.

Future Trends in Mobile-Fixed Integration for Next Generation Networks

In recent years, the growth the in the number of heterogeneous interconnected systems, as well as the emergence of new requirements in applications and services are progressively changing the original simplicity and transparency of the Internet architecture. When this architecture was designed, the main goal was to interconnect stationary host. Therefore, the appearance of mobile communications has made necessary to adapt traditional protocols in order to accommodate mobile users. This implies a new interaction between the mobile network and the fixed access network. This paper describes the main IP mobility protocols both centralized and distributed paradigms, and emergent approaches based on software defined networking. Moreover, a novel classification is presented, which relates the integration of the mobility protocol with the access network. Analytical models evaluate the registration updates cost and the packet loss rate of the classified protocols.

APPLICATION AND SIMULATION OF ROUTE OPTIMIZATION IN MOBILE IP

Mobile Internet Protocol has been proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support portable IP addresses for mobile devices that often change their network access points to the Internet. In the basic mobile IP protocol, datagrams sent from wired or wireless hosts and destined for the mobile host that is away from home, have to be routed through the home agent. Nevertheless, datagrams sent from mobile hosts to wired hosts can be routed directly. This asymmetric routing, called “triangle routing,” is often far from optimal and “route optimization” has been proposed to address this problem. In this paper, we present the deep description and implementation of “route optimization”, Authentication extension to mobile IP in the ns-2 simulator. We illustrate simulations of the mobile IP with route optimization with simulation scenarios, parameters, and simulations results.

Fast handover solution for network-based distributed mobility management in intelligent transportation systems

The current IP mobility protocols are called centralized mobility management (CMM) solutions, in which all data traffic and management signaling messages must be forwarded to an anchor entity. In some vehicle scenarios, vehicles may move as a group from one roadside unit to another (i.e., after traffic lights or traffic jams). This causes data traffic and exchanged mobility messages to peak at the anchor entity and, consequently, affects the network performance. A new design paradigm aimed at addressing the anchor entity issue is called distributed mobility management (DMM); it is an IETF proposal that is still being actively discussed by the IETF DMM working group. Nevertheless, network-based DMM is designed based on the well-known network-based CMM protocol Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). There is no significant difference between network-based DMM and PMIPv6 in terms of handover latency and packet loss. Because vehicles change their roadside unit frequently in this context, the IP addresses of mobile users (MUs) require fast IP handover management to configure a new IP address without disrupting ongoing sessions. Thus, this paper proposes the Fast handover for network-based DMM (FDMM) based on the Fast Handover for PMIPv6 (PFMIPv6). Several modifications to PFMIPv6 are required to adapt this protocol to DMM. This paper specifies the necessary extensions to support the scenario in which an MU has old IP flows and hence has multiple anchor entities. In addition, the analytic expressions required to evaluate and compare the handover performance of the proposed FDMM and the IETF network-based DMM have been derived. The numerical results show that FDMM outperforms the IETF network-based DMM in terms of handover latency, session recovery and packet loss at the cost of some extra signaling.

LTE offloading through WiFi networks

The subject of the article is Wi-Fi offloading of LTE networks as one of the methods for solving a problem of the lack of availability of network resources in the future. Comparison of mobile networks offloading technologies, such as femtocells, Small Cells and Wi-Fi, is given. Architecture of cooperative LTE+Wi-Fi network including both new network components and new functions for standard LTE network components is presented as well as interaction between components. Special attention is paid to the usage of mobile IP protocols providing connection to the LTE Core both by trusted and untrusted Wi-Fi access. Evaluation of implementation effectiveness and prospective of the technology is given. The relation between amounts of users reconnected to Wi-Fi, data rate of LTE network and amount of access points are submitted as a part of the simulation of user’s equipment transition process from LTE to Wi-Fi network. A conclusion based on the research is made that stepwise phase-in of this technology enables to solve the problem of mobile network resources shortage in metropolises due to permanent traffic growth. It is presented that access points addition and transference of the customers to Wi-Fi network significantly reduce the overload on the base station herewith it increases some data rate with preservation of quality of provided services.

Software-Defined Mobility Support in IP Networks

AlargenumberofsolutionshavebeenproposedtosupportmobilityinIPnetworksincludingoriginal Mobile IP, its derivatives and several newly proposed protocols. However, these solutions often show drawbacksintermsoftrianglerouting,handoffinefficiency,heavysignalingoverhead,etc.whenhandling diversified mobility scenarios. In this paper, we argue that these problems can be addressed by an adaptive mobility solution based on software-defined networks (SDN). We discuss why SDN helps to solve the problems in current IP mobility protocols and give our design and algorithm to demonstratehowtheyaresolved.WeshowperformancebenefitsoftheSDN-basedproposalcomparingwith existing solutions by making evaluations based on real network topologies. We also implement our proposal using Mininet and experiment on it to prove that it is not only theoretically but also practically feasible to realize software defined mobility support in IP networks.

Proxy Mobile IPv6 Handover Management in Vehicular Networks: State of the Art, Taxonomy and Directions for Future Research

In vehicular communication networks, to facilitate the variety of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications, handover management is considered as the one of the most challenging research issues. The most compatible and interoperable handover management solutions are designed based on IP mobility protocols. However, due to the unique characteristics of vehicles such as high velocity, IP mobility management protocols are still unacceptable for ITS real-time applications that are sensitive to network latencies. Thus, whenever the vehicle roams between two domains, which is most likely to occur in vehicular networks, its reachability status will be broken-down causing high handover latency and inevitable traffic loss. Recently, proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) has been proposed to support the mobility management without any intervention of the mobile user in the mobility-related signaling. As PMIPv6 will be deployed in the wireless technologies for next generation networks (i.e., LTE/LTE-advanced, WiFi and WiMAX), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are expected to employ PMIPv6 protocol in vehicle to infrastructure connection as well. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive review of the state of the art of PMIPv6 handover management in VANET. We present a new taxonomy and classify the existing schemes according to different considerations. Finally, we outline several open issues and handoff management design considerations as a direction for future research.

Design and analysis of an adaptive handover protocol for 4G networks

The future generation networks or 4G networks constitute of varied technologies converged over the Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) core. The 4G networks offer varied services over different interfaces to the user nodes. Mobility management in 4G networks is an issue that exists. The handover protocols for mobility management in 4G networks that currently exist, do not consider wireless signal degradation during handover operations. This paper introduces the Noise Resilient Reduced Registration Time Care of Mobile IP (NR_RRTC: MIP) protocol for handover management. A handover decision algorithm based on the signal strength measured by the user nodes is considered in the NR_RRTC: MIP protocol. A simulation study is discussed in the paper to evaluate the performance of the NR RRTC: MIP protocol. The results obtained from the simulation study prove that the NR RRTC: MIP protocol effectively reduces handover latencies and improves network performance.

Mobility for heterogeneous SmallNets

In this paper we consider mobility in a network of converged small-cell gateways, each capable of aggregating cellular and unlicensed bandwidth by combining a WiFi Access Point and a cellular base station within a single-box. A network of such gateways must provide mobility services in a decentralized fashion and we demonstrate how this may be accomplished by taking advantage of Proxy Mobile IPv6 the network-based version of the Mobile IP protocol. We also describe how throughput may be increased and Internet Protocol Flows may be maintained when either the cellular or WiFi connections degrade, improving the user experience. Furthermore, we show how the networks of gateways can be used to offload the mobile core network, using the concepts of Selected Internet Protocol Traffic Offload and Distributed Mobility Management.

Comprehensive performance evaluation of distributed and dynamic mobility routing strategy

In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive performance study of distributed and dynamic mobility management (DDMM). DDMM presents a new architectural paradigm for a sustainable mobile networking against an ever-increasing amount of Internet data traffic, providing IP mobility management with distributed deployment of mobility anchors and dynamic activation when mobility is needed. Such a distributed mobility management concept is generally and intuitively accepted in terms of effective distribution of mobile traffic when compared with centralized mobility management (CMM) approaches. Nevertheless, the routing strategy of DDMM has not yet been properly examined through performance studies, and especially the impact of potential mobility routing strategies on the user plane is an open question. We perform a mathematical analysis of DDMM and present numerical results aiming to identify in which conditions, by which factors, and how much, DDMM improves mobility performance. For comparison, Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), and PMIPv6 localized routing (PMIPv6-LR) were considered as representative IP mobility protocols following CMM approaches. Analytical results demonstrate that DDMM generally achieves higher performance when compared with CMM-based protocols in terms of packet delivery cost, tunneling overhead, and throughput, but specific performance varies in function of multiple input parameters.

Performance study of the dual‐stack mobile IP protocols in the evolving mobile internet

The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is an inexorable trend in the development of Internet. However, since IPv4 has been widely deployed for many years, it is mandatory that the existing IPv4 and the newly deployed IPv6 coexist and interoperate seamlessly. With the study of various mechanisms proposed for the interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6, some mobility management protocols are also extended to work in the mixed mobile Internet. In this study, the authors carry out an in-depth analysis of three types of standardised mobility management protocols with dual-stack support. Owing to the difference of underlying basic protocols, their individual dual-stack extensions have different features and thus are suited for deployment in different scenarios and stages in the evolution of the mobile Internet.

Handover management in next generation networks: a cross layer solution

The next generation networks are envisioned to integrate varied access technologies offering varied services to the user nodes. To provide for seamless connectivity handover management in such heterogeneous network is a problem that exists. The link layer-based handover management protocols that currently exist neglect the varying network layer conditions effecting handover operations. To address this issue, in this paper a cross layer Noise Resilient Reduced Registration Time Care-of Mobile IP (NR_RRTC: MIP) protocol for handover management is discussed. The NR_RRTC: MIP incorporates a network layer-based handover decision making algorithm and a link layer-based handover execution algorithm. The experimental study presented in this paper proves that the cross layer approach reduces handover latencies and improves network performance.

Research on Handoff Delay and Mobility Management Cost of Mobility Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

An appropriate network model and some suitable performance evaluation criterions including handoff delay and mobility management cost were proposed in this paper. And in this base the performance of Mobile IP protocol and various micromobility protocols was comprehensively compared and investigated. The research results show that the performance is mainly influenced by two factors which are route update methods of mobility support protocols and mobile network parameters. The route update time and mobility management cost of micromobility protocol are obviously shorter than that of Mobile IP. In all researched micromobility protocols, the route update method of Mobile IP Regional Registration protocol has the optimal performance.