Mobile Industry Research Articles

Study on the Electron Beam Repair Welding of 5000 Aluminum Alloys

Electron beam welding (EBW) has been attracted due to its high energy density, high depth-to-width ratio, low thermal strain, compared with arc and laser welding. In addition, it ensures high quality weld joint in structural metals in a wide range of thickness from 0.025 mm to 300 mm. Therefore, EBW is widely used in industries such as automotive, aviation, nuclear power plant, etc. Although a lot of studies on EBW for several decades have been presented, EB based repair welding with supplement of filler metal has less reported. In this work, EB repair welding for 5083 aluminum alloys was investigated because the aluminum alloys are becoming more important as a lightweight material in mobility industries. Material characterization and mechanical properties of the repair-welded specimens were evaluated, compared with characteristics of base metal and bead welding without repair. The optimized experimental conditions showed tensile strength of 294 MPa, which is a similar to base metal. Our study indicates that EB repair welding can be considered for the candidate of repair welding of aluminum alloys.

Evaluating a Reference Model for SAV in Urban Areas

Previous work presented a reference model for shared autonomous vehicles in urban areas supported by a systematic literature review and topic modeling. The proposed reference model was then evaluated with two real-world demonstrations: the service provided by Waymo in Phoenix and another offered by Baidu in Beijing. In this paper, we present another evaluation based on a survey conducted with a group of potential stakeholders belonging to the mobility industry who were asked about their agreement with each of the concepts in the reference model. The resulting artifact is stronger and more reliable because it reflects the feedback of mobility experts.

Survival 1.0: A Novel Autonomous Industrial Mobile Warehouse (AIMW) for Industrial Environments

This article presents the design, implementation and start-up of the first AIMW (Autonomous Industrial Mobile Warehouse) in the industry, in particular, in the factory located at Ford España S.L. in Almussafes (Valencia). This first version has been given the name of “Survival”, due to its ability to survive the industrial environment commonly known as “the jungle”. The motivation for the design of the first AIMW was due to the management of spare warehouses for maintenance tasks. In all factories there is a central warehouse where replacement materials with a higher probability of use are placed near the warehouse exit, thus reducing the time to obtain the replacement. However, in large factories, such as automobile manufacturing, the distance between the central warehouse and the place where the breakdown occurs may cause very long delays. For this reason, there are smaller warehouses distributed throughout the plant that replicate the part of the central warehouse where the most used materials are kept. The objective of our research is to make that part of the central warehouse mobile with the AIMW design, thus eliminating the fixed warehouses. In the factory at Ford España S.L. in Almussafes there are 170 of these warehouses distributed in a homogeneous way. In this first proposal of an AIMW, and with the primary objective of reducing costs, Survival 1.0 has been designed based on a commercial AMR. For its choice, commercial AMRs were tested in real situations within the Ford factory (Almussafes). As a result, none of them were able to pass all the tests. In addition, the current regulations for AMRs, the ANSI/ITSDF B56.5:2019 and the EN 1525:1997 standard, only define minimum test standards to describe how manufacturers and users must carry out the safety measurements of AGVs and AMRs. However, from an industry point of view, these regulations are not adequate. Therefore, there are extensions of these regulations generated by the companies themselves that imply additional developments of commercial AMRs. This paper shows the developments made to be able to integrate the first AIMW into the production line, but it also shows the gap between research and standardization of AMRs with respect to the demands and needs of the industry. There are currently three Survival 1.0 AIMWs in operation in the factory at Ford España S.L. in Almussafes.

Empirical Mode Decomposition Based Amplify and Forward Technique for Cooperative Cognitive Radio System

The rapid growth in the mobile industry due to increase in number of users accessing diverse services causes a high demand for radio spectrum. Nonetheless, the radio spectrum allocated for different wireless communication services is restricted. Cooperative Cognitive Radio (CCR) technique with Amplify and Forward (AF) relaying protocol used to address the problem suffers from noise amplification resulting in poor reception at the destination. Hence, in this paper, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) based AF technique for CCR system was carried out to improve the performance of the existing CCR with AF relaying protocol. The transmitted signal from Primary User (PU) was received at the Secondary User (SU) where SU superimposed its own signal using Exclusive OR (XOR) rule. The combined signal from XOR was made to pass through EMD and amplified using AF by multiplying with the relay gain. The amplified signal was radiated to PU and SU receivers during the second hop transmission. The multiple copies of the receive signal at the SU receiver at different number of path (L = 2, 4) were combined at destination using Maximal Ratio Combiner (MRC). Mathematical expression for Bit Error Rate (BER) and Throughput (TP) were derived using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Nakagami-m fading distribution. Extensive simulations using MATLAB R2021a were employed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed technique and evaluated using BER and TP by comparing with the existing AF CCR. The EMD based AF technique proposed gave better performance with 75.2% reduction in BER and 21.86% increase in TP over the existing AF technique for CCR. The proposed technique can be deployed to improve the performance of cooperative cognitive radio system.

The Long-Run Impacts of Public Industrial Investment on Local Development and Economic Mobility: Evidence from World War II

Abstract This paper studies the long-run effects of government-led construction of manufacturing plants on the regions where they were built and on individuals from those regions. Specifically, we examine publicly financed plants built in dispersed locations outside of major urban centers for security reasons during the United States’ industrial mobilization for World War II. Wartime plant construction had large and persistent impacts on local development, characterized by an expansion of relatively high-wage manufacturing employment throughout the postwar era. These benefits were shared by incumbent residents; we find men born before WWII in counties where plants were built earned ${\$}$1,200 (in 2020 dollars) or 2.5 percent more per year in adulthood relative to those born in counterfactual comparison regions, with larger benefits accruing to children of lower-income parents. The balance of evidence suggests that these individuals benefited primarily from the local expansion of higher-wage jobs to which they had access as adults, rather than because of developmental effects from exposure to better environments during childhood.

Digital Marketing Strategies – A study on Samsung Mobile Phones

This study investigates the impact of digital marketing strategies on brand awareness and consumer engagement with a specific focus on Samsung mobile phones. As the mobile industry becomes increasingly competitive, brands must leverage digital platforms such as social media, search engines, and influencer marketing to stay relevant and connected with their audience. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of these channels in influencing consumer perceptions, fostering engagement, and driving brand loyalty. Through a combination of surveys and data analysis, the study explores consumer interactions with Samsung's digital marketing strategies, such as social media advertising, video marketing, and email campaigns. It evaluates how these strategies shape brand awareness and consumer behaviur, providing insights for improving Samsung’s digital marketing approach. Findings from this study will offer practical recommendations to enhance Samsung's digital presence, increase consumer engagement, and maintain competitive advantage in the mobile phone market.

AI/ML-based services and applications for 6G-connected and autonomous vehicles

AI and ML emerge as pivotal in overcoming the limitations of traditional network optimization techniques and conventional control loop designs, particularly in addressing the challenges of high mobility and dynamic vehicular communications inherent in the domain of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). The survey explores the contributions of novel AI/ML techniques in the field of CAVs, also in the context of innovative deployment of multilevel cloud systems and edge computing as strategic solutions to meet the requirements of high traffic density and mobility in CAV networks. These technologies are instrumental in curbing latency and alleviating network congestion by facilitating proximal computing resources to CAVs, thereby enhancing operational efficiency also when AI-based applications require computationally-heavy tasks. A significant focus of this survey is the anticipated impact of 6G technology, which promises to revolutionize the mobility industry. 6G is envisaged to foster intelligent, cooperative, and sustainable mobility environments, heralding a new era in vehicular communication and network management. This survey comprehensively reviews the latest advancements and potential applications of AI/ML for CAVs, including sensory perception enhancement, real-time traffic management, and personalised navigation.

자계 이방성 축 방향에 따른 안테나 공진 주파수 특성

The main theme of the 2024 Mobile World Congress (MWC), held annually in Barcelona, Spain, is ‘5G and Beyond.’ Extensive research and activity focus on 6G (IMT-2030) technology, which is expected to become the core infrastructure of the mobile industry by 2030, representing the future of wireless communications. This necessitates the support of more wireless frequency bands for terminals to be compatible with the upcoming Beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G technologies. The antenna mounting space for B5G wireless communication, with various form factors for hardware, such as smartphones, smartwatches, and smart rings, is limited, as these devices become increasingly slimmer and lighter. Several methods have been studied to reduce antenna size while maintaining performance in a limited space. Representative examples include integrated-structure, metamaterial, and magnetodielectric antennas. In this study, it is analyzed for the effect of the resonance frequency characteristics of antennas based on the arrangement direction of the anisotropic material in the limited antenna mounting space of communication terminals. Aiming to reduce antenna size in the B5G era, it is proposed for the necessity of optimal design that focuses on the axial direction of the magneto-dielectric materials when designing antennas using anisotropic materials for antenna miniaturization.

A Study on Enhancing Axial Flux Motor Efficiency Using Cladding Core Technology

With the rise of eco-friendly policies, advanced motor technologies are being developed to replace fossil fuel-based engines in the mobility industry. Axial flux motors, known for their ability to reduce size and increase output torque compared to radial flux motors, require different materials and manufacturing techniques. Specifically, the production of complex stator cores and segmented magnets presents significant challenges, often leading to higher costs. To address this issue, soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials, which offer greater design flexibility, are being explored for use in stator cores. However, soft magnetic composite materials exhibit lower permeability and saturation flux density compared to laminated silicon steel, resulting in reduced output torque and efficiency. This paper investigates the effects of stator geometry on axial flux motor performance and explores cladding core technology, which combines soft magnetic composite materials with silicon steel. By conducting finite element method (FEM) analysis to evaluate the output torque and efficiency based on the shape of the silicon steel within the cladding core, this study proposes an optimized cladding core design to enhance the efficiency and output torque of axial flux motors.

The MAMCABM framework for the evaluation of mobility decision‐making problems: theory and practice

AbstractIn the constantly evolving transportation and mobility industry, objective and reliable decision‐support systems (DSS) are crucial for addressing complex issues such as transit planning, mode selection, and policy formulation. This paper presents multiactor multicriteria analysis plus agent‐based modeling (MAMCABM), a novel framework that combines multiactor multicriteria analysis (MAMCA) and agent‐based modeling (ABM) to provide a comprehensive DSS. MAMCA excels in facilitating stakeholder‐centric evaluations, while ABM, enhanced by data analytics, adeptly models intricate, interactive systems. The combination of MAMCA and ABM enhances adaptability and precision in decision making. This integration utilizes data analytics and optimization algorithms to provide solutions that consider multifaceted criteria and diverse stakeholder perspectives in dynamic and uncertain contexts. The study outlines the mathematical underpinnings of MAMCABM and offers a practical guide for its implementation. The framework's efficacy is demonstrated through an empirical investigation that addresses mobility challenges in the Brussels Capital Region of Belgium. Compared to the previous study, this approach leverages simulated quantitative data alongside qualitative judgments from stakeholders. The integration of a consensus‐reaching algorithm further enhances the robustness of outcomes and effectively addresses uncertainties.

Digitalization of industries and labor mobility in China

The paper utilizes data from the China Family Panel Studies (2014–2018) and China's Input-Output Table to investigate how digital development affects labor mobility decisions at industry level. Our findings demonstrate that the increased levels of digitalization, both in manufacturing and services dimensions, significantly boost the likelihood of labor mobility across industries. This relationship remains valid even after considering endogeneity issues. Mechanism analysis shows that digitalization affects the cross-industry mobility decision of workers by affecting the quality of skill matching, income level, and occupational prestige. The heterogeneous results show that the impact of digital development on industry mobility decisions in the overall and manufacturing dimensions exists in the labor force in economically underdeveloped regions, the labor force engaged in consumer services, and entrepreneurs. The development of digitalization in the services dimension mainly has a strong industry crowding-out effect on the workers from economically developed regions, the workers engaged in non-productive service industries, and the workers with employment security.

Column generation for the collaborative multi-stop truckload shipping problem in daily regional distribution

Multi-stop truckload shipping offers less-than-truckload shippers a promising way to reduce their freight costs by consolidating freights en route, which is similar to ridesharing in the mobility industry. One significant challenge in practical implementation is designing attractive multi-stop routes that to shippers while conforming to carriers' requirements. It is crucial to develop an efficient optimisation algorithm to automate bundling decisions. However, this routeing problem is complicated by a nonlinear inseparable cost structure and new routeing decisions in the first pickup and last delivery points. We introduce a new variant of pickup and delivery model and propose a column generation algorithm to efficiently solve real-world multi-stop routeing problems. The algorithm utilises a new specialised labelling procedure that exclusively generates labels for pickup sequences and establishes new dominance rules. Theoretical results on the label dominance, algorithm complexity, and optimality gap are also established. We conduct a real-world case study, comparing our methodology against the enumeration method and a heuristic method documented in the literature. The computational results demonstrate the high efficiency of our method and reveal important insights for practitioners.

Automated manufacture and experimentation of composite overwrapped pressure vessel with embedded optical sensor

In recent years, the mobility (air/land) industry has been developing fuel-cell vehicles for mass adoption as hydrogen technology matures. Compared to conventional metallic design, the composite overwrapped pressure vessel without a metal or polymer liner results in a lightweight solution for gaseous hydrogen storage which further improves fuel efficiencies. Since the capabilities of automated fiber placement for making multi-stiffened structures are distinct from other automated manufacturing techniques, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implementing AFP into the manufacture of a small scale COPV with a partially composite liner. The manufacturing related challenges are identified and discussed. During the manufacturing process, Distributed fiber optic sensor was embedded between the plies, as a structural health monitoring solution, to monitor the mechanical performance of the pressurized tank. In addition, finite element study was done to predict the internal strains for different pressure levels and the measured experimental strains at the sensor's location are found to be in close agreement with the finite element results. It is shown that such sensors can be integrated into automated fiber placement manufactured tanks for internal strain monitoring.

Sound absorption uncertainty in small reverberation chambers

Manufacturers in the mobility industry typically measure and specify the sound absorption coefficient of materials using a small reverberation chamber according to SAE J2883. These chambers have a 6 to 25 cubic meter volume, use a 1.0 meter x 1.2 meter sample size and report sound absorption in the one-third octave bands from about 400 Hz to 10,000 Hz. This is in contrast to a full-size chamber built to satisfy the requirements of ASTM C423 or ISO 354, which have about a 200 cubic meter volume, use a 2.4 x 2.7 or 3.2 x 3.2 square meter sample size and report sound absorption in one-third octave bands from 100 to 5,000 Hz. Although the room and sample size dimensions scale, many of the factors that contribute to uncertainty in the measurement do not scale. These include relative humidity, temperature, and other physical measurements and if the same instrumentation is used, microphone calibration and measurement uncertainty in the higher frequency range. This paper examines the potential measurement uncertainty in these chambers over the 400 to 10,000 Hz frequency range and compares this to past uncertainty analyses of full-size chambers over a similar frequency range.

The Role of Government in Transforming the Existing Transportation Paradigm: Based on the Historical Review of Chinese Sharing Transportation

As a representative of the sharing economy model, the shared mobility industry provides people with additional mobility options to make their lives more convenient and offers possible options for future urban transportation paradigms. However, transportation problems in cities are still serious, and the role of the government in developing shared mobility and changing the future urban transportation paradigm remains unclear. This paper mainly adopts the literature method, takes the shared mobility industry as the research object, puts forward the hypothesis of the future transportation paradigm, and explores how the government should promote the formation of this paradigm. This paper bridges the gap in research related to the shared mobility industry and, at the same time, provides a reference for the government to promote the development of shared mobility, facilitate the formation of a new paradigm, and alleviate urban transportation problems.

The Dallas Story: The North American Aviation Plant and Industrial Mobilization during World War II by Terrance Furgerson (review)

The Dallas Story: The North American Aviation Plant and Industrial Mobilization during World War II by Terrance Furgerson (review)

해양 모빌리티 서비스 다양화를 위한 상업용 스마트 잠수정 디자인 연구

Coastal areas worldwide, including South Korea, are actively promoting the marine leisure industry as an economic growth driver. With the emergence of experiential consumption trends today, there is a growing demand for underwater leisure activities, highlighting the need for various underwater transportation devices to meet market demands. Based on the government's policy to develop the marine mobility industry, this study aims to conduct a case analysis of tourist and commercial submersibles and propose new designs accordingly. The proposed design is an 11-seater tourist submersible equipped with high-efficiency electric batteries and AI-based autonomous systems to enhance efficiency and safety, thereby maximizing the scalability of marine mobility services while protecting sustainable tourism and economic productivity. The next-gen submersible opens up new dimensions for underwater tourism, providing immersive experiences to travelers. Furthermore, it presents environmental management, such as ecotourism in coastal areas and marine protected areas, fostering future possibilities for expanding the marine leisure industry, promoting environmental conservation, and stimulating economic growth.

Analysis and Prediction of Mobile Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Communications Based on FL-GLP-Net

Analysis and Prediction of Mobile Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Communications Based on FL-GLP-Net

Real-time explicit co-simulation of wire-rope systems for industrial mobile harbor cranes

This paper presents an investigation into the real-time explicit co-simulation of mobile harbor cranes under hoisting operation. The system is divided into two subsystems, with Subsystem 1 representing the payload and Subsystem 2 encompassing the wire-rope system. To capture the real-time behavior of the wire ropes accurately, the ALEM (Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Modal) method is employed in this study. Using this formulation, the intricate behavior of the wire ropes, encompassing elasticity, bending effects, and dynamic influences, is rigorously considered. The dynamic equations governing the payload are solved using the Runge–Kutta4 method, while the Generalized Alpha method is utilized to solve the wire-rope system. Both the Gauss–Seidel and Jacobi methods are investigated as two coupling techniques to connect the subsystems. Additionally, the study delves into the impact of the extrapolation method and macro time step on results accuracy and efficiency. The findings demonstrate that co-simulation employing the Gauss–Seidel method and FOH (First-Order Hold) extrapolation yields optimum and accurate simulations. Moreover, the study successfully achieves real-time simulation by optimizing the wire-rope system simulation, accounting for all degrees of freedom inherent in a 3D system. Remarkably, the maximum error observed in the axial force amounts to a mere 0.6% when employing real-time simulation. These findings can hold practical value for employing the current wire-rope subsystem in the interface modeling of real-world industrial cranes.

Trade Specialization Dynamics in a Small Open Resource-Based Developing Economy: Empirical Evidence from Botswana

ABSTRACT We analyze trade specialization dynamics in Botswana, applying the Galtonian regression and Markov matrix on the Lafay index for the period of 1998 to 2019. Galtonian regressions reveal de-specialization – Botswana gained a comparative advantage in industries for which it was initially not specialized and became less competitive in industries for which it was initially specialized. The industry hierarchy was altered only slightly due to persistence in trade specialization patterns. The Markov matrix reveals stronger upward industry mobility than downward industry mobility. De-specialization suggests slow-paced economic diversification, induced by import substitution in de-specialized industries, rather than by an expanding export base.