Mobile Communication Technology Research Articles

Scaling-up 5G adoption in smart ports: barriers and enablers

ABSTRACT As the fifth generation of mobile communication technology, 5G is predicted to be a significant focus for investment by the logistics industry in the coming years. One area where it is expected to have a significant impact is ports, enabling further digitization and the development of Smart Ports. The aim of this paper is to investigate the barriers and enablers to 5G adoption, focusing on the UK port industry. Data has been collected from nine senior representatives from the UK port sector as well as two technology providers. Potential use cases are identified, along with barriers and enablers to their adoption. These including building a business case with appropriate use cases, the trade-off between legacy systems and 5G capability, technology maturity, skill development within the workforce, and the role of government in supporting innovation. This work contributes by giving insights into the challenges when introducing 5G within the port environment. Research of 5G applications in logistics currently focuses more on the technological applications rather than the business implications from adoption.

IRS-Assisted UAV Wireless Powered Communication Network for Sustainable Federated Learning

Intelligent reflective surface (IRS) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication are indispensable potential technologies in the future sixth-generation mobile communication technology (6G). Utilizing the high beamforming gain of IRS and the high mobility of UAV can achieve ubiquitous network coverage and ensure a high-quality communication environment. Wireless Powered Communication Network (WPCN) is an emerging green communication technology network that converts received radio frequency (RF) signals into electrical energy to power Federated Learning (FL) users. FL users perform local computing and model transmission through the collected energy, ensuring the sustainability of FL. In order to solve the problems of complex communication environment, privacy protection, and energy constraints on terminal devices, we design an FL system based on an IRS-assisted UAV wireless power communication network, which minimizes the UAV transmission energy by jointly optimizing UAV location, IRS phase shift, and resource allocation strategies. We use a low-complexity iterative algorithm to solve this complex non-convex problem. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is obviously better than that of other benchmark schemes, indicating that joint optimization plays an essential role in improving the performance of the system.

Mobile Learning and Resource Sharing Mode of College English Translation Based on 5G Mobile Communication Technology

The application of 5G and other mobile communication technologies to education and teaching, and the construction of College English Translation mobile learning and resource sharing model and related models have important scientific value and significance for the effective organization and management of learning resources and the improvement of the speed and efficiency of college english translation resource retrieval. This research mainly combines the characteristics of complementarity and expansion of mobile learning technology for traditional online learning technology. Based on Moodle online teaching platform, this research develops a mobile learning and resource sharing mode for college english translation based on 5G mobile communication technology, designs and implements a mobile learning model based on Moodle platform, and designs the system architecture, functional modules, learning mode and learning process, Finally, the main functional modules of the system model are implemented and tested. To promote mobile learning in the teaching field to play a helping role in a wide range. The experimental results show that the AKAZE algorithm is used to optimize the model, and the overall accuracy rate reaches 74.7%, and the test probability value P (siq)=0.00, which is significantly less than the significant level of 0.05. Therefore, we believe that the application of mobile learning instructional design mode will help students improve their academic performance.

Multi-frequency smartphone positioning performance evaluation: insights into A-GNSS PPP-B2b services and beyond

In August 2023, Xiaomi unveiled the Redmi K60 Ultra, the first multi-frequency smartphone integrated with BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System Precise Point Positioning (PPP-B2b) services and employing PPP technology as the primary positioning method. The positioning enhancement service is provided by the Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) location platform developed by the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology. The signaling interaction between the server and the users strictly adheres to the Third Generation of Mobile Communications Technology Partnership Project Long-Term Evolution Positioning Protocol and the Open Mobile Alliance Secure User Plane Location framework. To comprehensively evaluate the Redmi K60 Ultra’s capabilities, this study designed six distinct experimental scenarios and conducted comprehensive research on multi-frequency and multi-GNSS observation noise, Time to First Fix (TTFF), as well as the performance of both GNSS-based and network-based positioning. Experimental results indicate that the GNSS chipset within the Redmi K60 Ultra has achieved a leading position in the consumer market concerning supported satellite constellations, frequencies, and observation accuracy, and is comparable to some low-cost GNSS receivers. A-GNSS positioning can reduce the TTFF from 30 to under 5 s, representing an improvement of over 85% in the cold start speed compared to a standalone GNSS mode. The positioning results show that the A-GNSS PPP-B2b service can achieve positioning performance with RMS errors of less than 1.5 m, 2.5 m, and 4 m in open-sky, realistic, and challenging urban environments. Compared to GNSS-based positioning, cellular network-based Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) positioning achieves an accuracy ranging from tens to hundreds of meters in various experimental scenarios and currently functions primarily as coarse location determination. Additionally, this study explores the potential of the Three-Dimensional Mapping-Aided (3DMA) GNSS algorithm in detecting Non-Line-of-Sight signals and enhancing positioning performance. The results indicate that 3DMA PPP, as compared to conventional PPP, can significantly accelerate PPP convergence and improve positioning accuracy by over 30%. Consequently, 3D city models can be utilized as future assistance data for the A-GNSS location platform.

Secure workflow scheduling algorithm utilizing hybrid optimization in mobile edge computing environments

The rapid advancement of mobile communication technology and devices has greatly improved our way of life. It also presents a new possibility that data sources can be used to accomplish computing tasks at nearby locations. Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is a computing model that provides computer resources specifically designed to handle mobile tasks. Nevertheless, there are certain obstacles that must be carefully tackled, specifically regarding the security and quality of services in the workflow scheduling over MEC. This research proposes a new method called Feedback Artificial Remora Optimization (FARO)-based workflow scheduling method to address the issues of scheduling processes with improved security in MEC. In this context, the fitness functions that are taken into account include multi-objective, such as CPU utilization, memory utilization, encryption cost, and execution time. These functions are used to enhance the scheduling of workflow tasks based on security considerations. The FARO algorithm is a combination of the Feedback Artificial Tree (FAT) and the Remora Optimization Algorithm (ROA). The experimental findings have demonstrated that the developed approach surpassed current methods by a large margin in terms of CPU use, memory consumption, encryption cost, and execution time, with values of 0.012, 0.010, 0.017, and 0.036, respectively.

Do not ignore heterogeneity and heterophily: Multi-network collaborative telecom fraud detection

The development of mobile communication technologies has enriched human interaction and inevitably led to the proliferation of telecom fraud. While recent studies have paid attention to collaborative fraud in telecom networks, they have examined only voice networks and neglected the collaborative fraud phenomenon in Short Message Service (SMS) networks and across voice and SMS networks. To address this issue, we investigated a telecom dataset with 5.01 million call records and 6.84 million SMS records between 6,106 users and 2.02 million recipients over eight months. On the one hand, we find differences in the evolution pattern of SMS behaviour between fraudsters and normal users. On the other hand, we also confirm the existence of intra-network collaborative fraud in voice networks and SMS networks and inter-network collaborative fraud across voice and SMS networks. To this end, we propose a novel telecom fraud detector, MLCG-FD, which models dynamic individual behaviours and multi-network collaborative relationships. First, a multi-network latent collaborative network (LGC) extractor is designed to extract two intra-network LCGs and one inter-network LCG from voice and SMS networks. Then, we design two behavioural encoders to encode individual voice and SMS behaviour patterns. Finally, a network-based hybrid-pass filter aggregates higher-order neighbour features from different networks. Experiments conducted on two real telecom datasets show that MLCG-FD significantly improves over state-of-the-art methods.

High-temperature relaxation and microwave dielectric response of (1-x)BaNd1.76Bi0.24Ti5O14-xBa0.6Sr0.4La4Ti4O15 compounds with adjustable medium-high dielectric constant

Dielectric ceramics in the microwave band are one of the crucial materials for mobile communication technology, and the studying of their phase evolution and defect behavior can help to understand and reduce dielectric loss. In this work, (1-x)BaNd1.76Bi0.24Ti5O14-xBa0.6Sr0.4La4Ti4O15 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8, (1-x)BNT-xBSLT) ceramics were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra analysis reveal that tungsten bronze and hexagonal perovskite phases coexist in the ceramics, and BaNd2Ti3O10 is indexed as the main crystalline phase at x = 0.4, 0.6, leading to a deterioration of the microwave dielectric properties. The defect-related relaxation behavior and its effect on microwave dielectric properties were analyzed by dielectric temperature spectrum and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC). The relationship between the dielectric constant and the electric field distribution was solved using the eigenmode of the high frequency structure simulator. In short, the (1-x)BNT-xBSLT ceramics at x = 0.8 exhibit excellent microwave dielectric properties: εr = 47.2, Q×f = 16,800 GHz, and τf = −4.6 ppm/°C. The microwave dielectric response of BNT-BSLT composite ceramics is closely related to the phase composition and defects, which is informative for the development of low dielectric loss ceramics.

Balancing Technological Innovation and Environmental Sustainability: A Lifecycle Analysis of 6G Wireless Communication Technology

Wireless communication has revolutionized the evolution of humankind. The rapid growth and development of mobile communication has created an ecosystem better than what has been before. However, issues such as ample energy consumption and resulting carbon emissions, a lack of proper disposal mechanisms for large amounts of electronic waste, and the recycling of electronic materials interrupt growth. When the world is waiting for the implementation of 6G mobile communication technology, it is mandatory to resolve these issues for the sustainability of 6G technology. In this review, we present the superiority of 6G over previous generations accompanied by issues that cause extensive damage to the environment. To mitigate this adverse effect, we present a lifecycle analysis of 6G wireless communication technology from production to disposal, focusing on issues surrounding electronic waste, energy consumption, and environmental impact. This study explains the intricacies of electronic parts, toxic compounds, and the dangers of incorrect disposal techniques. It also investigates energy consumption issues specific to 6G technology, such as manufacturing processes and network infrastructures that require considerable energy. We also present a quantitative evaluation of the 6G lifecycle in detail. In addition, we present a comprehensive strategy and insights to make 6G sustainable. Furthermore, we suggest an ecological policy for all stakeholders for the sustainability of 6G. We also present political and commercial implications for 6G. As the process of 6G development continues, we show the impact of network fragmentation on standardization, which helps improve sustainability. Finally, we conclude that while the existing research has made significant advances in 6G, there is a need for correct disposal techniques to refine the key government policies for managing e-waste. New cooling technologies and renewable energy sources must be adopted to reduce the current greenhouse emission of 200 g of CO2 and energy consumption of 2.5 kWh per GB for 6G networks.

Highly reliable DHR-based polar compilation code communication method

The advent of fifth-generation mobile communication technology, 5G, has raised the bar for data transmission rates, information security, and reliability. Polar codes, the channel coding scheme in the 5G communication standard, encounter issues of singularity, limitations, and passivity in the face of unknown attacks. Therefore, this study introduces a highly reliable DHR-based polar coding communication approach. Drawing parallels between cyber attacks and channel noise, the method incorporates reconfigurable executors, decoding decisions, strategy scheduling, and other mechanisms to enable active defense. The True Relatively Axiom (TRA) is employed to theoretically validate the method’s heterogeneity, redundancy, and dynamics. Comparative simulation experiments with traditional polar decoding algorithms, such as SCL, SC, BP, SCAN, and SSC decoding algorithms, demonstrate that the proposed method not only improves secure transmission efficiency but also guarantees secure and reliable transmission across various attack scenarios. Our code is available at https://github.com/yuluzi/my-code.git.

Quantum-attack-resilience OTP-based multi-factor mutual authentication and session key agreement scheme for mobile users

Due to rapid advancements in hardware and mobile communication technologies, the usage of various mobile-based online applications is increasing tremendously. However, security and privacy are two of the most essential features of wireless communication. Using a Mutual Authentication and Session Key Agreement (MASK) scheme, an authorized mobile user can login to a remote server over the Internet. In quantum contexts, many of the MASK schemes are not secure. This paper proposes a One-Time Password (OTP) and biometric-based Multi-Factor MASK (OTP-MF-MASK) scheme for mobile users. We used Peikert’s authentication and reconciliation mechanism, defined for the post-quantum environments. The OTP-MF-MASK scheme used a password, mobile device, biometric, and OTP as login credentials. To avoid the biometric acquisition problem, we used the fuzzy extractor in the OTP-MF-MASK scheme. We proved that the OTP-MF-MASK scheme is semantically secure in the Random Oracle Model (ROM) based on the hardness assumption of the Ring Learning With Errors (RLWE) problem. The OTP-MF-MASK scheme is compared with state-of-the-art schemes to justify the attack-resilience and computation efficiencies in quantum environments.

Spaza Shops in Townships and Rural Areas to Switch to Electronic Payment Method to Run the Business Successfully and Safe: Case Study Mkhuhlu Township, Bushbuckridge Municipality, Mpumalanga In South Africa

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether spaza shop (tuck shop) owners in South Africa utilise mobile communication technologies. Secondly, it evaluated opportunities created using mobile communication. Interviews were conducted with 110 small, micro- and medium enterprises (SMMEs) operating spaza business shops in Mkhuhlu and Calcutta in the Bushbuckridge Municipality in Mpumalanga. Police officers, residents of South Africa, Somalians and Indians were interviewed. Data were collected through self-completion questionnaires. Interviews were conducted in English as most of the races did not understand an African language. Findings more technical and Technological skills are needed for the township business owners. Safety and security must support SMMEs in townships by protecting their owners and their resources against criminals.

5G Radiation Source Location Based on Passive Virtual Aperture Technology by Single-Satellite

With the development of 5th-Generation Mobile Communication (5G) technology and the deployment of low-Earth orbit satellites, using satellites to locate 5G radiation sources is of great significance in commerce and the military as an important task of integrated sensing and communication. Recently, passive virtual aperture technology has been introduced into passive location to improve accuracy, but the existing method, using matched filters to search the Doppler information to realize the location, has the disadvantages of high complexity and poor range resolution. In this paper, an improved 5G radiation source location based on a virtual aperture is proposed, which uses the improved Golden Section search-fractional Fourier algorithm (GSS-FRFT) to improve the existing passive virtual aperture location methods. First, the received signals are coherently accumulated to convert the time gain into spatial gain, and the subcarrier phase information is extracted by Fast Fourier Transform based on the 5G signal characteristics to obtain the azimuth signal. Then, an improved high-order GSS-FRFT algorithm is proposed to analyze the Doppler information, and signal focusing and satellite ephemeris data are used to estimate the effective velocity and solve the radiation source location. The simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the location accuracy compared with other single-satellite location methods and has high resolution, high accuracy and low complexity compared with the existing passive virtual aperture location method.

A local encryption method for large-scale vector maps based on spatial hierarchical index and 4D hyperchaotic system

With the development of geographic information services, applications based on map data are increasing. Internet and mobile communication technologies have brought great convenience to the distribution, sharing, and acquisition of map data. Unfortunately, it also brings great challenges to protect the security and privacy of confidential map data. Although several encryption algorithms have been developed for map data, most of the existing methods are simple extensions of classical encryption algorithms for text data in cryptography, ignoring special structures and characteristics of geospatial data. Existing methods mainly take the entire map or layers as encryption units, which makes the encryption efficiency for large-scale map data low and limits the ability to perform local and incremental encryption for local areas, making it still challenging to meet the needs of map data in applications, such as autonomous driving. To solve the limitations, a local encryption approach for large-scale vector map data is proposed in this paper considering the structure characteristics of map data. Experiments on map data of different types (including points, lines, and polygons) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. With local and parallel encryption strategies, the proposed method has higher efficiency compared to available algorithms for large-scale map data.

Computation Offloading with Privacy-Preserving in Multi-Access Edge Computing: A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

The rapid development of mobile communication technologies and Internet of Things (IoT) devices has introduced new challenges for multi-access edge computing (MEC). A key issue is how to efficiently manage MEC resources and determine the optimal offloading strategy between edge servers and user devices, while also protecting user privacy and thereby improving the Quality of Service (QoS). To address this issue, this paper investigates a privacy-preserving computation offloading scheme, designed to maximize QoS by comprehensively considering privacy protection, delay, energy consumption, and the task discard rate of user devices. We first formalize the privacy issue by introducing the concept of privacy entropy. Then, based on quantified indicators, a multi-objective optimization problem is established. To find an optimal solution to this problem, this paper proposes a computation offloading algorithm based on the Twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3-SN-PER), which integrates clipped double-Q learning, prioritized experience replay, and state normalization techniques. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated through simulation analysis. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach can effectively balance multiple performance metrics to achieve optimal QoS.

Energy Management Strategy for Distributed Photovoltaic 5G Base Station DC Microgrid Integrated with the CF-P&O-INC MPPT Algorithm

With its technical advantages of high speed, low latency, and broad connectivity, fifth-generation mobile communication technology has brought about unprecedented development in numerous vertical application scenarios. However, the high energy consumption and expansion difficulties of 5G infrastructure have become the main obstacles restricting its widespread application. Therefore, aiming to optimize the energy utilization efficiency of 5G base stations, a novel distributed photovoltaic 5G base station DC microgrid structure and an energy management strategy based on the Curve Fitting–Perturb and Observe–Incremental Conductance (CF-P&O-INC) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm from the perspectives of energy and information flows are proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed MPPT algorithm can increase the efficiency to 99.95% and 99.82% under uniform irradiation and partial shading, respectively. Under the proposed strategy, when the base station load changes drastically, the voltage fluctuation of the DC bus is less than 1.875%, and returns to a steady state within 0.07s, alleviating the high energy consumption of 5G base stations effectively and achieving coordinated optimization management of various types of energy in multi-source power supply systems.

Preface

The purpose of the three-day 2024 3rd International Conference on Electronic Information and Communication Engineering (EICE 2024), held via virtual form during January 12th to 14th, 2024 in Guangzhou China, was to create a timely forum for multi-disciplinary discussions related to the recent developments on electronic information and communication engineering. As usual, the program of the conference mainly consisted of keynote speeches, oral and poster presentations, with the former including speeches delivered by three sophisticated professors from related research areas. The keynote speeches are: i) Recent Progress of Millimeter-wave Circuits Using Groove Gap Waveguide Technology given by Prof. Wenjie Feng (South China University of Technology, China); ii) 6G Satellite-ground Massive MIMO Communication: Key Technologies and Development Prospect given by Prof. Zhiyong Luo (Sun Yat-sen University, China); iii) Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enhanced Wireless Network: Further Developments and Future Outlooks given by Assoc. Prof. Feng Ke (South China University of Technology, China). In the framework of experimental and theoretical approaches, the Conference gathered about 100 delegates from all over the world and addressed a number of highly relevant aspects of electronic information and communication engineering. Covering topics on Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, Sixth Generation Mobile Communication Technology (6G), Communication Electronic Circuit and Technology, Information and Communication Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, etc., the selected contributions of this volume provide guidance for future interdisciplinary developments in related fields. We received quantities of manuscripts of invited papers and other contributions presented at the Conference. All of these papers have gone through a rigorous peer review process and are collected in the Conference Proceedings. We would like to thank all the anonymous colleagues who acted as referees to assess the suitability of the various articles for publication in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. We are confident that the high quality of both invited and contributed papers contained in this Proceedings will be appreciated by relevant industries and communities. On behalf of the conference EICE 2024 organizing committee, we would like to express our deeply appreciation to all the keynote speakers, oral speakers, peer reviewers, and all the participants and supporters. More than anything, we would like to acknowledge the Journal of Physics: Conference Series, for the efforts and help of all its staff in publishing this paper volume. The Committee of EICE 2024 List of Committee Member is available in this Pdf.

RFID-GSM Automatic Gate Control for Highly Secure Organizations

Abstract: In the current dynamic global landscape, security is paramount for organizations, particularly those entrusted with safeguarding sensitive data and valuable assets. Automatic gate control systems are pivotal in fortifying security and optimizing the operational efficiency of access points for highly secure organizations. By integrating Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies, these systems provide sophisticated features that bolster security measures while enabling seamless access for authorized personnel. These automatic gate control systems provide a multi-layered approach to security, addressing various vulnerabilities and potential threats highly secure organizations face. By leveraging RFID technology, these systems enable efficient and reliable authentication of authorized personnel, minimizing the risk of unauthorized access or breaches. Additionally, the integration of GSM technology enhances the system's responsiveness and remote management capabilities, allowing administrators to monitor gate activities in real time and respond promptly to any security incidents or anomalies.

Logistics Supply Chain Management and Control Based on Mobile Communication Technology

With the development and application of 5G technology, more efficient and faster mobile communication has become an essential tool in logistics transportation and warehousing processes. Logistics supply chain management (SCM) is a logistics management system centered around the core products or business of the supply chain, as well as a logistics management system organized around the core logistics business. As an important part of logistics SCM, logistics control requires real‐time monitoring and adjustment of transportation, warehousing, distribution, and other links. Mobile communication technology can provide real‐time positioning, tracking, monitoring, and data transmission functions, which provides strong technical support for logistics control. It can also optimize logistics scheduling and improve logistics efficiency and accuracy, thereby reducing transportation costs and improving logistics quality and efficiency. This article aimed to explore the relationship between mobile communication technology and logistics SCM and control, and to use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for research. The research results indicated that under the same other conditions, 38 and 37 people rated the X system as liked by companies A and B, accounting for 95% and 92.5% respectively; only 4 and 1 people rated the Y system as liked, accounting for 10% and 2.5% respectively; the likes and dislikes of the X system were much higher than those of the Y system. This indicated a positive relationship between mobile communication technology and logistics SCM and control systems. Logistics SCM and control based on mobile communication technology has become an important direction and development trend in current research on logistics SCM and control. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Research on Laboratory Construction and Management Based on Internet of Things and Deep Learning

A computer laboratory intelligent management and control system based on Internet of Things technology and deep learning is proposed to address the shortcomings of traditional university laboratory management.The system adopts the main embedded technology, mobile communication technology, wireless sensor technology and database storage technology in the Internet of Things technology, laboratory areas and equipment, identify and collect relevant data, monitor abnormal conditions in real time, and alarm. At the same time, the user is provided with a preview of the experimental content and a demonstration of the results through the handheld client APP. The experimental results show that: when the system is powered by 0.35A current, the total system power is about 3W. The NTC thermistor used has a B value of 3435. Under normal temperature, T2 = 298.15K,R = 10KΩ,R0 = 10KΩ. The current temperature value can be calculated according to the value obtained after the analog-to-digital conversion of the microcontroller. The output frequency of the humidity detection circuit is measured by the single-chip microcomputer, and the current ambient humidity can be obtained by substituting the result into the above formula, that is, when the output frequency dimension of the circuit is 6853Hz, the ambient humidity is 40%. Through the application of this system, the inefficient and extensive manual management method of the computer experimental teaching center is completely solved, so that it can bring more intelligent and efficient services to the teachers and students of the whole school, so as to comprehensively promote the experimental teaching of the school.

Review of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Research on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks is of great significance in various fields including military, emergency response, Internet of Things (IoT), vehicular networking, aviation, and scientific research. This research contributes to the advancement and application of mobile communication technologies. Both domestic and international researchers have conducted in-depth studies on routing protocol design, which encompasses various aspects such as protocol design, topology management, link quality estimation, security, and energy efficiency. These areas represent current research hotspots and challenges. With the continuous development of wireless communication technologies and increasing demands for application, research on routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks remains highly significant with broad prospects for development. Therefore, research on routing strategies for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks has garnered widespread attention in academic circles worldwide, leading to numerous valuable research outcomes. This paper comprehensively analyzes the requirements related to the design of routing protocols for mobile self-organizing networks and comprehensively investigates the existing routing protocols, and classifies and investigates the routing protocols for mobile self-organizing networks in order to promote the research of next-generation mobile self-organizing network routing in China, which provides a reference.