Mobility Anchor Point Research Articles

Efficient mobility management in IP networks through three layered MIPv6

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is considered inefficient to support mobility due to larger handover delay and signaling overhead. Therefore, Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) is designed by introducing a Mobile Anchor Point (MAP) in the MIPv6 architecture. The MAP considerably drops the handoff delay and signaling load for mobility management in IPv6. The Three Layered MIPv6 (TLMIPv6), the focus of this paper, is influenced by the benefits of placing MAPs for efficient mobility management. In this model, three MAPs are placed in the architecture to reduce signaling cost and handoff latency. These MAPs are placed hierarchically in a tree like architecture, and the movement of nodes is coordinated by different MAP based on nodes’ movement patterns. The behavior of the proposed model is simulated under various traffic scenarios and mobility conditions and compared with MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and Flow Based Distributed Mobility Management (FBDM) protocols. The results depict that when users are less mobile or confined their movements to a small geographical area, the proposed TLMIPv6 outperforms MIPv6, HMIPv6, and FBDM in handoff latency and signaling costs. Some suitable application scenarios for adopting TLMIPv6 are also mentioned at the end of the paper. The future scopes of the work are outlined.

Optimized seamless handover scheme with information and decision server‐assisted partially distributed mobility management in heterogeneous 5th generation wireless networks

SummaryExisting mobile network architectures are flatter and employ a centralized mobility management (CMM) scheme, where the entire intelligence is focused on the single‐end, which leads to low scalability, lack of dynamic mobility support, suboptimal routing, and insufficiency to support large volumes of data. The fifth‐generation (5G) networks demand high‐speed seamless connections to the best‐connected network irrespective of user position and connectivity. Further, seamless handover has to be carried out between wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), and long‐term evolution (LTE). This paper aims to propose a distributed mobility management (DMM) solution in order to bring the mobility anchor point nearer to the mobile node (MN) to support the acceptable quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) provision to end users. An information and decision server (IDS)‐based partial DMM scheme (IDS‐PDMM) is suggested to support optimized handover in internet protocol (IP)‐based heterogeneous architecture. The IDS estimates the nearest candidate network for MN during handover and thus provides a seamless connection for delay‐sensitive applications. The performance of the presented approach is compared with the existing CMM scheme and the simulation results prove that the IDS‐PDMM efficiently minimizes the handover delay and packet loss rate with guaranteed QoS provision.

A Dynamic MAP Discovery and Selection Scheme for Predictive Hierarchical MIPv6 in Vehicular Networks

Recent developments and the ubiquitous availability of wireless technologies and inter-vehicle communication systems are anticipated to lead to the evolution of heterogeneous wireless networks. Based on standards such as the IEEE 802.11, 5G and WiMax, coupled with mobile IP for the content delivery of road safety and infotainment services to drivers over the new generation of vehicular networks. However, the performance of traditional mobility management protocols over vehicular networks is affected by network topology changes and vehicles' high mobility. Therefore, efficient mobility management solution that mitigates the challenges of vehicles' mobility is needed. In this paper, we present an adaptive mobility management protocol for predictive hierarchical mobile IPv6 in vehicular networks. We develop a dynamic Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) discovery and selection scheme that adjusts the network topology structure to fit the vehicles' mobility environment better. Moreover, the predictive handover scheme is based on a multi-observation hidden Markov model, which utilizes the vehicles' movement projections to estimate the subsequent point of access. The performance of our proposed protocol has been tested using NS-2 and several real and synthetic mobility traces. The results indicate that our protocol exhibits better performance results when compared to well-known handover protocols in reducing the handover latency and packet loss.

A Scheme for Dynamic MAP Selection in HMIPv6

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is extended to Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) by introducing a Mobile Anchor Point (MAP) between home agent (HA) and the mobile node’s (MN’s) temporary location. The MAP acts as a coordinator of the MN and reduces signaling cost for handoff management. It also reduces handoff latency suffered by MN. However, the MAP in the HMIPv6 architecture is a single point of failure, as all packets from any correspondent node (CN) goes via the MAP. In this paper, a thorough analysis of the MAP performance in terms of packet loss probability, packet blocking probability and end-to-end delay is presented. Three classes of users, namely Thin, Normal and Fat, are identified based on the amount of packets transmitted per second by the user. From the analysis carried out in this paper, we wanted to examine the volume users in different classes, i.e., Thin, Normal and Fat that can be supported by a single MAP under its coverage without deteriorating the quality of service (QoS) to the end users. A scheme for selecting an alternative MAP by an MN (MAP selection algorithm) is proposed here in order to preserve the QoS to the end users under the circumstances when the current MAP is unable to satisfy the need of the newly arriving MN. The proposed algorithm named as User-Centric MAP Selection (UCMS) is compared with existing similar protocol, Adaptive Overload Prevention (AOP). Observation shows that UCMS performs better in selecting a new MAP.

Securing Locations of Mobile Nodes in Wireless Mesh Network’s

The current deployment of wireless mesh networks requires mobility management to track the current locations of mobile nodes around the network without service interruption. To do so, the Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 protocol has been chosen, which minimises the required signalling by introducing a new entity called the mobile anchor point to act as a local home agent for all visiting mobile nodes in a specific domain. It allows a mobile node to register its local/regional care-of addresses with a mobile anchor point by sending a local binding update message. However, the local binding update is quite sensitive; it modifies the routing to enable mobility in the wireless mesh networks. When a local binding update message is spoofed, an attacker can redirect traffic that is destined for legitimate mobile node either to itself or to another node. This situation leads to an increased risk of attacks. Therefore, this paper contributes to addressing this security issue based on wireless mesh networks by cryptography generation and verification of a mobile node’s local and regional care-of addresses, as well as the application of a novel method to verify the reachability of mobile node at claimed local care-of address. This is called the enhanced mobile anchor point registration protocol. The Scyther tool has been used to ensure the proposed protocol accuracy. Furthermore, the performance, in terms of the mobile anchor point registration delay and signalling overhead, is evaluated by using the OPNET modeller simulator.

Adaptive Transmission Control based Secured Multimedia Data Traffic Distribution Scheme over Integrated Wireless Networks

Flow mobility distribution for mobile devices is essentially important for IP-based environments in order to efficiently manage the load of data traffic. For Heterogeneous hierarchical mobility management protocol, the load of traffic is concentrated on the mobility anchor point (MAP) for it acts as the central controller for all connecting mobile devices. Whenever, the MAP handoff is breached, the entire operation that goes through the MAP is compromised. This paper deals with the analysis of a secured distribution of traffic load within the MAP domain over hierarchical mobility management environments. The overview of hierarchical mobility management will be discussed as well as securing the flow control signaling scheme will be introduced in order to determine and ensure the optimized flow of traffic, considering the amount of traffic that every MAP handles.

Adaptive quality of service aware multi‐mobility anchor point registration in hierarchical mobile IPv6 wireless access networks

In hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), mobility anchor points (MAPs) are introduced to reduce the signalling cost by localising the signalling traffic of mobile nodes (MNs). However, the presence of MAPs introduces areas of bottleneck within the network. This study evaluates the impact of overlapped domains of consecutive MAPs in HMIPv6 access networks. In this novel network architecture, an MAP registration algorithm is also proposed to enable MNs to register with more than one MAP simultaneously. For each flow, the proposed algorithm determines a primary and a secondary MAP according to the quality of service (QoS) requirements of the traffic flow. Load balancing is also introduced to provide an even distribution of load among MAPs. In addition, an extended router advertisement is proposed to enable multiple MAP registration of MNs. The impact of the proposed algorithm in the new HMIPv6 network architectures is compared with a non‐QoS aware multi‐MAP registration algorithm in access network with no overlapped MAP domains. The simulation‐based comparison study illustrates a maximum of 71 and 74% improvements in total amount of rejected bandwidth and the mean satisfied flow requests in network, respectively.

Design VMAP with caching scheme to improving handover performance on the HMIPV6 network

The integration of WiMAX and Mobile IPV6 (MIPV6) protocol is one of the hottest wireless network technology trends. HMIPV6 uses a Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) as the Local HA, to regionalize the handover operation, reduce lots of the Binding Update (BU) information transmission of MIPV6 among HA, CN and MN, and to achieve the goal of fast handover. However, the BU procedure of HMIPV6 consumes too much time and causes packet loss and transmission delay. Therefore, this paper proposes VMAP-C (VMAP with Caching) to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of handover. In this scheme, we use the original VMAP method to improve the performance of signal transmissions and also utilize caching scheme to replace the existing DAD mechanism. Then, we perform simulations with the NS-2 simulator tool, each VMAP is ranged from 4 to 8 ARs, and also the number of MN increases from 1 to 100. The final simulation results indicate that the proposed VMAP-C obtains a reduction of about 15.62–52.28% in Handover delay, decreases Jitter of arriving inter-packets by about 10.63–50.61%, enhances the Throughput of the system by about 6.56–12.63%, and reduces the Packet loss ratio by about 9.57–87.69% compared to VMAP. Consequently, we prove that the VMAP-C scheme can obtain lower delay, Jitter and Packet loss ratio more than VMAP, and achieve higher system Throughput and better handover performance on the HMIPV6 network.

LTTMAP Fast Handoff Scheme of Advancing Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

There are many obstacles exit in the mobile management scheme, it mainly shows in its not high switching performance, excess signaling overhead and too long handoff delay, hard guaranteed quality of service in handoff as well as safety problem. It put forwards a fast handoff scheme which advances HMIPv6 by giving it authority to temporary mobility anchor point (LT-TMAP). The lower level access router is licensed through upper level of MAP, make it a temporal mobility anchor point to give distribute management to mobile node, and describe the implementation process theoretically. In the end, we use the NS-2 simulation tool to build network topology and based on the IPv6 test-bed build in our school network laboratory which I help researched to give a simulation test to that handoff scheme. It proves the handoff scheme can take better advantage of the network MAP resource, has stronger real-time performance, and higher handoff efficiency.

A Dynamic Architecture for Mobility Management in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is an enhanced Mobile IPv6 for reducing signaling cost of location management. Multi-level Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (MHMIPv6) can organize mobile region as a multi-level hierarchy architecture, which is more flexible to support scalable services. However, MHMIPv6 will bring additional packet processing overhead, and produce negative impact especially on some mobile nodes (MNs) with relatively low movement characteristics. This paper proposes a dynamic hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (DHMIPv6) management, in which different hierarchies are dynamically set up to minimize the total cost for different MNs according to their movement characteristics respectively. Under such management MNs can select the monolayer or two-layer mobility anchor point(MAP) structure when they occur the handover at any time. Experimental results show that compared with HMIPv6 and MHMIPv6, DHMIPv6 achieves high adaptability with lower total cost under various scenarios.

Adaptive mobility anchor point to reduce regional registration and packets delivery costs

MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6) has been developed as macro-mobility management protocol to support mobility of MUs (mobile users) over the Internet. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been developed as micro-mobility management protocol. There are many other mobility management protocols proposed so far like Fast Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6, Optimal Choice of Mobility management, and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6. These are based on MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and have their own advantages and limitations. These protocols do not consider the fixed mobility pattern of MUs. Many MUs have fixed mobility pattern on daily basis and there is scope of further reduction in regional registration cost. We propose an AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) to minimize the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which is selected based on the activity rate (ARate) of MUs.

A Study of the Architectural Design of Smart Homes based on Hierarchical Wireless Multimedia Management Systems

This paper provides a review of the recent advancements in technologies for Smart Home Automation and Hierarchical Wireless Multimedia Management systems (such as Hierarchical Mobile IP) and its potential application and integration to Smart Home systems. The principles of Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 are adopted for providing mobility on the design of the architecture for MIP-Based Smart Home. Smart Home technology is the integration of technology and services through home networking for a better quality of living while Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 introduces a new node called the Mobile Anchor Point (MAP) to improve the handover speed performance of Mobile IPv6 by reducing the amount of signaling in the ongoing connection between the mobile node, its correspondent nodes, and its home agent.

프록시 모바일 IPv6 네트워크에서 안전한 스마트 이동성에 기반한 빠른 핸드오버 기법의 성능분석

Defect-free transfer service on the Next-generation wireless network extensive roaming mobile node (MN) to provide efficient mobility management has become very important. MIPv6(Mobility IPv6) is one of mobility management scheme proposed by IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force), and IPv6-based mobility management techniques have been developed in various forms. One of each management techniques, IPv6-based mobility management techniques for PMIPv6 (MIPv6) system to improve the performance of a variety of F-PMIPv6 (Fast Handover for Proxy MIPv6) is proposed. However, the F-PMIPv6 is cannot be excellent than PMIPv6 in all scenarios. Therefor, to select a proper mobility management scheme between PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6 becomes an interesting issue, for its potenrials in enhancing the capacity and scalability of the system. In this paper, we develop an analytical model to analyze the applicability of PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6. Based on this model, we design an Secure Smart Mobility Support(SSM) scheme that selects the better alternative between PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6 for a user according to its changing mobility and service characteristics. When F-PMIPv6 is adopted, SSM chooses the best mobility anchor point and regional size to optimize the system performance. Numerical results illustrate the impact of some key parameters on the applicability of PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6. Finally, SSM has proven even better result than PMIPv6 and F-PMIPv6.

Hierarchical mobile IPv6 strategy based on new mobile anchor point selection algorithm

Hierarchical mobile IPv6 strategy based on new mobile anchor point selection algorithm

A Novel Mobile Source Multicast Mechanism Using MAP Proxy

With the continuous advance of mobile Internet applications and deepening of the mobile node based multicast applications are rapidly expanding, which prompted about IP multicast technology moves towards greater efficiency requires rapid expansion. This detailed analysis of the current source mobile support the technical characteristics of the pros and cons of various options, from mobile multicast nature of the fundamental dilemma facing the Institute and gives a general conclusion. Meanwhile, according to the technical characteristics of the mobile anchor point MAP, as a starting point, the initial build a more comprehensive source mobile multicast algorithm, given the basic principles and operation points, so show a good efficacy with, the extension movement of multicast frame shape.

Active overload prevention based adaptive MAP selection in HMIPv6 networks

Multi-level mobile anchor points (MAP) architecture is deployed in large-scale wireless/mobile networks using HMIPv6 to achieve better mobility service, while selecting the most suitable serving MAP for the mobile nodes (MNs) to enhance the whole network performance has been a critical issue. An adaptive MAP selection based on active overload prevention (MAP-AOP) hence is proposed. The MAP periodically evaluates the load status by using dynamic weighted load evaluation algorithm, and then sends the load information to the covered access routers (AR) by using the expanded routing advertisement message in a dynamic manner. Taking achieving the load balancing among the available MAPs, the current serving AR executes the active overload prevention to select MAP candidates for the MN pending a handover, and then adaptively selects an optimal one from the candidates by comprehensively considering the system cost and the average handover latency caused by each candidate. The simulation conducted on the NS-2 platform indicates that MAP-AOP outperforms the comparative MAP selection schemes with the optimized system cost and average handover latency, and better load balancing.

Enhanced hierarchical mobile IPv6 based on route optimized communication

In Hierarchical Mobile IPv6(HMIPv6),even though there is a shorter route between Correspondent Node(CN) and Mobile Node(MN),all the packets between them will still be forwarded by Mobility Anchor Point(MAP),which brings needless system's consumption and delay on packet transmission,and its binding update process of inter-region handover which conduct orderly has a certain delay on binding update.Therefore,an enhanced HMIPv6 was proposed,in which route optimized communication technology was applied when the number ratio of packet transmission to binding update reached a given threshold.Simultaneously,the binding update process of inter-domain handover was improved.A mathematical performance analysis proves that this enhanced HMIPv6 has advantages in reducing system's consumption,delay on packet transmission and binding update in contrast to HMIPv6.

Inter-domain handoff management based on fast handover for hierarchical MIPv6

To improve the performance of inter-domain handoff in mobile IPv6,one kind of inter-domain handoff mobility management scheme based on edge access router was introduced in the FHMIPv6 mechanism.In this method,when Mobile Node(MN) moved to the edge access router,it did intra-domain handoff and duplicated address detection for on-link care of address both in previous Mobile Anchor Point(MAP) and new MAP.It would set the new regional care of address and had the two addresses banded in the new MAP after the handoff was finished.Finally,the NS-2 simulation and comparison results show that this scheme can effectively reduce the transmission latency and packet loss rate.

Dynamic Map and Diffserv Based AR Selection for Handoff in HMIPv6 Networks

In HMIPv6 Networks, most of the existing handoff decision mechanisms deal mainly with the selection of Mobility Anchor Point (MAP), ignoring the selection of access router (AR) under each MAP. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism called “Dynamic MAP and Diffserv based ARs selection for Handoff in HMIPv6 networks” and it deals with selecting the MAP as well as ARs. MAP will be selected dynamically by checking load, session mobility ratio (SMR), Binding update cost and Location Rate. After selecting the best MAP, the Diffserv approach is used to select the AR under the MAP, based on its resource availability. The AR is implemented at the edge router of Diffserv. DiffServ can be used to provide low-latency to critical network traffic such as voice or streaming media while providing simple best-effort service to non-critical services such as web traffic or file transfers. By using this mechanism, we can assure that better resource utilization and throughput can be attained during Handoff in HMIPv6 networks. .

A MAP Selection Scheme Based on Multi-Attribute Decision Making in Hierarchical MIPv6

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) reduces the amount of signaling overhead between the Mobile Node (MN) and its Correspondent Node (CN) by introducing a mobility anchor point (MAP). However, handling both intra-domain handovers and tunneling traffic for MNs may cause a single point overload. In this paper, we present a MAP (Mobile Anchor Point) selection scheme based on Multi-attribute Decision Making (MADM). In our proposed scheme, the Pref and Dist in MAP option message are used as two attributes of MAP, and MN can set different weights for these two attributes according its velocity. After testing, it indicates this scheme can handle high level MAP overload and achieve better communication performance.