Mobile Ad Research Articles

Implementation of Quality of Service-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol using Fuzzy Logic in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a type of wireless network made up of nodes that are both wireless and mobile. This type of wireless network is a non-infrastructure network (without a central manager such as router, servers, etc.) that is hard to manage; providing the Quality of Service (QoS) is also difficult. The fuzzy logic is one of the effective methods required to achieve high QoS in MANET. We propose an Ant-colony Based Cluster-head (ABC) selection a protocol based on artificial intelligence fuzzy logic techniques in this paper. With the proposed protocol, we divide the network into clusters, then, choose a cluster head which is a node having high residual energy, the most trusted; this is achieved using Ant-colony optimization (ACO) algorithm thanks to the use of a probability function which determines the likelihood of various nodes to be selected as cluster-heads. Using the Network Simulator Version-2 (NS-2), we evaluated our Proposed Protocol with ones existing in literature; Quality of Service-Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (QoS-AODV), Bandwidth aware Multi-path Routing protocol in mobile Ad Hoc networks (BMR) and Dynamic Multi-Path Source Routing Method (MSR). We conducted various experimental evaluations varying both the number of the total mobile nodes in the network and the number of receivers from a single sender; all simulation outcomes revealed that the Proposed protocol; Quality of Service-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol using Fuzzy Logic and clustering techniques in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (QODFL) outperformed the existing ones as compared to existing protocols, it was able to increase both the Packet Delivery Ratio by 10.5% and throughput by 6.7 % , and the End-to-End Delivery ratio by 7.7%.

Comparative analysis of new meta-heuristic-variants for privacy preservation in wireless mobile adhoc networks for IoT applications

“Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)” is a self-configurable, self-repairing, self-maintaining, highly mobile, decentralized, and independent wireless network, which has the liberty to move from one to another place. Such networks do not have any pre-existing infrastructure. The adoption of a smart environment in MANET requires new protocols to connect the gadgets to the internet. A smart environment with routing protocols should assure the following properties like connectivity among the nodes, “Quality of Service (QoS)”, and fairness, both in access points and ad-hoc networks. Combination with the Internet of Things (IoT) and MANET generates a novel MANET-IoT system, which focuses on reducing the implementing costs of the network and providing better mobility for users. The necessity of these integrated networks is increasing in military operations, rescue operations, personal area networks, emergency rooms, and meeting rooms. Routing in MANETs is a not simple job and has projected a huge range of attention from researchers around the world. Thus, the intention of this task is a development of a security protocol in MANET for the IoT platform. For dealing with encryption and decryption strategies to handle MANET and IoT data, a new approach is suggested through the enhanced chaotic map. Here, three improved algorithms are implemented for proposing the optimized key management scheme under a chaotic map, which is the Modified Updating-based Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm (MU-HHO), Mean Solution-based Averaging Sailfish Optimizer (MS-ASFO), Adaptive Basic Reproduction Rate-based Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer (ABRR-CHIO). In the convergence evaluation, while taking the length of plain text as 40, ABRR-CHIO shows superior performance over other techniques at the 60th iteration, which is 96%, 95%, 93%, 96%, and 80% superior to HHO, SFO, CHIO, SA-SFO, and CHHSO. Finally, the performance evaluation is performed regarding “statistical analysis, convergence analysis, and communication overhead” to reveal the superiority of the designed model.

Efficient Coherent Trust based Location Aware Clustering for Communication in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Efficient Coherent Trust based Location Aware Clustering for Communication in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A Study of Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A Study of Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

RANCE: A Randomly Centralized and On-Demand Clustering Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

LEACH-like clustering protocols focus mainly on the low-power, low-rate, and low-wakeup network applications, and work in a multiround clustering strategy that causes frequent handovers of cluster heads (CHs), thus less support for real-time services that require stable cluster topologies. Besides, these protocols are faced with respective drawbacks, such as suboptimality of selected heads, costly node-base station (BS) energy overheads, lack of runtime cluster maintenance, etc. This article proposes RANCE, a randomly centralized and on-demand clustering protocol, aiming at prolonging nodes’ clustered time to support internodes collaboration while being energy efficient in mobile ad hoc networks. First, RANCE designs a randomly centralized CH selection mechanism in which every node in the local wireless network is eligible to initiate the centralized CH selection, so that the self-organizing characteristics of mobile ad hoc nodes can be utilized for head selection optimization. Second, taking into account the wireless volatility caused by changes of topology, obstacles, signal strength, etc., the fine-grained cluster relationships maintenance is provided by means of multilevel aliveness and adaptive bidirectional heartbeat packets. Third, RANCE works in an event-driven and on-demand manner instead of a time-triggered manner in LEACH-like protocols, to reduce the impact on continuous services caused by frequent CH handovers among all nodes. Simulation results show that RANCE provides longer clustered time (over 99% of nodes’ lifetime in networks more than 100 nodes) and good clustering scalability with high consistency at minimum energy cost, and exhibits good potentials in mobile wireless environments that are infrastructureless/poor for continuous missions.

Comparative analysis of routing protocols for wireless area networks and evaluation of the effectiveness

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a gathering of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any preplanned infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article been compared AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational conditions for each MANETs protocol. I study these three MANETs routing protocols by different simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.

A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based QoS Routing Protocol Exploiting Cross-Layer Design in Cognitive Radio Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel deep reinforcement learning-based quality-of-service (QoS) routing protocol, namely DRQR, exploiting cross-layer design to establish efficient QoS (EQS) routes in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks. An EQS route is a route with minimum end-to-end (E2E) queuing delay subject to QoS constraints such as link stability, residual energy, number of hops and avoiding licensed channels of primary users. Particularly, we propose an NP-complete optimization problem which has a feasible solution as an EQS route. To tackle this problem, we design a new deep reinforcement learning model which supports the DRQR protocol to establish EQS routes in real time by offline training instead of online training like most of literature studies. Moreover, the DRQR protocol guarantees to have high system performance. A mathematical analysis of the E2E queuing delay with random waypoint mobility model also provides to verify simulation results. Numerical results show that the DRQR protocol outperforms state-of-the-art routing protocols in terms of routing delay, queuing delay, control overhead, PDR and energy consumption.

An advancement in energy efficient clustering algorithm using cluster coordinator-based CH election mechanism (CCCH)

A mobile ad hoc network comprises several nodes, and each node can send messages (data) on demand without any established infrastructure. Mobile nodes dynamically enter and exit the network often, resulting in unstable network topology in MANET. As a result, maintaining a stable network becomes a challenging task. Path preservation, battery life, safety, dependability, and unexpected connection characteristics are the major issues in MANET. The network's quality of service (QoS) would be impaired as a result (QoS). The routing protocol is vital for MANETs' pathway detection and maintenance. The multicast routing technology may significantly increase the reliability of the MANET network. Clustering methods, which enable the structuring of networks into groups known as entities or clusters, are invariably employed to address such problems. This paper presents a cluster coordinator-based CH election mechanism (CCCH). The cluster coordinator (CC) is in charge of carrying out the entire operation and is the most important entity in this scenario. The cluster coordinator (CC), cluster head (CH), and cluster members (CM) are the three entities that make up the proposed model. Next to the cluster coordinator, the Cluster Head (CH) is the important serving node in each cluster. Each node in a cluster has a unique value for factors such as node mobility, degree, identity, and energy, among others. With the least amount of time and energy use, the combined proposed architecture successfully constructed reliable routing. A comparison study is done with the existing Optimal Route Selection for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (ORSMAN) [13] and ticket ID cluster manager protocol (TID-CMGR) [14] to assess the performance of the proposed CCCH. The comparison result proves that the proposed algorithms' performance is far better than the others in all evaluation metrics, such as energy consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and the number of CH changes.

CBILEM: A novel energy aware mobility handling protocol for SDN based NDN-MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is the network where every node is considered mobile. The mobility nature of nodes in the wireless environment is the issue due to which packets are not able to reach from source to destinations and vice versa. Furthermore, Named Data Networks (NDN) is a new Internet architecture in which data transfer is made in terms of named content. This architecture is used in place of conventional Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. In it, the mobility of producer and consumer is the highlighted problem that results in packet drops and an increased number of retransmissions. Furthermore, Software Defined Networking (SDN) is the approach in which the control plane is separated from the data plane. It takes the functionality of the control plane from each node and gives it to the controller, which calculates the flow tables. However, the integration Software Defined Network with the Mobile Ad hoc Network provides the overall network's vision. To control the mobility issue of nodes, an SDN-based routing protocol, named Controller-Based Intelligent Location and Energy Manager (CBILEM) is proposed. Another contribution of this article is that only nodes with a sufficient amount of battery are allowed to take part in the communication process. It also reduces the problem of sudden unavailability of nodes in the network due to which transmission disruption is minimized. However, the proposed routing protocol considers mobility and energy sufficiency while fulfilling requests. Furthermore, extensive simulations are performed to evaluate the proposed protocol by using the ndnSIM simulator. However, the proposed protocol achieves better performance results as compared to the existing protocols.

Security Attack for Mobile Ad hoc Network using Hybrid Protocol called ZHLP

Security Attack for Mobile Ad hoc Network using Hybrid Protocol called ZHLP

TRAILS mobility model

According to state-of-the-art research, mobile network simulation is preferred over real testbeds, especially to evaluate communication protocols used in Opportunistic Networks (OppNet) or Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANET). The main reason behind it is the difficulty of performing experiments in real scenarios. However, in a simulation, a mobility model is required to define users’ mobility patterns. Trace-based models can be used for this purpose, but they are difficult to obtain, and they are not flexible or scalable. Another option is TRAce-based ProbabILiStic (TRAILS). TRAILS mimics the spatial dependency, geographic restrictions, and temporal dependency from real scenarios. In addition, with TRAILS, it is possible to scale the number of mobile users and simulation time. In this paper, we dive into the algorithms used by TRAILS to generate mobility graphs from real scenarios and simulate human mobility. In addition, we compare mobility metrics of TRAILS simulations, real traces, and another synthetic mobility model such as Small Worlds in Motion (SWIM). Finally, we analyze the performance of an implementation of the TRAILS model in computation time and memory consumption. We observed that TRAILS simulations represent the interaction among users of real scenarios with higher accuracy than SWIM simulations. Furthermore, we found that a simulation with TRAILS requires less computation time than a simulation with real traces and that a TRAILS graph consumes less memory than traces.

Networked control system with MANET communication and AODV routing

The industries are presently exploring the use of wired and wireless systems for control, automation, and monitoring. The primary benefit of wireless technology is that it reduces the installation cost, in both money and labor terms, as companies already have a significant investment in wiring. The research article presents the work on the analysis of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) in a wireless real-time communication medium for a Networked Control System (NCS), and determining whether the simulated behavior is significant for a plant or not. The behavior of the MANET is analyzed for Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV) that maintenances communication among 150 nodes for NCS. The simulation is carried out in Network Simulator (NS2) software with different nodes cluster to estimate the network throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and control overhead. The benefit of MANET is that it has a fixed topology, which permits flexibility since mobile devices may be used to construct ad-hoc networks anywhere, scalability because more nodes can be added to the network, and minimal operating expenses in that no original infrastructure needs to be developed. AODV routing is a flat routing system that does not require central routing nodes. As the network grows in size, the network can be scaled to meet the network design and configuration requirements. AODV is flexible to support different configurations and topological nodes in dynamic networks because of its versatility. The advantage of such network simulation and routing behavior provides the future direction for the researchers who are working towards the embedded hardware solutions for NCS, as the hardware complexity depends on the delay, throughput, and PDR.

A Novel Energy Aware Clustering Mechanism with Fuzzy Logic in MANET Environment

A Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) comprises of the vast range of devices such as sensors, smart phones, laptops and other mobile devices that connect with each other across wireless networks and collaborate in a dispersed fashion to offer network functions in the absence of a permanent infrastructure. The Cluster Head (CH) selection in a clustered MANET is still crucial for lowering each node's energy consumption and increasing the network's lifetime. However, in existing clustering mechanism trust of the all nodes are presumed those causes increased challenge in the MANET environment. Security is a crucial factor when constructing ad-hoc networks. In a MANET, energy consumption in route optimization is dependent on network resilience and connectivity. The primary objective of this study is to design a reliable clustering mechanism for MANETs that takes energy efficiency into account. For trusted energy-efficient CH in the nodes, a safe clustering strategy integrating energy-efficient and fuzzy logic based energy clustering is proposed to address security problems brought about by malicious nodes and to pick a trustworthy node as CH. To improve the problem findings Bat algorithm (BAT) is integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The PSO technique is inspired because it imitates the sociological characteristics of the flock of the birds through random population. The BAT is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by microbat echolocation behavior that uses pulse average with global optimization of the average path in the network. Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) and BAT techniques are applied to identify the best route between the source and destination. According to the simulation results, the suggested Fuzzy logic Particle Swarm Optimization BAT (FLPSO-BAT) technique has a minimum latency of 0.0019 milliseconds, with energy consumption value of 0.09 millijoules, maximal throughput of 0.76 bits per sec and detection rate of 90.5% without packet dropping attack.

Point coordination mechanism based mobile ad hoc network investigation against jammers

In this paper, a jamming attack (a kind of Denial-of-Service attack) was investigated, which interfered with the normal operation of a Mobile Ad Hoc network, which is more vulnerable to various attacks because of its self-configuration, dynamic characteristics, therefore, jammers would affect the network QoS parameters by reducing the throughput and increasing the delay. This problem is solved in this study by enabling the Point Coordination Function, which is a media access mechanism specified by the IEEE standard in some selected MANET nodes (guard nodes) to improve the deficiency of MANET’s performance. The Riverbed modeler was utilized as a simulation tool. In this study, six jammers with two different transmission power values had been applied. In a number of different simulation scenarios with and without jammers, the estimated results showed that the jammers affected the network performance by increasing the delay to 3.0658 sec and decreasing the throughput to 120200.59 bits/sec. After enabling the PCF mechanism in a number of selected nodes, the results allowed the user to solve the problem by improving the network deficiency so that the throughput had been increased to 137478.32 bits/sec and the delay had been decreased to 0.7556 sec. It can be concluded that PCF is a good improvement for different levels of jammer transmission power such as 0.01 W and 0.001 W, and PCF also improved the network’s delay and throughput when the number of PCF enabled nodes had been increased to 10 nodes and 12 nodes, respectively. The improvement is also increased. This study can be used in practice for any ad hoc network when attacked by jammers

Sustainable Multipath Routing for Improving Cross-Layer Performance in MANET Using an Energy Centric Tunicate Swarm Algorithm

Generally, battery power is a valuable resource for mobile devices in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Therefore, energy efficiency and network lifetime should be taken into account when developing control strategies. However, designing an energy-efficient routing mechanism necessitates consideration of many nodes from many layers, such as remaining energy, overall traffic load, and channel assumptions. The traditional layered strategy is unsuccessful in dealing with power-related issues that might affect all layers of the stack. In this paper, the Energy Centric Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (ECTSA) is proposed to perform the cross-layer routing over MANET. The fitness metrics considered in the ECTSA to improve the cross-layer routing are residual energy, communication cost, Data Success Rate (DSR), and mobility. Additionally, an Adaptive Competition Window (ACW) adjustment is used for minimizing the energy consumption caused by the contentions. The performance of the proposed ECTSA is analyzed by means of energy consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay (EED), and routing overhead. Next, the existing techniques, namely, CEELBRP and EECRP-PSO, are used to evaluate the efficiency of the ECTSA method. The energy consumption of the ECTSA is 7.1 joules and prolongs the network lifetime up to 1603 s for 50 nodes, which is better when compared to the existing CEELBRP and EECRP-PSO techniques.

EBR: Routing Protocol to Detect Blackhole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The presence of malevolent nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) would lead to genuine security concerns. These nodes may disturb the routing process or deform the pattern of the data packets passing through the network. The MANET is extremely liable to attacks, owing to its characteristics of the network framework, such as the absence of infrastructure, moveable topology, and a centralized control unit. One of the most common attacks in MANETs is the blackhole attack. MANET nodes are susceptible to spectacular degradation of network performance in the presence of such attacks. In this regard, detecting or preventing deceitful nodes that will launch blackhole attacks is a challenge in MANETs. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Blackhole Resistance (EBR) protocol to identify and resist nodes that are responsible for blackhole attacks. EBR can avoid congested traffic by passing the data packets through a safe route with the minimum RTT. The EBR protocol uses a combination of time to live (TTL) and round trip time (RTT), which is also called a TR mechanism, to detect the blackhole attacks. Our algorithm does not require any cryptographic or authentication mechanisms. Simulation results prove that EBR behaves better than other protocols in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, energy, and routing overhead.

A Security Method for Intrusion Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on DSR Protocol

A Security Method for Intrusion Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on DSR Protocol

A link prediction method for MANETs based on fast spatio-temporal feature extraction and LSGANs

Link prediction aims to learn meaningful features from networks to predict the possibility of topology. Most of the existing research on temporal link prediction is mainly aimed at networks with slow topology changes. They ignore the information of topology interval and link duration. This paper proposes a link prediction model named FastSTLSG. It can automatically analyze the features of the topology in a unified framework to effectively capture the spatio-temporal correlation of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. First, we regard the changing topology as a chaotic system, transform it into a series of static snapshots based on the autocorrelation function; Next, the fast graph convolutional network efficiently analyses the topological relationships between nodes and reduces the computational complexity by importance sampling. Then, the gate recurrent unit captures the temporal correlation between snapshots. Finally, the fully connected layer reconstructs the topological structure. In addition, we take full advantage of least squares generative adversarial networks to further improve the performance of generator to obtain high-quality link prediction results. Extensive experiments on different datasets show that our FastSTLSG model obtains higher prediction accuracy compared with existing baseline models.

Energy Management in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Innovative Protocol TDQR CNFPQR and Bird Optimization Technique

It is impossible to stress the importance of a Dynamic Wireless Ad Hoc Network (MANET) for message path dependability and permanence. Data sharing is a vital activity in a mobile ad hoc network because packet loss occurs when nodes fail or are missing during data transfer. When a packet is lost, it can be subject to various infractions. To overcome this problem, a new algorithm was created known as TDQR CNFPQR (Trigger-Based Distributed QoS Clustered Node Failure Prediction QoS) Protocol. The MBO method analyses node state to minimize packet losses. In comparison to existing methodologies, our suggested methodology uses less energy, delivers more packets, and has a lower routing burden and higher end-to-end latency. Mobile station users can receive stationary network services offered via numerous jump links even if the network is not immediately available to them. Because wireless networks have limited route capacity, it is critical to react to user requests as rapidly as feasible. Because network nodes have limited energy resources, it is critical to spend as little energy as possible when transferring data across the network. Ad hoc wireless networks are hampered by limited battery power, making energy management a critical concern. Knowledge-based algorithm rule analyses the node's monitoring capabilities at the same time. We can then predict node failure, node longevity, and data exchange along the ideal path without packet loss using Migrating Birds Optimization (MBO).

Zone based Hierarchical Link State for Detecting Malicious Node and Black Hole Attack Detection for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Zone based Hierarchical Link State for Detecting Malicious Node and Black Hole Attack Detection for Mobile Ad hoc Networks