Mobile Ad-hoc Network Technology Research Articles

A Regeneration Model for Mitigation Against Attacks on HTTP Servers for Mobile Wireless Networks

The widespread expansion of the internet has fueled a global surge in the utilization of various online transactions, with a significant portion of such services operating on mobile web platforms. Simultaneously, the deployment of innovative Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) technologies and mobile applications has grown as solutions for diverse tasks. Unfortunately, this progress has attracted the attention of hackers, who continually devise new strategies to exploit the vulnerabilities inherent in mobile networks. This study aims to address the escalating challenges posed by cyber threats in the era of widespread internet expansion, particularly focusing on securing mobile web platforms against sophisticated attacks such as Structured Query Language Injection (SQLi) for web-based database solutions and Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS) for various applications. In response to the identified vulnerabilities, this paper proposes an HTTP regeneration (HReg) model that not only detects various cyber-attacks but also ensures the uninterrupted provision of critical services during such incidents. The model introduces an innovative regeneration algorithm capable of scanning both the connection channel and web application to detect attacks, creating survivable connections within the underlying TCP engine to replace compromised ones during an ongoing attack. In simulated environments using OMNeT++, where the server is subjected to attacks, the experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the model. The response and performance metrics, including throughput (73%), delivery ratio (68.8%), delay (3s), and network load, showcase the model's ability to detect and neutralize attacks. A comparison with state-of-the-art approaches highlights the superior performance of the regeneration model, attributed to its additional survivability layer. While the regeneration model proves robust in simulated environments, its real-world application may encounter limitations. Future research should explore these limitations to enhance the practical applicability of the proposed model. The proposed HReg model's resilient performance under attack conditions ensures the survivability of web-based applications. This innovative approach offers practical implications for securing mobile web platforms, providing continuous delivery of critical services even in the face of persistent and evolving cyber threats. This research addresses a significant gap in existing efforts by not only focusing on attack detection but also emphasizing the development of a survivable TCP connection for HTTP servers during attacks. The introduced regeneration model stands out for its unique ability to maintain service continuity, showcasing originality in the approach to cybersecurity in the context of web-based applications.

Implementing routing protocol for energy-aware mobile Ad Hoc networks for WBAN-based healthcare systems

Most mobile nodes are mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). MANET technology is energy-hungry. Because the network lacks a reliable power source, the mobile nodes are battery-powered. MANETs and body sensor networks have impacted health care (BSNs). In healthcare applications, a BSN must provide more reliable routing. Decreased communication rates and improved healthcare system dependability are needed. They're placed on, inside, or around the patient to track and send medical data to cloud servers. Such networks require QoS and EE. This article provides a reliable and energy-efficient healthcare system routing technique to balance QoS and power consumption. Performance metrics include routing overhead, energy consumption, end-to-end latency, throughput, scalability, and transmission error. According to testing, IBOLSR uses less energy and has a longer lifespan than OLSR, EAOLSR, and BOLSR. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other existing algorithms. In tests, the proposed work shows a 79% less Average End-to-End Delay compared to other existing algorithms.

Performance analysis of breadth-first search and depth-first search on MANET for health monitoring system

The development of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) technology is increasing and is directly proportional to the need. MANET is a wireless network consisting of several nodes moving freely and without using the infrastructure. MANET can be applied in various fields such as the military, natural disasters, and health services. The health sector, especially the health monitoring system, gets more attention because it involves maintaining patient safety. However, wireless devices installed in health services have not been able to reach patients. This condition causes the required time and energy consumption to increase. Therefore, the breadth-first search (BFS) and depth-first search (DFS) methods are indispensable in determining the quality of service (QoS) in MANET. QoS parameters analyzed include packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, packet loss, delay, and energy consumption. This study aims to choose a health data traffic route that can improve QoS when transmitting data. The simulation results using the 2018 version of MATLAB show that BFS has a better performance than DFS on delay and energy consumption parameters. Meanwhile, DFS has better performance than BFS on PDR, throughput, and packet loss parameters.

A Transparent Distributed Ledger-Based Certificate Revocation Scheme for Vanets

Among the available communication systems, vehicular networks are emerging as one of the most promising and yet most challenging instantiations of mobile ad-hoc network technologies. The deployment of such networks in large scale requires the enforcement of stringent security mechanisms that need to abide by the technical, societal, legal, and economical requirements of Intelligent Transportation Systems. Authentication is an effective process for validating user identity in vehicular netoworks. However, it cannot guarantee the network security by itself. Available industrial standards do not consider methods to promptly revoke misbehaving vehicles. The only available protection consists on the \textit{revocation by expiry}, which tolerates the misbehaving vehicle to remain trusted in the system for a long time (e.g. 3 months with certificate pre-loading according to EU security policy). This poses a huge yet dangerous limitation to the security of the vehicular ecosystem. In this work we propose a Distributed Ledger-based Certificate Revocation Scheme for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) that harnesses the advantages of the underlying Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to implement a privacy-aware revocation process that is fully transparent to all participating entities and meets the critical message processing times defined by EU and US standards. An experimental validation and analysis demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme, where the DLT streamlines the revocation operation overhead and delivers an economic solution against cyber-attacks in vehicular systems.

A Proposed AODV Black hole Detection Model using the Fuzzy Inference Method in MANET Topology

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET)as a network of mobile routers that self-configures has raised some security concerns which one of them has been the Black Hole Attack (BHA). Studies have shown various detection and mitigation techniques in line with the black hole attack of MANET technology. However, some of the proposed models in this direction have paid less attention to how fuzzy systems could be integrated in Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)protocol, to further guide its detection abilities against a possible black hole attack. Hence the study proposed a model that integrates the Fuzzy Inference Method (FIM)on the existing AODV security measures in order to strengthen further its detection metrics. Also,an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) was introduced for an early check against possible BHA along with the Fuzzy Parameter Extraction module which performs all necessary parameter checks before passing it on to the FIM. The parameters into consideration were adapted from the study of Narang (2013), with this study modifying further its proposed algorithm using the added concepts earlier mentioned. The proposed model presented tends to perform better than the existing models in this direction with evidence from the theoretical underpinnings of the functionality of the added modules in the proposed system

Intensive analysis of intrusion detection methodology over Mobile Adhoc Network using machine learning strategies

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) recently gained prominence due to the prevalence of handheld connectivity and their flexibility to supportability in specific non-permanent and instantaneous applications like floods and military situations. MANET offers great network utility, but comes with specific security challenges due to the fact that there is no central control, changing network topology, transient existence and uncoordinated communication. There are numerous proposals to use encryption and authentication measures to decrease the risk of security issues, especially as a first-line protection options. Although these risks cannot be removed entirely, an effective intrusion detection scheme is vital to keep unauthorized intrusion out of Mobile Adhoc Network. The role of intrusion identification on Mobile Adhoc Network is extremely difficult due to open medium, complex topology, dispersion, lack of centralized administration, and resource-constrained node groups. There is no direct analogue of a traditional intrusion detection system designed for Mobile AdHoc Networks Technology that can be used on the wireless network. The technology used in it must be flexible enough to accommodate ad hoc changes. This system implements new machine learning architecture that enhances detection to be much more. Intelligent Decision Support incorporates the high accuracy of Enhanced Support Vector Machine (eSVM) with the improved scalability of Rough Set Theory (RST).

WITHDRAWN: Performance evaluation of reactive routing protocol using simulation knowledge

Abstract Mobile ad-hoc network technology is developed to establish the internet connectivity regardless of geographical location all the time. It is an infrastructure less network and allows the nodes to move freely and organize in an arbitral manner. Nodes in a network are autonomous, self-organize and act in a peer to peer fashion. MANET needs an effective dynamic routing protocol to achieve efficient communication. The paper analyzes the performance of various reactive routing protocols designed for MANET. The aim is to achieve a broad understanding of reactive routing protocols developed for MANET and Pave the path for future research. The paper evaluates the performance with respect to different scenarios, and analyzes the results with different performance metrics. The analysis shows the systematic evaluation of reactive routing protocols performance in terms of dynamic and static topology with multi hop communication, and variable data rates.

Design of Wide Interval Frequency Hopping Pattern for Frequency Hopping Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

The frequency hopping mobile ad-hoc network (FH MANET) is a communication network that combines frequency hopping (FH) technology and mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) technology. FH technology can improve the anti-interference performance of the network, and MANET technology improves the mobility and anti-destructiveness of the network. It can be networked autonomously without manual intervention and other network facilities. It has strong application value in complex battlefield environment and occasions with harsh environment and high confidentiality requirements. The frequency hopping pattern (FHP) design is a key technology in the FH MANET, which is directly related to the network’s anti-interference and multipath fading capabilities. In this paper, a wide interval expansion method (WIEBM) based on m-sequence and non-continuous tap L-G model is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that proposed scheme can effectively improve the anti-interference ability of the system. It has the ability to resist more than 30% of broadband interference.

Bat Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for Energy-Aware Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) can be described as a group of wireless mobile nodes that form a temporary dynamic and independent infrastructure network or a central administration facility. High energy consumption is one of the main problems associated with the MANET technology. The wireless mobile nodes used in this process rely on batteries because the network does not have a steady power supply. Thus, the rapid battery drain reduces the lifespan of the network. In this paper, a new Bat Optimized Link State Routing (BOLSR) protocol is proposed to improve the energy usage of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol in the MANET. The symmetry between OLSR of MANET and Bat Algorithm (BA) is that both of them use the same mechanism for finding the path via sending and receiving specific signals. This symmetry resulted in the BOLSR protocol that determines the optimized path from a source node to a destination node according to the energy dynamics of the nodes. The BOLSR protocol is implemented in a MANET simulation by using MATLAB toolbox. Different scenarios are tested to compare the BOLSR protocol with the Cellular Automata African Buffalo Optimization (CAABO), Energy-Based OLSR (EBOLSR), and the standard OLSR. The performance metric consists of routing overhead ratios, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay which is applied to evaluate the performance of the routing protocols. The results of the tests reveal that the BOLSR protocol reduces the energy consumption and increases the lifespan of the network, compared with the CAABO, EBOLSR, and OLSR.

Distributed routing algorithm with dynamic connection partition for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are attractive for many applications because of their easy-to-use and self-organising nature. However, the routing overhead problem has always been a bottleneck restricting the development of MANETs technology. The reason behind is the traditional blind flooding methods and frequent route initiations caused by node mobility. Reducing routing overhead has a huge impact on saving energy consumption of mobile nodes and improving the MANETs performance. In this study, a distributed dynamic routing algorithm is proposed to establish an efficient routing mechanism for MANETs. Based on the mobility of nodes, a fuzzy positional relationship between nodes is constructed. Using this relationship, an improved routing method is designed. The authors characterise this relationship between nodes and implement the proposed algorithm in an ad hoc routing architecture. The simulation results show that the proposed routing algorithm achieves good performance in reducing routing overhead and improves the efficiency of packet transmissions in MANETs.

Robust Performance Rate Control to Enhance MANET Networks Routing Issue

Wireless mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) technology is defined as a group of wireless mobile hosts forming a network without any infrastructure or centralized administration. This paper addresses robust performance control on routing problem in the MANET based on path calculation function. A novel routing algorithm is proposed in terms of rate control and path calculation function for enhancing packet delivery fraction and end-to-end delay. The key idea is to construct a control algorithm for reducing the number of route reconstruction in the network. Using the proposed control algorithm, the multiple routes are efficiently selected, resulting in higher packet delivery ratio, lower routing packets, and lower end-to-end delay. Results show the capability of the proposed algorithm.

The Dynamic Routing Protocol Implementation Strategy of the Cooperative Control Awareness Combat Network

In view of the problem of dynamically setting up a fire aiming data chain between the sensors and the shooters in the same battle echelon in the awareness combat network (ACNET) of the future unmanned collaborative combat system, based on the wireless mobile Ad-hoc network technology, a closed loop routing control model is built, in which the information transmitted in the ACNET is regarded as a continuous fluid according to the requirement of the transmission packet and its link state. Based on this model, a high-speed mobile dynamic real-time routing protocol (HDRRP) and its implementation method are proposed. The routing strategy combines the cellular network and Ad hoc to design a node state routing and mobile cellular routing mode and algorithm, and automatically selects the corresponding routing algorithm according to priority. Thus, the sensing information and the combat target strike are organically integrated, and the data are delivered at high speed and in a real-time, dynamic, and reliable way. The simulation results show that this protocol can greatly improve the packet delivery rate, and compared with the traditional wireless mobile Ad-hoc network, it can shorten the transmission delay, has a better anti interruption performance, and reduces control overhead, route discovery time, and routing maintenance time.

Benefits of Using Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Protocols in Federated Satellite Systems for Polar Satellite Missions

The operational network of individual observation nodes project evaluated the benefits of applying distributed satellite system (DSS) architectures to Earth observation. One of its outcomes is the identification of Arctic services as top priority current user needs that require near-real-time observations. Using inter-satellite communications (ISC) capabilities, a federated satellite system (FSS) can establish a win-win collaboration between two spacecrafts to provide these services. However, as a FSS is established during the contact between two satellites, the service duration is limited. Therefore, the Internet of satellites (IoSat) paradigm promotes the use of multi-hop sporadic networks to deploy FSS. In this paper, the routing protocol (which identifies routes between a source-destination pair) becomes crucial. One of the most extended networks is the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), in which nodes are constantly moving and changing the network topology. In principle, applying MANET technologies in the IoSat context would provide self-organization, self-configuration, and flexibility to satellite systems. The optimized link-state routing (OLSR) protocol is the predominant solution in MANET, because it quickly reacts against topology changes. This paper aims at studying the benefits of using satellite networks with MANET solutions (e.g. OLSR) for polar satellite missions. The results presented in this article demonstrate that the access time is significantly improved, and thus these new Arctic services can be achieved.

Joint cost and secured node disjoint energy efficient multipath routing in mobile ad hoc network

The severe resource constraints and deployment environments of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) pose challenges for the security and energy consumption during data transmission for these networks. Multipath routing and energy consumption are the important factors to be considered in mobile ad hoc network as it provides a powerful tool for studying security aspects during data transmission. Advances in MANET technology have provided the availability of energy efficient reliable and multi path routing for intrusion tolerance with capability of identifying reliable routes, determining the best redundancy level to increase the operational lifetime of the network. Identifying a secured and energy efficient multipath routing for MANET represents the basic challenge during data transmission. In order to overcome such limitation, a hybrid method called as joint cost and secured node disjoint energy-efficient multipath routing (NDE-MR) is designed for MANET to reduce the energy consumption and execution time during the multipath routing and to improve security during data transfer. Node initialization initializes the mobile nodes with energy efficient model by obtaining the neighbor node data. Next, cost-based multipath route discovery model identifies the path with the least transmission cost through which data forwarding is made. Finally, security is achieved through node disjoint path model by splitting the data packets into different segments. Simulation results show that the NDE-MR model is able to reduce energy consumption and execution time during multipath routing and to increases the security of the network.

A framework of intelligent decision support system for Indian police

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce architecture of an Intelligent Decision Support System to fulfill the emerging responsibilities of law enforcement agencies. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed Intelligent Police System (IPS) is designed to meet the emerging requirements and provide information at all levels of decision making by introducing a multi-level structure of user interface and crime analysis model. The proposed framework of IPS is based on data mining and performance measurement techniques to extract useful information like crime hot spots, predict crime trends and rank police administration units on the basis of crime prevention measures. Findings – IPS has been implemented on actual Indian crime data provided by National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), which illustrates effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed system. IPS can play a vital role in improving outcome in the crime investigation, criminal detection and other major areas of functioning of police organization by analyzing the crime data and sharing of the information. Research limitations/implications – The research in intelligent police information system can be enhanced with some important additional features which include web-base management system, geographical information system, mobile adhoc network technology, etc. Practical implications – IPS can easily be applied to any police system in the world and can equally be useful for any law enforcement agencies for carrying out homeland security effectively. Originality/value – The research reported in this manuscript is outcome of the research project funded by NCRB. This paper is the first attempt to build framework of IPS for Indian police who deal with large volume and high rate of crimes that are unmatched to any police force of the world.

English

Mobile ad-hoc network technology has gained popularity in recent years by researchers on account of its flexibility, low cost and eases of deployment. The objective of proposed R2M2 model is to evaluate the performance of MANET (Mobile ad hoc Network ) operating with DSR( Dynamic Source Routing) as routing protocol. The R2M2 model for MANET is simulated and implemented using network simulator ns 2.34 and validated using Bayesian rules. The R2M2 model is able to find out the probability of having certain behavior (able to decide reliable or not reliable) of routes, in uncertain observations (not able to decide whether the route is reliable or not) in presence of drop and delay. For performance evaluation of MANET using the proposed R2M2 model input variables (like node density, number of active connections, duration of communication, node movement speed, pause time & data transfer rate etc. ) and output variables drop rate and delay have been taken as output variables. The R2M2 model helps in deciding the certain and uncertain behavior of routes and consequently the nodes and is found satisfactory.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MULTIPATH EXTENSIONS OF AODV

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a multi-hop wire less network with dynamically changing topology. Wi th the development of MANET technology, various routing protocols have be en proposed over the years with minimum control ove rhead and network resources. AODV is the most popular routing protoco l among others. It is a single path, loop free, On- demand type routing protocol and its performance is better than other routing pr otocols in MANET environment. However, single path abstraction is considered one of the biggest drawbacks of AODV. Also, it has more routing overhead both at the time of route dis covery and route repair. In the networks with light traffic and low mobility AODV sflawlessly to the larger networks with low ba ndwidth and storage overhead. But in networks with heavy traffic, a big number of routes will break resulting in repeated route disco veries and error reports in the network, which is an overhead. The mobile nodes in MANET have limited resources such as battery power, limited bandwidth which the single path protocols cannot handle efficiently . Thus routing is a vital issue in the design of a MANET. Multipath routing allows the establishment of multiple paths between a singl e source and single destination node. Researchers h ave proposed many multipath extensions of AODV protocol to establish reliable c ommunication and ensure better load balancing than the conventional protocol. This paper reviews some multipath extensions of AOD V routing protocol and a comparative study is done. There is no frontrunner of the comparison, but there are important inferences for scholars who will design new routing protocols in future.

Performance Evaluation of Efficient MANET Routing Protocol in Smart Grid

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is an effective method to solve the bottleneck of information collection and wireless transmission in Smart Grid. The particularity of MANET determines the importance of routing protocols. In order to improve the performance of MANET routing protocol, in this paper we evaluate the routing protocol, i.e., Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV), from several perspectives that did not draw attention in previous works. Furthermore, we also compare AODV with the routing protocol Dynamic source Routing (DSR). The simulation shows that AODV outperforms DSR in generally, and the former is suitable for larger MANET network. The simulation results in this paper not only provide effective evidence for further optimized routing protocols and the current protocols, but also provide feasible solution for Smart Grid to collect and transmission data by using MANET technology.

Effect of TTL Parameter Variation on Performance of AODV Route Discovery Process

A routing protocol is used to facilitate communication in ad hoc network. The primary goal of such a routing protocol is to provide an efficient and reliable path between a pair of nodes. Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networking technology (MANET) is challenging due to its route discovery feature dealing with link failures and to repair the routes in these situations. An ad hoc network is a temporarily infrastructure less network in which nodes can join and leave the network at anytime and are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily. In MANETs, each node should not only work for itself, but should be cooperative with other nodes. In this paper, we propose a scheme to evaluate effect of Time To Live (TTL) increment and threshold value to analyze route discovery process in Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for proactively less communication overheads. It is simulated using OPNET 14.5 with fixed network area and node density. Our simulation results show that performance of route discovery, link failure and repair mechanism depends on optimal choice of TTL increment and threshold.

Study of the Effect of Velocity on End-To-End Delay For V2V Communication In ITs

This paper focuses on vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications in VANET. With the development of vehicles and mobile Ad Hoc network technology, the Vehicle Ad hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. VANET is a special case of MANET, and will play an important role in city road traffic control. It is a challenging problem for searching and maintaining an effective route for transporting data information. Vehicular Ad Hoc network (VANET), is a hot topic applying mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) to ITS in recent years. In the era of wireless computing, VANET communications are gaining a lot of attention. In this paper we provide a simulation and study of the effect of velocity on end-to-end delay for v2v communication in intelligent transportation Systems