mmWave 5G Antenna Research Articles

Statement of Removal: Knowledge-based heuristic optimisation technique for mm-wave 5G antenna

ABSTRACT This work presents a knowledge-based decision-making robust antenna design (KDRAD) method that employs a heuristic-optimisation technique for antenna design. The method is used to create and scale a single-element antenna to operate at multiple frequencies within the 5 G range. In this study, a low-profile planar four-element microstrip antenna of 14.8 mm × 14.8 mm × 0.508 mm gives simulated and measured impedance bandwidths of about 1.18 GHz (26.43–27.61 GHz) and 1.08 GHz (26.42–27.50 GHz), respectively, with a centre frequency of 27 GHz. The mm-wave planar four-port antenna has a maximum gain of 7.2 dBi; isolation of 33.2 dB; and multiple antenna matrices with minimal ECC (0.000000109), high diversity gain (10 dB) and channel capacity loss of 0.00110 bits/s/Hz.

A Novel Compact, Broadband, High Gain Millimeter-Wave Antenna for 5G Beam Steering Applications

The millimeter-wave (mmWave) antennas for smartphones are one of the key components to complete the transition to 5G mobile networks. Although research and development of mmWave 5G antennas for cellular handsets are currently at the center of a significant research effort in both academia and telecommunication industry, a systematic antenna design approved by wireless community has not been proposed yet. With this communication, we propose a novel, high gain, wide band and compact mmWave 5G antenna, namely clover antenna for cellular handsets. The presented antenna has clover like conductor profile whose parameters can be adjusted to obtain high gain or wide band. The designed antennas are simulated with a widely used full-wave analysis tool. Numerical results of the mmWave antenna are confirmed successfully by the experimental results in 24-28 GHz band. The antenna achieves measured peak gain of 7.8-9 dBi in the band. Besides, with a 16-element clover antenna array, the beam steering capability of the antenna is demonstrated. Beam steering between ±45° is achieved with low side lobe levels. Practical design considerations for the integration of the arrays in handset to obtain full-coverage in horizontal plane are investigated. The calculated spatial peak power density values of the proposed array on the outer surface of a head phantom are demonstrated for different scan angles.

Wideband Asymmetric Coplanar Strip Fed Antennas With Pattern Diversity for mmWave 5G Base Stations

A compact asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed mmWave 5G antenna with 6.5-7.5 dBi end-fire gain is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is wideband, operating from 26–32 GHz with fractional bandwidth of 20.7%. The proposed single element antenna has dimensions of $6 \times 10$ mm2 demonstrating small physical and electrical footprint. The antenna achieves 1-dB gain bandwidth of 20.7% which demonstrates pattern integrity over whole operating band. The reported antenna also achieves reasonable gain for the available aperture. In order to achieve pattern diversity, a shared ground compact two-port antenna topology is next presented for beam switching at ±30°. In addition to this, a quasi-stacked beam switching module integrated with low cost 3D-printed scaffolding with wide angular coverage is proposed with adequate technical justification.

Compact Co-design of Conformal 4G LTE and mmWave 5G Antennas for Mobile Terminals

An integrated design of conformal 4G and 5G Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna system is proposed. The 4G MIMO antenna system consists of electrically small two-element Composite Right/Left Handed (CRLH)-based Coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed monopole antennas, which cater to the class 7 4G Long-Term evolution (LTE) band. For mmWave 5G MIMO antenna system, two-element high gain microstrip patch antennas are proposed. The conformal CPW-fed CRLH Metamaterial (MTM)-based 4G LTE antenna is electrically small with dimensions 20 × 20 × 0.254 mm3. The proposed antenna system has a forward gain of 2.15 dBi. Also, a conformal microstrip-fed patch antenna with an orthogonal pattern diversity at 28 GHz with a forward gain of 9 dBi is presented. Both the proposed antennas are integrated electrically close by 0.004 λ for minimal physical footprint post-integration in a typical smartphone case. The isolation is less than 35 dB. Real-world deployment studies have been presented.

Integrated Millimeter-Wave Wideband End-Fire 5G Beam Steerable Array and Low-Frequency 4G LTE Antenna in Mobile Terminals

In this paper, a novel technique of collocating a millimeter-wave end-fire 5G beam steerable array antenna with a low-frequency planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is presented. In this technique, the low-frequency antenna can be transparent by using some grating strips between the low- and high-frequency antennas. A quad-element mm-wave array with end-fire radiation patterns operating in 22–31 GHz is integrated with a dual-band low-frequency PIFA in a mobile terminal. The novelty of this paper is the collocation of a high-frequency end-fire 5G antenna array with an old-generation low-frequency antenna, such as 4G in small space in the mobile terminal, without interfering with the radiation pattern and impedance matching of both low- and high-frequency antennas. The proposed 5G antenna covers 22–31 GHz and can scan ±50° with the scan loss of better than 3 dB. The coverage efficiency of the proposed mm-wave 5G antenna is better than 50% and 80% for a minimum gain of 4 and 0 dBi in 22–31 GHz, respectively. The gain of the high-frequency antenna array is better than 9.5 dBi at 28 GHz. The low-frequency antenna covers some practical 4G LTE bands from 740–960 MHz and 1.7–2.2 GHz bands. The measured results in both low and high frequencies agree well with the simulations.

An Integrated Antenna System for 4G and Millimeter-Wave 5G Future Handheld Devices

In this work, an integrated antenna system with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is presented for Fourth Generation (4G) and millimeter (mm)-wave Fifth Generation (5G) wireless applications and handheld devices. The proposed design with overall dimensions of 110 mm × 75 mm is modeled on 0.508 mm thick Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate. Radiating structure consists of antenna arrays excited by the T-shape 1 × 2 power divider/combiner. Dual bands for 4G centered at 3.8 GHz and 5.5 GHz are attained, whereas the 10-dB impedance bandwidth of 24.4 - 29.3 GHz is achieved for the 5G antenna array. In addition, a peak gain of 5.41 dBi is demonstrated across the operating bandwidth of the 4G antenna array. Similarly, for the 5G mm-wave configuration the attained peak gain is 10.29 dBi. Moreover, significant isolation is obtained between the two antenna modules ensuring efficient dual-frequency band operation using a single integrated solution. To endorse the concept, antenna prototype is fabricated and far-field measurements are procured. Simulated and measured results exhibit coherence. Also the proposed design is investigated for the beam steering capability of the mm-wave 5G antenna array using CST®MWS®. The demonstrated structure offers various advantages including compactness, wide bandwidth, high gain, and planar configuration. Hence, the attained radiation characteristics prove the suitability of the proposed design for the current and future wireless handheld devices.

Millimeter-Wave 5G Antennas for Smartphones: Overview and Experimental Demonstration

For the first time to the best of our knowledge, this paper provides an overview of millimeter-wave (mmWave) 5G antennas for cellular handsets. Practical design considerations and solutions related to the integration of mmWave phased-array antennas with beam switching capabilities are investigated in detail. To experimentally examine the proposed methodologies, two types of mesh-grid phased-array antennas featuring reconfigurable horizontal and vertical polarizations are designed, fabricated, and measured at the 60 GHz spectrum. Afterward the antennas are integrated with the rest of the 60 GHz RF and digital architecture to create integrated mmWave antenna modules and implemented within fully operating cellular handsets under plausible user scenarios. The effectiveness, current limitations, and required future research areas regarding the presented mmWave 5G antenna design technologies are studied using mmWave 5G system benchmarks.

Study and prototyping of practically large-scale mmWave antenna systems for 5G cellular devices

This article discusses the challenges, benefits and approaches associated with realizing largescale antenna arrays at mmWave frequency bands for future 5G cellular devices. Key design considerations are investigated to deduce a novel and practical phased array antenna solution operating at 28 GHz with near spherical coverage. The approach is further evolved into a first-of- a-kind cellular phone prototype equipped with mmWave 5G antenna arrays consisting of a total of 32 low-profile antenna elements. Indoor measurements are carried out using the presented prototype to characterize the proposed mmWave antenna system using 16-QAM modulated signals with 27.925 GHz carrier frequency. The biological implications due to the absorbed electromagnetic waves when using mmWave cellular devices are studied and compared in detail with those of 3/4G cellular devices.