MMP-9 Secretion Research Articles

FFA intervention on LO2 cells mediates SNX-10 synthesis and regulates MMP9 secretion in LX2 cells via TGF-β1

FFA intervention on LO2 cells mediates SNX-10 synthesis and regulates MMP9 secretion in LX2 cells via TGF-β1

Diabetes-induced alteration of metal ion levels declines the activity of MMPs to decrease aortic aneurysm risk

AimsDiabetes mellitus (DM) links the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Inverse to the enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the development of aortic aneurysm is lower in diabetic population. We examined the hypothesis that DM-induced alteration of metal ion levels declines the activity of MMPs to decrease aortic aneurysm risk. Methods & ResultsBy culturing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) or macrophages with different concentrations of glucose in the medium, we confirmed that high glucose significantly increased the expression of fibronectin and CTGF in VSMCs, and induced MMP2 expression and MMP9 secretion in macrophages. We also established an abdominal aortic aneurysm model in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and evaluated aneurysm development six weeks later. Compared to the healthy controls, diabetic mice had significantly lower levels of Zn2+ and Mg2+ in serum and developed significantly smaller sizes of aneurysms with higher expression of fibronectin and CTGF; but dietary zinc supplementation to diabetic mice effectively neutralized these differences. Gelatin zymography assay indicated that the enzymatic digestion activity of MMP2 was changed under different concentrations of ZnSO4 and MgSO4. Clinical data analysis also confirmed that DM, serum Zn2+ level, and aortic aneurysm risk closely correlated with each other. ConclusionIt seems that DM-induced alteration of metal ion levels declines the activity of MMPs to negate aortic aneurysm development. Our data provide novel mechanistical insight and therapeutic strategy for aortic aneurysms.

The Effect of Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields with Low Induction and Red LED Light on Keratinocyte Biological Activity-An In Vitro Research Model.

For several decades, there has been growing interest in the influence of low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMFs) and red LED light on the healing process. Keratinocytes are cells that play a significant role in the process of wound healing and tissue regeneration. A human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) was exposed to an LFMF with low induction (180-195 Hz; 60 µT, magnetostimulation), red LED light (630 nm; 300 mW, LED therapy), and their combined action (magneto-LED therapy) in in vitro culture conditions. On day 4 and 8 of the experiment, the following parameters were determined: adhesion/proliferation, adenylate kinase (AK), nitric oxide (NO), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α), metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), and collagen IV. It was shown that magnetostimulation caused an increase in keratinocyte adhesion/proliferation and IL-8 secretion and a decrease in IL-12 secretion. The LED therapy resulted in a transient increase in the secretion of NO and cytokines IL-1, IL-12, and IL-6 in keratinocytes. The use of magneto-LED therapy resulted in an increase in keratinocyte adhesion/proliferation, the secretion of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, and NO with a simultaneous decrease in MMP-9 secretion. The results of our studies showed that the action of an LFMF with low-induction and LED light on keratinocytes can modulate the biological activity of keratinocytes towards improving the skin healing process.

Clerodendrum trichotomum Extract Attenuates UV-B-Induced Skin Impairment in Hairless Mice by Inhibiting MAPK Signaling.

Exposure to solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation significantly accelerates skin aging by inducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-1, leading to alterations in the extracellular matrix and consequent photoaging. Some plant components, renowned for their UV-absorbing and antioxidative properties, show potential for mitigating photoaging by reducing UV-B-induced MMP levels. In this context, we explored the inhibitory effects of Clerodendrum trichotomum extract (CTE) on UV-B-induced skin damage. The mechanism of CTE was predicted using network pharmacology approach. Also, antiaging efficacy was evaluated by mouse model and cellular system using human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa), including its modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. CTE effectively counters UV-B-induced skin damage, as evidenced by the suppression of MMP-9 and MMP-1 expression in mice. We found that each fraction and chemical constituents of CTE suppressed UV-B-induced MMP-1 secretion in HEKa cells. CTE inhibits UV-B-induced skin aging by partially suppressing MMP-1 and MMP-9 secretion via the modulation of MAPK signaling pathways.

Galectin-1 Elicits a Tissue-Specific Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Degradative Effect Upon LPS-Induced Response in an Ex Vivo Model of Human Fetal Membranes Modeling an Intraamniotic Inflammation.

Intrauterine infection is one of the most jeopardizing conditions associated with adverse outcomes, including preterm birth; however, multiple tolerance mechanisms operate at the maternal-fetal interface to avoid the rejection of the fetus. Among the factors that maintain the uterus as an immunoprivileged site, Galectin-1 (Gal-1), an immunomodulatory glycan-binding protein secreted by the maternal-fetal unit, is pivotal in promoting immune cell homeostasis. This work aimed to evaluate the role of Gal-1 during a lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced-inflammatory milieu. Using an ex vivo culture with two independent compartments, human fetal membranes at term were pretreated with 40 and 80ng/mL of Gal-1, then to reproduce an intraamniotic inflammation, the fetal side of membranes was stimulated with 500ng/mL of LPS for 24h. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP1) α, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were measured in both amnion and choriodecidua compartments. In a tissue-specific fashion profile, pretreatment with the physiologic concentration of Gal-1 significantly diminished the LPS-dependent secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, Il-6, MCP1, MIP1α, RANTES, and MMP-9. Gal-1 elicits an anti-inflammatory effect on the human fetal membranes stimulated with LPS, which supports the hypothesis that Gal-1 is part of the immunomodulatory mechanisms intended to stop the harmful effect of inflammation of the maternal-fetal interface.

Pseudolaric Acid B Inhibits FLT4-induced Proliferation and Migration in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) has attracted much attention on account of the high incidence and mortality of cancers. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3 (VEGFR3/FLT4), which is a highly expressed receptor in NSCLC, greatly regulates cancer proliferation and migration. Pseudolaric Acid B (PAB) is a diterpenoid acid with antitumor activity isolated from Pseudolarix kaempferi. This study aimed to explore the inhibitory effect of PAB targeting FLT4 in NSCLC. Cell membrane chromatography was used to evaluate the affinity of PAB binding on FLT4. NCIH1299 cells were used in this study, and an MTT assay was performed to determine the anti-proliferation effect of PAB. Cell cycle analysis was conducted to study the cycle arrest of PAB. Wound healing and Transwell assays assessed the rate of cell migration. Western blot analysis evaluated the expression of related proteins. PAB showed strong affinity to FLT4 with a KD value of 3.01 × 10- 6 M. Targeting FLT4 by PAB inactivated downstream P38MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, which inhibited the proliferation of NCI-H1299 cells. Meanwhile, PAB promoted G2/M phase arrest by influencing CyclinB1 and CDK1 complex formation to inhibit NCI-H1299 cell growth, but the effect was attenuated by knocking down the FLT4. Besides, PAB regulated MMP9 secretion through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to inhibit NCI-H1299 cell migration. However, the ability of PAB to inhibit migration was significantly weakened by FLT4 knockdown in NCI-H1299 cells. PAB can inhibit the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells through targeting FLT4 and is expected to be a promising FLT4 inhibitor for NSCLC treatment.

Alpha(α)-mangostin (Xanthone of Garcinia mangostana L.): Augmenting Macrophages Activity for an Effective Diabetic Wound Healing

Diabetic wounds are particularly difficult to treat medically because they heal at a slower pace than regular wounds. Macrophages are essential in all stages of normal wound healing, including inflammation, proliferation and rem odelling. When wound healing is affected, macrophages can reduce the level of growth factor and increase the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6), disrupt the balance between tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), which can slow down healing. Alpha(α)-mangostin, a natural xanthone derived from the pericarp of the mangosteen, has gained considerable attention due to its anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential to promote wound healing. However, its exact role in healing diabetic foot ulcers, common in diabetes, remains unclear. Hence, this study aims to explore how α-mangostin might affect diabetic wound healing by evaluating its impact on PDGF, CTGF, BFGF, VEGF, TGF-β, MMP-9, TIMP-2 and IL-6 secretion in macrophage cells. Human monocytic macrophages (THP-1) were incubated with a 35 mM glucose solution for 72 h to create a glucose-enriched medium. The cells were then incubated with α-mangostin (0.15, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL) together with 35 mM glucose. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) served as positive controls; glucose-enriched media and media-alone served as negative controls. Protein expression was measured using ELISA. α-mangostin (2.5 µg/mL) increased the levels of PDGF and VEGF and decreased the level of MMP-9 compared to glucose controls. There was no significant difference in other growth factors, TIMP-2 and IL-6 protein levels across any of the treatment groups compared to glucose controls. In conclusion, α-mangostin particularly at 2.5 µg/mL demonstrated a significant increase in PDGF and VEGF levels while simultaneously reducing MMP-9 in macrophage cells under glucose-induced conditions. These findings suggest that α-mangostin holds the potential for enhancing the healing of chronic wounds in diabetic conditions. HIGHLIGHTS Treatment of macrophages (THP-1 cells) with 2.5 µg/mL Alpha (α)-mangostin in a high glucose medium led to a significant increase in PDGF and VEGF secretion compared to glucose control. Treatment of the cells with 2.5 µg/mL Alpha (α)-mangostin in a high glucose medium led to a significant reduction of MMP-9 secretion compared to glucose control. There is no significant effects of Alpha (α)-mangostin on IL-6 and TIMP secretion compared to controls This study suggests that Alpha (α)-mangostin may be beneficial in promoting diabetic wound healing via stimulation of PDGF and VEGF secretion and reducing MMP-9 levels. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Small extracellular vesicles derived from synovial fibroblasts contain distinct miRNA profiles and contribute to chondrocyte damage in osteoarthritis

BackgroundSmall extracellular vesicles (sEV) derived from synovial fibroblasts (SF) represent a novel molecular mechanism regulating cartilage erosion in osteoarthritis (OA). However, a comprehensive evaluation using disease relevant cells has not been undertaken. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterise sEV from OA SF and to look at their ability to regulate OA chondrocyte effector responses relevant to disease. Profiling of micro (mi) RNA signatures in sEV and parental OA SF cells was performed.MethodsSF and chondrocytes were isolated from OA synovial membrane and cartilage respectively (n = 9). sEV were isolated from OA SF (± IL-1β) conditioned media by ultracentrifugation and characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Particle size was confirmed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). sEV regulation of OA chondrocyte and cartilage effector response was evaluated using qPCR, ELISA and sulphated glycosaminoglycan assay (sGAG). RNA-sequencing was used to establish miRNA signatures in isolated sEV from OA SF.ResultsOA SF derived sEV were readily taken up by OA chondrocytes, with increased expression of the catabolic gene MMP 13 (p < 0.01) and decreased expression of the anabolic genes aggrecan and COL2A1 (p < 0.01) observed. Treatment with sEV derived from IL-1β stimulated OA SF significantly decreased expression of aggrecan and COL2A1 (p < 0.001) and increased SOX 9 gene expression (p < 0.05). OA chondrocytes cultured with sEV from either non-stimulated or IL-1β treated OA SF, resulted in a significant increase in the secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-3 (p < 0.01). Cartilage explants cultured with sEV from SF (± IL-1β) had a significant increase in the release of sGAG (p < 0.01). miRNA signatures differed between parental SF cells and isolated sEV. The recently identified osteoclastogenic regulator miR182, along with miR4472-2, miR1302-3, miR6720, miR6087 and miR4532 were enriched in sEV compared to parental cells, p < 0.01. Signatures were similar in sEVs derived from non-stimulated or IL-1β stimulated SF.ConclusionsOA SF sEV regulate chondrocyte inflammatory and remodelling responses. OA SF sEV have unique signatures compared to parental cells which do not alter with IL-1β stimulation. This study provides insight into a novel regulatory mechanism within the OA joint which could inform future targeted therapy.

Caveolin-1 knockout mitigates breast cancer metastasis to the lungs via integrin α3 dysregulation in 4T1-induced syngeneic breast cancer model

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a critical lipid raft protein playing dual roles as both a tumor suppressor and promoter. While its role in tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis has been recognized, the explicit contribution of Cav-1 to the onset of lung metastasis from primary breast malignancies remains unclear. Here, we present the first evidence that Cav-1 knockout in mammary epithelial cells significantly reduces lung metastasis in syngeneic breast cancer mouse models. In vitro, Cav-1 knockout in 4T1 cells suppressed extracellular vesicle secretion, cellular motility, and MMP secretion compared to controls. Complementing this, in vivo analyses demonstrated a marked reduction in lung metastatic foci in mice injected with Cav-1 knockout 4T1 cells as compared to wild-type cells, which was further corroborated by mRNA profiling of the primary tumor. We identified 21 epithelial cell migration genes exhibiting varied expression in tumors derived from Cav-1 knockout and wild-type 4T1 cells. Correlation analysis and immunoblotting further revealed that Cav-1 might regulate metastasis via integrin α3 (ITGα3). In silico protein docking predicted an interaction between Cav-1 and ITGα3, which was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, Cav-1 and ITGα3 knockdown corroborated its role in metastasis in the cell migration assay.

Fusobacterium nucleatum induces invasive growth and angiogenic responses in malignant oral keratinocytes that are cell line- and bacterial strain-specific.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic commensal of the oral cavity recently reported to be associated with cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we investigate the impact on oral keratinocytes of infection with a genetically diverse set of strains of F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum recovered from patients with oral dysplasia (n=6). We employed H357 oral keratinocytes derived from a stage 1 OSCC and H376 cells derived from a stage 3 OSCC. Adhesion phenotypes were strain specific, with 3/6 clinical isolates examined exhibiting higher adherence to the stage 3 H376 cell line. Conversely, intracellular invasion was greatest in the H357 cells and was associated with specific transcriptional responses including autophagy and keratinization. Infection of both H357 and H376 cell lines induced transcriptional and cytokine responses linked to cancer cell migration and angiogenesis. F. nucleatum infection induced greater levels of MMP9 secretion in the H376 cell line which was associated with enhanced motility and invasion phenotypes. Additionally, the degree of F. nucleatum induced invasive growth by H376 cells varied between different clinical isolates of F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum. Blockage of CCL5 signalling using the inhibitor metCCL5 resulted in reduced keratinocyte invasion. F. nucleatum infection also induced expression of the pro-angiogenic chemokine MCP-1 and the angiogenic growth factor VEGF-A resulting in increased capillary-like tube formation in HUVEC cells, most significantly in H376 cells. Treatment of HUVEC cells with resveratrol, a VEGF-A signalling inhibitor, significantly attenuated F. nucleatum induced tube formation. Our data indicate that the outcomes of F. nucleatum-oral cell interactions can vary greatly depending on the bacterial genotype and the malignant phenotype of the host cell.

Para rubber seed oil and its fatty acids alleviate photoaging and maintain cell homeostasis.

Para rubber seed oil was indicated for skin dullness and hair loss in regard to its cutaneous beneficial fatty acids. Nonetheless, the oil's potency against photoaging remains unexplored. We proposed that para rubber seed oil could alleviate photoaging. Para rubber seed oil was investigated in cocultures of human HaCaT cells and dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Photoaging protectant efficiency was monitored in terms of IL-6 and IL-8 as well as MMP-1 (collagenase) and MMP-9 (gelatinase) in a comparison with its fatty acid components. Para rubber seed oil standardized in fatty acids was indicated as the promising plant oil for photoaging treatment. Its photoprotection mechanism was demonstrated in the coculture system of keratinocyte and fibroblast cells for the first time. Where the oil and its fatty acid constituents (100 μg/mL) were indicated to be safe and efficiently protect the cocultures against UV damage. The oil significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed UV-induced IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1 and MMP-9 secretions. The revealed photoprotection proficiency was abided by its fatty acids, particularly the unsaturated C18 ones. The oil was indicated on its potential to maintain skin homeostasis and would alleviate senescence ageing in regard to its photoprotection abilities exhibited. Para rubber seed oil is warranted as a new generation of photoaging protectant agent with the profiled safety and efficacy demonstrated in the epidermal coculture system. The findings encourage the development of innovative anti-ageing products containing the oil, which is categorizable as a sustainable specialty material for photoaging treatment.

The anti-angiogenic and anti-vasculogenic mimicry effects of GN25 in endothelial and glioma cells

Background and purposeScientists have been exploring anti-angiogenic strategies to inhibit angiogenesis and prevent tumor growth. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) poses a challenge, complicating anti-angiogenesis therapy. A novel drug, GN25 (3-[{1,4-dihydro-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-dioxo-2-naphthalenyl}thio]-propanoic acid), can inhibit tumor formation. This study aims to investigate the microenvironmental effects and molecular mechanisms of GN25 in anti-angiogenesis and anti-VM. Experimental approachMTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to evaluate the cell viability of different concentrations of GN25 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and Uppsala 87 malignant glioma (U87MG) cells. Functional assays were used to investigate the effects of GN25 on angiogenesis-related processes, whereas gelatin zymography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and Western blotting were utilized to assess the influence on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and related signaling pathways. Key resultsGN25 suppressed migration, wound healing, and tube formation in HUVECs and disrupted angiogenesis in a rat aorta ring and zebrafish embryo model. GN25 dose-dependently reduced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT and inhibited MMP-2/VEGF secretion in HUVECs. In U87MG cells, GN25 inhibited migration, wound healing, and VM, accompanied by a decrease in MMP-2 and VEGF secretion. The results indicate that GN25 effectively inhibits angiogenesis and VM formation in HUVECs and U87MG cells without affecting preexisting vascular structures. Conclusion and implicationsThis study elaborated GN25's potential as an anti-angiogenic agent by elucidating its inhibitory effects on classical angiogenesis. VM provides valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies against tumor progression and angiogenesis-related diseases. These results indicate the potential of GN25 as a promising candidate for angiogenesis-related diseases.

Fibroblast Smad7 Induction Protects the Remodeling Pressure-Overloaded Heart.

Cardiac fibroblast activation contributes to adverse remodeling, fibrosis, and dysfunction in the pressure-overloaded heart. Although early fibroblast TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)/Smad (small mother against decapentaplegic)-3 activation protects the pressure-overloaded heart by preserving the matrix, sustained TGF-β activation is deleterious, accentuating fibrosis and dysfunction. Thus, endogenous mechanisms that negatively regulate the TGF-β response in fibroblasts may be required to protect from progressive fibrosis and adverse remodeling. We hypothesized that Smad7, an inhibitory Smad that restrains TGF-β signaling, may be induced in the pressure-overloaded myocardium and may regulate fibrosis, remodeling, and dysfunction. The effects of myofibroblast-specific Smad7 loss were studied in a mouse model of transverse aortic constriction, using echocardiography, histological analysis, and molecular analysis. Proteomic studies in S7KO (Smad7 knockout) and overexpressing cells were used to identify fibroblast-derived mediators modulated by Smad7. In vitro experiments using cultured cardiac fibroblasts, fibroblasts populating collagen lattices, and isolated macrophages were used to dissect the molecular signals responsible for the effects of Smad7. Following pressure overload, Smad7 was upregulated in cardiac myofibroblasts. TGF-β and angiotensin II stimulated fibroblast Smad7 upregulation via Smad3, whereas GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15) induced Smad7 through GFRAL (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α-like). MFS7KO (myofibroblast-specific S7KO) mice had increased mortality, accentuated systolic dysfunction and dilative remodeling, and accelerated diastolic dysfunction in response to transverse aortic constriction. Increased dysfunction in MFS7KO hearts was associated with accentuated fibrosis and increased MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-2 activity and collagen denaturation. Secretomic analysis showed that Smad7 loss accentuates secretion of structural collagens and matricellular proteins and markedly increases MMP2 secretion. In contrast, Smad7 overexpression reduced MMP2 levels. In fibroblasts populating collagen lattices, the effects of Smad7 on fibroblast-induced collagen denaturation and pad contraction were partly mediated via MMP2 downregulation. Surprisingly, MFS7KO mice also exhibited significant macrophage expansion caused by paracrine actions of Smad7 null fibroblasts that stimulate macrophage proliferation and fibrogenic activation. Macrophage activation involved the combined effects of the fibroblast-derived matricellular proteins CD5L (CD5 antigen-like), SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine), CTGF (connective tissue growth factor), ECM1 (extracellular matrix protein 1), and TGFBI (TGFB induced). The antifibrotic effects of Smad7 in the pressure-overloaded heart protect from dysfunction and involve not only reduction in collagen deposition but also suppression of MMP2-mediated matrix denaturation and paracrine effects that suppress macrophage activation through inhibition of matricellular proteins.

Skin Malignant Melanoma and Matrix Metalloproteinases: Promising Links to Efficient Therapies.

Skin malignant melanoma (MM) is one of the most frequent and aggressive neoplasia worldwide. Its associated high mortality rates are mostly due to its metastases, while diagnosis and treatment of MM in its early stages is of favorable prognostic. Even skin superficial MMs at incipient local stages can already present with lymph node invasion and distant metastases. Therefore, knowledge of the controllable risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms of MM development, spreading, and metastatic pattern, as well as early diagnosis, are essential to decrease the high mortality rates associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma. Genetic factors are incriminated, although lifetime-acquired genetic mutations appear to be even more frequently involved in the development of MM. Skin melanocytes divide only twice per year and have time to accumulate genetic mutations as a consequence of environmental aggressive factors, such as UV exposure. In the search for more promising therapies, matrix metalloproteinases have become of significant interest, such as MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13, which have been linked to more aggressive forms of cancer and earlier metastases. Therefore, the development of specific synthetic inhibitors of MMP secretion or activity could represent a more promising and effective approach to the personalized treatment of MM patients.

Pharmacologic Inhibition of Ferroptosis Attenuates Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation.

The pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation involves vascular inflammation, thrombosis formation and programmed cell death leading to aortic remodeling. Recent studies have suggested that ferroptosis, an excessive iron-mediated cell death, can regulate cardiovascular diseases, including AAAs. However, the role of ferroptosis in immune cells, like macrophages, and ferroptosis-related genes in AAA formation remains to be deciphered. Single cell-RNA sequencing of human aortic tissue from AAA patients demonstrates significant differences in ferroptosis-related genes compared to control aortic tissue. Using two established murine models of AAA and aortic rupture in C57BL/6 (WT) mice, we observed that treatment with liproxstatin-1, a specific ferroptosis inhibitor, significantly attenuated aortic diameter, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, immune cell infiltration (neutrophils and macrophages), increased smooth muscle cell α-actin expression and elastic fiber disruption compared to mice treated with inactivated elastase in both pre-treatment and treatment after a small AAA had already formed. Lipidomic analysis using mass spectrometry shows a significant increase in ceramides and a decrease in intact lipid species levels in murine tissue compared to controls in the chronic AAA model on day 28. Mechanistically, in vitro studies demonstrate that liproxstatin-1 treatment of macrophages mitigated the crosstalk with aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by downregulating MMP2 secretion. Taken together, this study demonstrates that pharmacological inhibition by liproxstatin-1 mitigates macrophage-dependent ferroptosis contributing to inhibition of aortic inflammation and remodeling during AAA formation.

A novel role of IGFBP5 in the migration, invasion and spheroids formation induced by IGF-I and insulin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

PurposeThe insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system includes IGF-I, IGF-II insulin and their membrane receptors. IGF system also includes a family of proteins namely insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) composed for six major members (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP6), which capture, transport and prolonging half-life of IGFs. However, it has been described that IGFBPs can also have other functions.MethodsIGFBP5 expression was inhibited by shRNAs, migration was analyzed by scratch-wound assays, invasion assays were performed by the Boyden chamber method, spheroids formation assays were performed on ultra-low attachment surfaces, expression and phosphorylation of proteins were analyzed by Western blot.ResultsIGFBP5 is a repressor of IGF-IR expression, but it is not a repressor of IR in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In addition, IGFBP5 is a suppressor of migration and MMP-9 secretion induced by IGF-I and insulin, but it does not regulate invasion in MCF-7 cells. IGFBP5 also is a repressor of MCF-7 spheroids formation. However treatment with 340 nM rescues the inhibitory effect of IGFBP in the MCF-7 spheroids formation.ConclusionIGFBP5 regulates IGF-IR expression, migration and MMP-9 secretion induced by IGF-I and/or insulin, and the spheroids formation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Effects of 10-MDP calcium salt on osteoblasts and fibroblasts

Objective10-methacryloyloxidecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer (10-MDP) is commonly used as a bonding monomer in universal adhesives. Adhesives that contain this monomer can directly contact the surrounding periodontium due to the chemical binding of 10-MDP with hydroxyapatite in hard tissue to form calcium salts. However, the effect of these calcium salts on the periodontium in the case of subgingival fillings remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of 10-MDP calcium salts on osteoblasts and fibroblasts in the periodontal tissues. MethodsThis study investigated the effects of different concentrations of 10-MDP calcium salts on the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and fibroblasts (L929); additionally, the effect on apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression in these cells was evaluated. Cell proliferation assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to determine the effects. ResultsThe 10-MDP calcium salts (within a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL) showed no cytotoxicity and did not seem to influence the apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the cells. However, they had an inhibitory effect on the secretion of MMP2 and MMP9 in the osteoblasts and fibroblasts. The ALP activity assay and Alizarin Red staining did not reveal any significant effects of the 10-MDP calcium salts on osteoblast differentiation. SignificanceThese results suggest that applying 10-MDP-containing adhesives to subgingival fillings may be safe and beneficial for the periodontal tissues.

Zinc Iodide Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reduces Collagen Deposition by Increased Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression and Activity in Lung Fibroblasts.

Chronic inflammatory lung diseases are characterized by disease-specific extracellular matrix accumulation resulting from an imbalance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors. Zinc is essential for the function of MMPs, and zinc deficiency has been associated with enhanced tissue remodeling. This study assessed if zinc iodide (ZnI) supplementation through dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) modifies the action of MMPs in isolated human lung fibroblasts. The expression and activity of two gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, were determined by gelatin zymography and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Collagen degradation was determined by cell-based ELISAs. Collagen type I and fibronectin deposition was stimulated by human recombinant tumor growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Untreated fibroblasts secreted MMP-2 but only minute amounts of MMP-9. TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) reduced MMP-2 secretion, but stimulated collagen type I and fibronectin deposition. All the effects of TGF-β1 were significantly reduced in cells treated with ZnI-DMSO over 24 h, while ZnI and DMSO alone had a lower reducing effect. ZnI-DMSO alone did not increase MMP secretion but enhanced the ratio of active to inactive of MMP-2. ZnI alone had a lower enhancing effect than ZnI-DMSO on MMP activity. Furthermore, MMP-2 activity was increased by ZnI-DMSO and ZnI in the absence of cells. Soluble collagen type I increased in the medium of ZnI-DMSO- and ZnI-treated cells. Blocking MMP activity counteracted all the effects of ZnI-DMSO. Conclusion: The data suggest that the combination of ZnI with DMSO reduces fibrotic processes by increasing the degradation of collagen type I by up-regulating the activity of gelatinases. Thus, the combination of ZnI with DMSO might be considered for treatment of fibrotic disorders of the lung. DMSO supported the beneficial effects of ZnI.

Aversatile MOF as an electrochemical/fluorescence/colorimetric signal probe for the tri-modal detection of MMP-9 secretion in the extracellular matrix to identify the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs

BackgroundMMP-9 plays a crucial role in regulating the degradation of proteins within the extracellular matrix (ECM). This process closely correlates with the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of various tumors, each exhibiting diverse levels of MMP-9 expression. However, the accuracy of detection results using the single-mode method is compromised due to the coexistence of multiple biologically active substances in the ECM. ResultsTherefore, in this study, a tri-modal detection system is proposed to obtain more accurate information by cross-verifying the results. Herein, we developed a tri-modal assay using the ZIF-8@Au NPs@S QDs composite as a multifunctional signal probe, decorated with DNA for the specific capture of MMP9. Notably, the probe demonstrated high conductivity, fluorescence response and mimicked enzyme catalytic activity. The capture segments of hybrid DNA specifically bind to MMP9 in the presence of MMP9, causing the signal probe to effortlessly detach the sensor interface onto the sample solution. Consequently, the sensor current performance is weakened, with the colorimetric and fluorescent signals becoming stronger with increasing MMP9 concentration. Notably, the detection range of the tri-modal sensor platform spans over 10 orders of magnitude, verifying notable observations of MMP-9 secretion in four tumor cell lines with chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, the reliability of the detection results can be enhanced by employing pairwise comparative analysis. SignificanceThis paper presents an effective strategy for detecting MMP9, which can be utilized for both the assessment of MMP-9 in cell lines and for analyzing the activity and mechanisms involved in various tumors.

HMGB1: A New Target for Ischemic Stroke and Hemorrhagic Transformation.

Stroke in China is distinguished by its high rates of morbidity, recurrence, disability, and mortality. The ultra-early administration of rtPA is essential for restoring perfusion in acute ischemic stroke, though it concurrently elevates the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) emerges as a pivotal player in neuroinflammation after brain ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion. Released passively by necrotic cells and actively secreted, including direct secretion of HMGB1 into the extracellular space and packaging of HMGB1 into intracellular vesicles by immune cells, glial cells, platelets, and endothelial cells, HMGB1 represents a prototypical damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). It is intricately involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, and detrimental inflammation during the early phases of ischemic stroke. Moreover, HMGB1 significantly contributes to neurovascular remodeling and functional recovery in later stages. Significantly, HMGB1 mediates hemorrhagic transformation by facilitating neuroinflammation, directly compromising the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and enhancing MMP9 secretion through its interaction with rtPA. As a systemic inflammatory factor, HMGB1 is also implicated in post-stroke depression and an elevated risk of stroke-associated pneumonia. The role of HMGB1 extends to influencing the pathogenesis of ischemia by polarizing various subtypes of immune and glial cells. This includes mediating excitotoxicity due to excitatory amino acids, autophagy, MMP9 release, NET formation, and autocrine trophic pathways. Given its multifaceted role, HMGB1 is recognized as a crucial therapeutic target and prognostic marker for ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic transformation. In this review, we summarize the structure and redox properties, secretion and pathways, regulation of immune cell activity, the role of pathophysiological mechanisms in stroke, and hemorrhage transformation for HMGB1, which will pave the way for developing new neuroprotective drugs, reduction of post-stroke neuroinflammation, and expansion of thrombolysis time window.