5G mmWave Communication Research Articles

Performance prediction of dielectric resonator based mm-wave MIMO antenna using machine learning algorithm

The alumina ceramic-based dual port radiator is structured and analyzed in this communication. Cylindrical-shaped ceramic is fed by using modified circular aperture. The designed aperture creates dual orthogonal modes i.e. HEM11δx and HEM11δy mode inside the ceramic with 90° phase shifts. This property generates circularly polarized waves from 27.6 GHz–28.4 GHz. Anti-parallel placements of antenna ports introduce the concept of space diversity and improve the isolation level by more than 25 dB. To reduce the computational time, two machine learning algorithms i.e. Random Forest and XGBoost are utilized to predict the reflection coefficient variation. Testing of a fabricated prototype of the proposed radiating structure confirms that the designed radiator works well between 26.8 GHz–28.7 GHz. Asymmetrical placement of ports concerning substrate tilts the radiation pattern obtained from different ports in different directions i.e. ±30°. Stable radiation features and good diversity performance make the designed antenna suitable for mm-wave 5G communication system.

Geometry-Assisted Initial Access and Link Maintenance in mmWave 5G Communication Networks

Geometry-Assisted Initial Access and Link Maintenance in mmWave 5G Communication Networks

An 8-way series-parallel combiner based power amplifier for mm-wave 5G communication in 40-nm CMOS

This paper presents a power amplifier (PA) with an 8-way series–parallel power combiner for 5G communication. By theoretical analysis of the S-parameters matrix and the equivalence of the impedance network, the design of the multi-port combiner is transformed into a dual-port on-chip transformer, and the bandwidth expansion is achieved without increasing the in-band gain ripple based on the mismatch-consistent magnetically coupled resonator (MCR) technique. As a validation of the methodology, the 8-way series–parallel power combiner PA is implemented in 40-nm CMOS Bulk process. The large-signal performances of the PA at 31 GHz are 21.36 dBm, 17.1 dBm, and 25.7 % for Psat, OP1dB, and PAEmax, respectively. The proposed PA has a peak S21 of 25.1 dB and a 3-dB bandwidth of 23.5–46.4 GHz, which fully covers the 5G new radio (NR) frequency range2 (FR2) operating band, and the S21 ripple is less than 1-dB in the range of 26.0–42.3 GHz, which achieves a broadband flat frequency response and supports the feasibility of the design.

Design of high gain base station antenna array for mm-wave cellular communication systems

Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) wireless communication systems require high gain antennas to overcome path loss effects and thereby enhance system coverage. This paper presents the design and analysis of an antenna array for high gain performance of future mm-wave 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna is based on planar microstrip technology and fabricated on 0.254 mm thick dielectric substrate (Rogers-5880) having a relative permittivity of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.0009. The single radiating element used to construct the antenna array is a microstrip patch that has a configuration resembling a two-pronged fork. The single radiator has a realized gain of 7.6 dBi. To achieve the gain required by 5G base stations, a 64-element array antenna design is proposed which has a bore side gain of 21.2 dBi at 37.2 GHz. The 8 × 8, 8 × 16, and 8 × 32 antenna array designs described here were simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio, which is a 3D full-wave electromagnetic solver. The overall characteristics of the array in terms of reflection-coefficient and radiation patterns makes the proposed design suitable for mm-Wave 5G and other communication systems.

Compact Slot Loaded Dual B and Antenna for mm-wave 5G Communications

In the presented compact slot-loaded dual-band resonating antenna different slots have been implemented on the patch and ground to achieve good antenna performance characteristics. The antenna was created using a ground plan of 6.57*7.56 mm2 . The proposed antenna is Dual-band resonating at frequencies 26 GHz and 36 GHz along with the gain of 7.92 dBi and 7.04 dBi respectively. U-shape and circular shape slots along with DGS structure are providing the dual operating antenna with good gain and other antenna performance characteristics. The antenna has been designed by using Ansys HFSS software and is useful for mm-wave 5G communications. Implementing DGS and a slotted patch together results in an increase in the RL parameter and a strong gain at the two-resonating frequency. The developed antenna has outstanding performance characteristics for 5G communications and is dual functioning

A Novel Broadband Antenna Design for 5G Applications

Wireless communication is one of the rapidly-growing fields of the communication industry. This continuous growth motivates the antenna community to design new radiating structures to meet the needs of the market. The 5G wireless communication has received a lot of attention from both academia and industry and significant efforts have been made to improve different aspects, such as data rate, latency, mobility, reliability and QoS. Antenna design has received renewed attention in the last decade due to its potential applications in 5G, IoT, mmWave, and massive MIMO. This paper proposes a novel design of broadband antenna for 5G mmWave and optical communication networks. It is a hybrid structure that works for both spectrums and contains an absorption dielectric material with an electrical large size. A hybrid transmission line theory ray-tracing technique is proposed efficient and rapid simulation and optimization of the proposed antenna design. The operating frequency and wavelength of the proposed antenna are 28 GHz in the mmWave band and 1550 nm for the optical spectrum. The spatial frequency is 30 lp/mm when the contrast transfer function is reduced to 0.7 for the optical signal. The effective focal length and aperture are 816.86 and 200 mm. The half-power beamwidth is 3.29° and the gain is 32.97 dBi for the mmWave band. Simulation results show that the proposed hybrid antenna can effectively be deployed simultaneously for both optical and mmWave 5G communication networks.

Optimization of street canyon outdoor channel deployment geometry for mmWave 5G communication

Millimeter Wave (mmWave) channel study is important in 5G communication to assess novel technological solutions in realistic environments. Thus, it is vital to develop reliable channel models integrating the effects of mmWave atmospheric absorption, foliage loss, and the directionality of high gain antenna systems used in mmWave links. In this paper, a design is presented that combines mmWave channel modeling with machine learning for the efficient management of environment geometry and channel specification in a 5G urban microcell (UMi) street canyon (SC) outdoor channel. Accordingly, we first investigate the channel characteristics of mmWave line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) directional outdoor links in various reference cases. The analysis is conducted for the backhaul and cellular access cases using a low complexity custom channel model based on ray tracing. Additional modeling components such as antenna directionality, oxygen absorption, and foliage loss modeling are also included to enhance accuracy and generality. It is observed that the estimated channel path loss is largely dependent on SC deployment parameters due to the antenna directionality combined with the small wavelength of mmWaves, and the use of correct values for them is essential to obtain optimal channel performance. Hence, we apply a metaheuristic algorithm called particle swarm optimization (PSO) for the optimal placement of position and deployment parameters of SC channel in a mmWave communication system to yield the best channel path loss.

Wavelet‐based cognitive SCMA system for mmWave 5G communication networks

Fifth generation (5G) communication networks can achieve high spectral efficiency using sparse code multiple access (SCMA) scheme when large number of users are trying to transmit their data simultaneously. The sparsity of SCMA codewords offers the possibility of applying a low-complexity message passing algorithm as an alternative to maximum likelihood detector. However, the requirement of densely deployed 5G users is to opportunistically explore new frequencies via cognitive features to overcome spectrum scarcity challenges. In this study, spectrum sensing enables cognitive radio capabilities for the SCMA system applied in millimetre wave (mmWave) 5G communications. Proposed cognitive SCMA system can sense the spectrum holes and adapt the transmission in order to utilise the available subcarriers. Besides, wavelet packet transform based techniques are used instead of conventional Fourier-based spectrum sensing (FSS) and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA). Wavelet packet spectrum sensing offers more accurate estimation of frequency and power compared with FSS. On the other hand, wavelet packet multiple access is more flexible and robust against interference compared with OFDMA. The simulation results verify that the proposed method can significantly improve the performance of SCMA system in terms of probabilities of false alarm and detection, and symbol error rate.