Mm For Bacteria Research Articles

Inhibition Test of Ethanol from Extract Mangosteen Leaves (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an Acne Antibacterial

A prevalent global infection that manifests frequently in Indonesia. An example of an infectious disease that is commonly encountered during adolescence is acne (Acne vulgaris). Antibiotics can be used to treat acne; however, their misuse can lead to the development of resistance; therefore, we are searching for inexpensive, readily available alternatives that are also secure. Mangosteen leaves (Garcinia mangostana L.)Â are one alternative to synthetic ingredients when it comes to the treatment of acne. Mangosteen leaves comprise xanthone derivative compounds that exhibit significant biological activity, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this this study aimed to ascertain the inhibitory power of an ethanol extract derived from mangosteen leaves in order to determine its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Additionally, the compound content of the ethanol extract of mangosteen leaves was determined. The inhibition test was conducted by utilizing the paper disc technique, while the extraction method employed the maceration method. As indicated by the phytochemical screening test results, simplicia and ethanol extract of mangosteen leaves were found to contain steroids/triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The inhibition test outcomes against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria revealed the following: a diameter of 3.3 mm for bacteria at a concentration of 20%, 9.4 mm for bacteria at 40%, 10.4 mm for bacteria at 60%, 12.9 mm for bacteria at 80%, and 13.2 mm for bacteria at 100%

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of a chemically characterized essential oil from Lavandula angustifolia Mill.,: in vitro and in silico investigations

Lavandula angustifolia is a medicinal plant widely known by its medicinal virtues against various pathogenesis, including diabetes, cancer and infectious diseases. In this study we aimed to explore the volatile profile of L. angustifolia essential oil (EO) as well as its in vitro and in silico antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. The chemical constituents were investigated through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Three complementary antioxidant tests, namely DPPH, FRAP and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays were used to reveal the antioxidant ability of L. angustifolia EO. The antidiabetic effect of this oil was determined using α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Molecular docking and ADMET analysis were used to confirm the experimental effects.The antibacterial and antifungal activities of L. angustifolia EO were evaluated against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts, including Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis using the disc-diffusion and broth-microdilution assays. GC-MS analysis revealed a plethora of chemical components, where linalool (28.94%), linalyl acetate (19.95%) and caryophyllene (6.46%) are the major constituents. The L. angustifolia EO demonstrated promising antioxidant properties against DPPH, FRAP and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, this oil exhibits significant antidiabetic activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes (p < 0.05). Results demonstrated significant action against all tested microorganisms, with inhibition zones ranging from 19.1 ± 1.0 to 13.4 ± 0.9 mm for bacteria and from 24.10 ± 0.9 to 19.05 ± 1.03 mm for fungi. Moreover, low values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) varying from 0.125 to 1.0% (v/v) for bacteria and from 0.25 to 2.0% (v/v) for fungi were attained. Analysis of the MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios suggested the presence of a bactericidal and fungicidal mechanism. In light of these findings, L. angustifolia EO could be used as a natural source for the development of novel and effective antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic agents.

Integrated analysis of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and phytochemical properties of Cinnamomum verum: A comprehensive In vitro and In silico study

This study aims to investigate the chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties of C. verum essential oil (EO). The antimicrobial potential of C. verum EO was examined against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, molds, and yeasts, including Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Salmonella enterica, Penicillium expansum, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis. The results revealed that C. verum EO exhibited significant broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy against all examined microorganisms, with inhibition zones ranging from 32.36 ± 2.42 to 13.9 ± 1.47 mm for bacteria and from 22.13 ± 2.25 to 15.26 ± 0.73 mm for fungi. Additionally, low values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) ranging from 0.031 to 1.0% (v/v) for bacteria and from 0.125 to 1.0% (v/v) for fungi were obtained. The MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios demonstrated that C. verum EO could potentially have bactericidal and fungicidal effects on microbial cells. Furthermore, the study also revealed that C. verum EO exhibited remarkable antioxidant activities using three complementary methods, namely DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of C. verum EO showed the presence of cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal (64.53%), cinnamic aldehyde (35.36%), and α-copaene (0.11%). In addition to the in vitro investigation, a computational analysis was carried out using molecular docking and ADMET analysis. The primary aim of the molecular docking study was to understand how the ligands interacted with the specific proteins involved in the biological activities under study. This analysis provided valuable information about the binding modes, affinities, and potential interactions between the ligands and the target proteins. On the other hand, the ADMET analysis focused on evaluating various pharmacokinetic properties of C. verum EO, shedding light on its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and other relevant characteristics. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that C. verum EO possesses significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, making it a valuable source of natural preservatives and antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for use in various food products and drugs.

In vitro study on the antimicrobial activity of eleven essential oils against oral cavity microbiota

Obtained from aromatic plants, essential oils have been utilised as natural food preservatives. Their ability to inhibit microorganism growth results from their varied chemical compositions. Furthermore, due to their classification as generally recognised as safe (GRAS) and low toxicity levels, there has been an increased study of essential oils’ compositions and antimicrobial properties against pathogens living in the human oral cavity. An initial evaluation was conducted with 11 essential oils to verify their antimicrobial activities in vitro against opportunistic pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans, also a model yeast Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar disk diffusion assay, while PT kindly provided chemical composition data. Darjeeling Sembrani Aroma. The result showed that tested essential oils exhibited an inhibition zone range of 8.13 to 40.00 mm for bacteria and 7.63 to 44.04 mm for yeast. Chemical compositions of the oils revealed that the major compounds are monoterpenes, followed by sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids.

UJI FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ASAM SUNTI (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) SEBAGAI ANTIMIKROBA

Many plants that have potential as antimicrobial agents are found in Indonesia. One of them is bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which comes from the Oxalidaceae family. People in Aceh usually process the fruit into asam sunti. This research was conducted to determine the phytochemical, characterization simplicia, extract, and antimicrobial activity of the asam sunti methanol extract. Phytochemical tests were done using two methods that are the addition of reagents and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Phytochemical results in each test showed that the asam sunti methanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The water content, water-soluble extract content, ethanol-soluble extract content and total ash obtained was 4,6; 46,6; 54,16 and 39,6% for simplicia and extract respectively, with a value of 22; 42.6; 47.6, and 10.3%. Antimicrobial activity testing used a diffusion well at various concentrations 10; 20; 30; 40 and 50%. The smallest inhibition zone results were obtained at a concentration of 10% with a range of the inhibition zone is 7.43-7.86mm. The biggest antimicrobial activity was found at a concentration of 50% with an inhibition zone of 17.76; 10.63 and 8.7 mm for bacteria and fungi, respectively. in conclusion, the results showed that asam sunti methanol extract was more active in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria than Escherichia coli bacteria and Candida albicans fungi.

Bioactives of Pomegranate By-Products and Barley Malt Grass Engage in Cereal Composite Bar to Achieve Antimycotic and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Attributes.

Food is the source from where a person obtains the body’s daily requirements. People’s current daily habits force them to consume fast food, which is known for its poor nutritional and safety features. So, it is urgent to provide a suitable substitution product to solve this issue. The present investigation aimed to produce a bar with a dual function: nutritional and long shelf life. Two materials were chosen to support the bar manufacturing regarding their bioactive contents, barley malt grass (BMG) and pomegranate byproducts (PBD). Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potency were measured. Β-carotene, vitamin C, and tocopherol were determined using HPLC apparatus. Extracts’ bio-safety against cell lines was determined, besides their enhancement against cell-death factors. Simulation experiments were designed to evaluate extracts’ impact to extend bar shelf life. Data represented the richness of essential minerals and fibers. Results of the FTIR reflected the existence of various active groups in the contents. Phenolic fractions of PBD are distinctive for their content of ellagic (39.21 ± 5.42 mg/kg), ferulic acid fractions (31.28 ± 4.07 mg/kg) which is a known with antifungal activity. Extracts and their mix (1:1) represented inhibition zone diameters that reach 15.1 ± 1.66 mm for bacteria and 23.81 ± 1.41 mm for fungi. Extracts were shown to have better safety against the cell line strain of hepatic HL-7702, with an elevation of a harmful dose of aflatoxin (IC50 304.5 µg/mL for PBD, IC50 381 µg/mL for BMG). Sensory evaluation of fortified bars reflected a preferable application of mix (1:1) due to color attributes and panelist evaluations, the same result recorded for simulation studies. The experiment recommended applying a mix (1:1) of BMG: PBD in addition to their extracts (200 mg/kg dough) for functional bar manufacturing with antifungal properties.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial and anti-Varroa destructor L. activity of the essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae)

Abstract. Antimicrobial and anti-Varroa destructor L. activity of the essential oil (EO) of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae) was evaluated in this study. Antimicrobial activity concerned 9 bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli ATCC 25911, Staphylococcus aureus 29213 ATCC, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter sakazakii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter sp.), a fungal strain (Penicillium sp.) and a yeast species (Candida albicans). The extraction of the EO was carried out by the method of hydrodistillation. Results showed that EO has no toxicity on bees Apis mellifera. EO demonstrated effective and stable anti-V. destructor activity, indicating the absence of possible resistance, in contrast to what was observed for Amitraz. The inhibitory activity of EO revealed an inhibition zone of diameter varying between 20 mm and 42 mm for bacteria. However, no inhibition zones were observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC. The inhibitory activity of EO on Penicillium sp and Candida albicans revealed an inhibition zone of 39 mm in diameter. This study shows that the EO of cloves constitutes a simple and natural treatment, without inconveniences, with a high activity antimicrobial and anti-Varroa destructor which merits it to be proposed as a means to fight against varroosis and the tested pathogens.

Antimicrobial Potential of Usnea longissima Ach. Lichen Against Human Pathogens

Lichens are a symbiotic association between a fungus and algae and/or cyanobacteria. Lichen use as food and dye source, air pollution indicator, medicinal and decoration. In this study, antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Usnea longissima Ach. lichen was searched by disc diffusion method. While inhibition zones ranges from 14.5 mm to 24.5 mm for bacteria, inhibition zones ranges from 10 mm to 32 mm for fungi. Lichen extracts exhibited higher activity than gentamicin and tetracycline but they showed similar activity to nystatin. The MIC values of the extract varied between 0.002-0.117 mg/mL against bacteria; while The MIC values of the extract varied between 0.004-0.059 mg/mL against fungi. According to the obtained results, it could be said that U. longissima might be an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents.

Synthesis of a PEGylated Dopamine Ester with Enhanced Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity.

Drug–polymer conjugation is a simple and efficient approach to synthesizing new, effective, and potent antimicrobial agents to counter the problem of microbial resistance. In the present study, a PEGylated dopamine ester (PDE) was synthesized using the PEGylation process and synthesis of PDE was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHNS–O), and atomic force microscopy techniques. Later, the antimicrobial activity of PDE was assessed against four strains of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris; Gram (−)) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus) by the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PDE was also determined by the broth dilution method against bacteria. PDE showed significant zones of inhibition ranged from 21 to 27 mm for bacteria and 16 to 20 mm for fungi under study, which were much higher than those for dopamine hydrochloride. MIC values of PDE showed its potential antimicrobial property.

Synthesis and study of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

The colloidal silver solution was synthesized by reducing silver nitrate () using sodium borohydride () and starch as a stabilizer agent. The size and optical properties of synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of several parameters on AgNPs were also investigated. The results have shown that the size of synthesized spherical silver nanoparticles was and disperse in water. The synthesized AgNPs of his study exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The average zones of inhibition of AgNPs were of 7.7 mm for bacteria E. coli and 7.0 mm for S. aureus. In this study, the zone of inhibition of AgNPs was also compared to the reference antibiotics drug.

SKRINING FITOKIMIA DAN UJI ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK KASAR BAWANG BATAK (Allium cinense) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus DAN Escherichia coli

The purpose of this research is to determine the composition of secondary metabolites of crude extract “bawangbatak” (Allium cinense) and anti-microbial properties of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This research was conducted in three (3) stage, stage I by the manufacturing of crude extract of garlic bulbs “bawangbatak”, Allium cinense, through maceration method using a solvent n-hexane and methanol. In stage II, screening fitokimia, that is identification of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids) to the crude extract of tuber “bawangbatak”, Allium cinense, and phase III, test bioktifitas crude extract bulb of “bawangbatak” Allium cinense in the form of extracts antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli extract using the concentration variation of 0%, 1%, 5%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and incubation at 370C for 24 hours. The results showed that secondary compounds was dominated by flavonoids, steroids, terpenoid and tannins. While at the test screening phytochemicals extra n-hexane showed no secondary metabolites, test bioktivitas against bacteria have inhibitory at a concentration of 15% with inhibition zone 14 mm in bacteria Escheriachia coli and 10 mm in bacteria Staphylococcus aureus this indicates onion extract of “bawangbatak” has the ability as an anti-microbial.

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Crude n-Hexane and Methanol Extracts of Cola acuminata Nuts

Aim: To determine the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of crude n-hexane and methanol extracts of Cola acuminata nuts against standard and clinical strains of pathogenic bacteria and fungi species implicated in various infections. Place and Duration of study: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, between February 2009 and September 2009. Methodology: All the microorganisms were tested for their susceptibilities to the plant extracts by means of agar diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard guidelines. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations were determined using the broth dilution method. Results: The methanol extract showed activity on all 16 isolates tested with zones of inhibition in the range of 10 to 19 mm for fungi and 13 to 20 mm for bacteria while that of n-hexane was completely inactive. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanol extract was between 62.5 and 500 µg/ml with the fungi species having higher values. Phytochemical analysis of Cola acuminata nuts reveals the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids and sugar. Griseofulvin, tioconazole and nystatin resistant Candida sp were sensitive to the methanolic extracts of C. acuminata. The kinetics of bactericidal and fungicidal studies show that 90% of Staphylococcus aureus and 99% of Candida albicans were killed within 3 h of contact time at a concentration of 250 µg/ml of the crude methanol extract of Cola acuminata. Conclusion: In comparison with these antibiotics, the test plant extracts fared better in their antifungal activity and are capable of being a good replacement as alternatives if processed.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Antifungal Potential of Peltophorum africanum: Toxicological Effect on Human Chang Liver Cell Line

We assessed the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Peltophorum africanum by means of the agar well and macrodilution methods. The toxicity on a normal human liver cell (Chang liver cell) was determined using the CellTiter-Blue cell viability assay, and the compounds contained in the fractions were identified using GC-MS. Zone diameter of inhibition of the extract ranged from 12.5 ± 0.7 to 32 ± 2.8 mm for bacteria and from 7.5 ± 0.7 to 26.4 ± 3.4 mm for yeast. Marked activity of the extract was observed against Plesiomonas shigelloides ATCC 51903, with MIC and MLC values of 0.15625 and 0.3125 mg/mL, respectively. The extract was both bactericidal (MICindex ≤ 2) and bacteriostatic/fungistatic (MICindex > 2) in activity. Lethal dose at 50 (LD50) showed 82.64 ± 1.40 degree of toxicity at 24 hrs, and 95 percentile of cell death dose activity ranged from log 3.12 ± 0.01 to 4.59 ± 0.03. The activity of the eight fractions tested ranged from 1.0 ± 0.5 to 3.7 ± 1.6 mg/mL (IC50) and from 2.1 ± 0.8 to 6.25 ± 0 mg/mL (IC90). The extract was toxic to human Chang liver cell lines.

Biological Activity and Composition of the Essential Oil of Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Grown in Iran

The biological activity and composition of the essential oil of the aerial flowering parts of D. moldavica have been investigated. The oil analysis was performed by GC and GC-MS. Thirteen compounds were identified, representing 99.8% of the oil. Oxygenated monoterpenes (96.3%) were found to be the principal group of compounds, of which neral, geranial, geranyl acetate and geraniol with 32.1, 21.6, 19.9 and 17.6% of the total oil were the main constituents, respectively. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and its main components, citral, geraniol and geranyl acetate, showed that all of the tested microorganisms were highly inhibited by the essential oil with inhibition zones ranged from 15 – 41 mm for bacteria and 29 – 30 mm for fungi. The most sensitive microorganisms were Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis with the lowest MIC values of 0.9 mg/mL. Considering sensitivity screening, it is conceivable that the activity of the oil from D. moldavica could be attributed mainly to the presence of citral.

The electrophoretic softness of the surface of Staphylococcus epidermidis cells grown in a liquid medium and on a solid agar.

Many Staphylococcus epidermidis strains possess capsule or slime layers and consequently the staphylococcal cell surface should be regarded as a soft, polyelectrolyte layer allowing electrophoretic fluid flow through a layer of fixed charges. The presence of such a soft layer decreases the energy barrier due to electrostatic repulsion in the interaction of the organisms with negatively charged substrata [Morisaki, H., Nagai, S., Ohshima, H., Ikemoto, E. & Kogure, K. (1999), MICROBIOLOGY: 145, 2797-2802] and hence plays an important role in their adhesion. In this paper, the authors compare the electrophoretic softness and amount of fixed charge in the outer cell surface layers of 20 S. epidermidis strains, grown in a liquid medium or on a solid agar, as determined from the dependencies of their electrophoretic mobilities upon the ionic strength of a suspending fluid. Most of the staphylococcal cell surfaces were relatively soft, with a mean cell surface softness (1/lambda) for strains grown in liquid medium of 1.7+/-0.6 nm (standard deviation over all 20 strains) which is soft by comparison with a completely bald, peptidoglycan-rich streptococcal cell surface (1/lambda=0.7 nm). When the staphylococcal strains were grown on solid agar, the cell surface softness of 17 of the 20 strains increased, sometimes by a factor of two. On average for 20 strains, the cell surface softness increased significantly (P:<0.05, Student's t-test) to 2.8+/-1.8 nm. The amount of fixed charge in the outer cell surface layer was -28+/-9 mM for bacteria grown in liquid medium and -24+/-12 mM for bacteria grown on agar. A soft, highly negatively charged polyelectrolyte layer was inferred by microelectrophoresis for all the staphylococcal cell surfaces, regardless of whether staining had indicated the presence of a capsule or slime layer.

Inhibitory effects of lipophilic acids and related compounds on bacteria and mammalian cells.

The inhibitory effect of lipophilic acids, antimicrobial food additives, and analgesics-antipyretics was examined at concentrations from 0.1 to 100 mM in bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli) and mammalian cells (HeLa, human fibroblasts, and mouse neuroblastoma cells). Most compounds inhibit the growth of HeLa cells about as efficiently as that of B. subtilis. However, butyrate and propionate, as well as acetaminophen, antipyrene, phenacetin, and salicylamide, inhibit HeLa at millimolar concentrations whereas, at least 10 times higher concentrations are needed to inhibit B. subtilis. The concentrations needed to inhibit growth by 50% decrease with increasing octanol-water partition coefficients of the compound. Growth of E. coli is inhibited similar to that of B. subtilis by all compounds except butylbenzoate, decanoate, and linoleate which cannot penetrate the lipopolysaccharide layer. All growth inhibitors inhibit amino acid uptake into bacteria and their vesicles, and oxygen consumption in bacteria. In HeLa cells or human fibroblasts, neither amino acid uptake nor adenine 5'-triphosphate synthesis are inhibited by fatty acids at concentrations that completely inhibit growth. Short chain fatty acids (propionate, butyrate, and pentanoate) induce in HeLa the formation of cell processes. In neuroblastoma cells, grown in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum, butyrate also induces such processes which slowly continue to grow in length for at least 7 days; these processes differ in speed of formation, width, and cycloheximide susceptibility from the thin processes produced by serum deprivation alone.