Mm Depth Of Penetration Research Articles

Optimization of laser engraving labeling conditions using response surface methodology and its impact on quality characteristics of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) peels

Establishing a traceability system ensures safety and improves food quality and transparency. A reliable traceability system is in high demand, especially for fresh produce like fruits and vegetables to control various food-borne outbreaks. They are conventionally labeled with plastic/paper stickers, which are not reliable, as they are easy to remove and counterfeit. Laser engraving is a novel technology that provides anti-counterfeiting and ecologically friendly labels. In the current study, a laser system was optimized for etching alphanumeric codes on dragon fruit peel. The input variables for laser engraving were input power (14.3–18.2 W), air compressor pressure (2.8–5.6 kPa) and marking speed (30–200 mm/s), and the response variables involving visibility of mark, depth of penetration, damage to the skin and shrinkage of the peel have been investigated. At the optimized conditions of 15.39 W input power, 3.27 kPa compressor pressure, and 161 mm/s marking speed, the label was clearly visible with 0.31 mm depth of penetration, 2.28 kPa skin strength, 0.22 % weight loss and 1.5 % shrinkage in macroscopic volume. Laser marking reached only 15 % depth, affecting 8 % of the total surface area and not even impacting the edible pulp portion of dragon fruit. The phytochemical and FTIR analysis showed no substantial effect on the laser-treated peel.

Effect of rotational speed and penetration depth on Al-Mg-Si welded T-joints through underwater and conventional friction stir welding

The present work deals with the effect of penetration depth on welding T-joints through conventional friction stir welding (FSW) as well as underwater friction stir welding (UFSW). Various set of parameters have been used such as tool rotational speeds of 1000, 1400, and 1800 rpm, and depths of penetration, such as 6, 7, and 8 mm. In UFSW, lower heat generation prevents the development of complex intermetallic compounds and defects in welding. Additionally, in the weld region, a rapid cooling rate in UFSW generates fine microstructural particles. Mechanical and microstructural characteristics has been compared in both UFSW and FSW. There was a substantial grain size effect on mechanical properties. The stir zone shows comparatively finer grains with average grain size of 49.76 µm at 1800 rpm and 7 mm depth of penetration. It was seen that the tensile strength of UFSW was 189.9 MPa and the nugget zone hardness was 70 VHN, compared to the FSW that has 175.2 MPa and 62 VHN, respectively, obtained at a rotation speed of 1800 rpm and a travel speed of 60 mm/min. The joints tested at various penetration depths show a significant number of uniform and equiaxed dimples. The presence of ductile rupture and the formation of dimples suggest that the joints were effectively bonded and tested at different strain rates.

Delineation of cutter force and cutter wear in different edge configurations of disc cutters – An analysis using discrete element method

Disc cutters are used to cut the rocks in variable load conditions which results in cutter wear and failure. The wear of the cutter plays a vital role in the overall time cycle, efficiency and economics of tunneling projects. It changes the shape of the cutter, influences the cutting efficiency and has a detrimental effect on the annual cost of maintenance, availability, and utilization. In tunneling using TBMs, assessment of wear behavior of the cutters is the most crucial problem to investigate. In this study, interactions between cutter and rock were presented. Cutters with various configurations such as 0, 10, and 20-degree tip angles with different tip widths 7.3 mm and 4.5 mm were used. Cutter penetration varied from 2 to 8 mm in steps of 2 mm. The diameter of cutters are fixed at 6.5 in. and simulation runs against the rock were done for 1.2 m in length. In this simulation, normal force, tangential force, and wear were computed with the help of EDEM software for each configuration. Simulation results show that the tip angle of the cutter and depth of penetration directly affected the cutter wear. A tip angle of 100 with 7.3 mm tip width and 6 mm depth of penetration in the rock is the best configuration for obtaining the minimum wear of the cutter. The simulation results are also verified with the previous mathematical models suggested by different researchers. The suggested approach for simulation can help analyze the cutter wear behavior close to real life with given input parameters.

Unpaved test sections reinforced with geotextile and geogrid

Geotextile and geogrid are used routinely to reinforce the unpaved roads to enhance the serviceability and stability of these roads. Field performance studies were conducted on unpaved test sections reinforced with geotextile and geogrid to demonstrate how geosynthetics improve the test section performance using dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP). The influence of geosynthetic reinforcement was investigated by placing the reinforcement layer at subgrade-base interface, thus helps to achieve more sustainable unpaved test section. Direct shear tests were conducted on soil samples reinforced with geotextile and geogrid to investigate the improvement in shear strength of geosynthetic reinforced soil. The results of DCP test were demonstrated as dynamic cone penetration index value (DCPI, mm/blow). DCPI values were observed in range from 1 to 7 mm/blow, corresponding to 500 mm depth of penetration for unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced test section and 312 mm depth of penetration for geotextile-reinforced test section respectively. A decrease in DCPI value was observed for the geosynthetic-reinforced unpaved test section as compared to the unreinforced unpaved test section. Direct shear test results shows a significant improvement in the shear strength of soil samples reinforced with geotextile.

Study on needle punched jute nonwoven as an artificial medium for germination of seed: Effect of bulk density

ABSTRACTA uniform, porous, and bulky mechanically entangled fibrous sheet, i.e., needle-punched nonwoven, from eco-friendly and natural, low-grade jute fiber, has been designed and engineered to use as an artificial medium for germination of seed in place of soil. Needle-punched nonwoven fabrics of different bulk densities have been prepared from low-grade jute. Bulk densities of needle punched nonwoven fabric can be changed due to change of punch density, area density and depth of needle penetration. In this case, bulk densities of fabric have been achieved by varying the punch densities only, keeping the area density and depth of needle penetration same/ unaltered. As per experimentation, 500 g/m2 area density needle punched nonwoven with 0.116 g/cm3 bulk density shows the best quality of germination. This bulk density has been achieved using 160 punches/cm2 and 13 mm depth of penetration as per the system applied and fiber used. It may be a good alternative as a medium of cultivation. The design of the bed is also proposed in the article. It is observed that in this artificial system, cultivation can be made in hostile condition and plant growth is better than that in soil. Its moisture-holding capacity and temperature control of medium help in better agriculture. This is highly applicable in the regions where soil is either not available or not suitable for cultivation.

Experimental investigation of effect of roller burnishing process parameters on surface roughness and surface hardness of C40E steel

Surface finish and dimensional accuracy are ever in demand because of strong influence of these characteristics on major functional properties like friction, fatigue strength, wear resistance, load carrying capacity, and corrosion resistance of any materials. In the present work the effect of burnishing process parameters like burnishing condition, burnishing speed, feed, depth of penetration, number of passes is investigated on the surface roughness and hardness of C40E steel. Taguchi design of experiment is used for present experimentation. Taguchi's L18 mixed orthogonal array is used for optimisation of input parameters and analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed for concluding vital and fruitful results. Investigation reveals that minimum surface roughness value of .129 µm at wet burnishing condition .557 rpm speed, .06 mm/rev feed, 1.5 mm depth of penetration and double pass of tool and optimised surface hardness 94 HRB at dry burnishing condition, 371 rpm speed, 0.11 mm/rev feed, 1.5 mm depth of penetration and third pass of tool is obtained.

Effect of Activated Flux on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Residual Stresses of Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Weld Joints

A novel variant of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding called activated-TIG (A-TIG) welding, which uses a thin layer of activated flux coating applied on the joint area prior to welding, is known to enhance the depth of penetration during autogenous TIG welding and overcomes the limitation associated with TIG welding of modified 9Cr-1Mo steels. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a specific activated flux for enhancing the depth of penetration during autogeneous TIG welding of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel. In the current work, activated flux composition is optimized to achieve 6 mm depth of penetration in single-pass TIG welding at minimum heat input possible. Then square butt weld joints are made for 6-mm-thick and 10-mm-thick plates using the optimized flux. The effect of flux on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and residual stresses of the A-TIG weld joint is studied by comparing it with that of the weld joints made by conventional multipass TIG welding process using matching filler wire. Welded microstructure in the A-TIG weld joint is coarser because of the higher peak temperature in A-TIG welding process compared with that of multipass TIG weld joint made by a conventional TIG welding process. Transverse strength properties of the modified 9Cr-1Mo steel weld produced by A-TIG welding exceeded the minimum specified strength values of the base materials. The average toughness values of A-TIG weld joints are lower compared with that of the base metal and multipass weld joints due to the presence of δ-ferrite and inclusions in the weld metal caused by the flux. Compressive residual stresses are observed in the fusion zone of A-TIG weld joint, whereas tensile residual stresses are observed in the multipass TIG weld joint.

Injury severity and sensitivity to treatment after controlled cortical impact in rats.

We sought to determine sensitivity of the cortical impact injury model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to severity of injury and to treatment. We examined the pattern of motor and cognitive deficits and recovery following TBI over a range of injury severities, and examined the efficacy of surface-induced moderate hypothermia at three disparate injury levels. In experiment I, Sprague-Dawley rats were injured at one of eight injury severity levels from 0 mm (sham) to 2.5 mm depth of penetration. On postinjury day 1, balance beam, rotorod performance, and posture reflexes were evaluated. Motor outcome was increasingly impaired with increasing injury levels, with the pattern of deficits showing a step-like function. Cognitive deficits, assessed using water maze on day 7, were more severe for the 2.5-mm group than for the 1.6-mm injury group, while the 1.0-mm group did not differ from the sham controls. In experiments II-IV, hypothermia, 30 degrees C for 3-h duration or normothermia was applied to three injury levels: 1.0 mm, the least cortical deformation; 2.5 mm, the most deformation; and 1.6 mm, representing a level in-between. Neurologic outcome was assessed relative to shams on postinjury days 1, 3, and 5. The 1.0-mm group exhibited small deficits that recovered completely by day 3; the 1.6-mm group recovered to the level of shams by day 5, and the 2.5-mm group did not show significant recovery during the testing period. Hypothermia effectively attenuated behavioral deficits for the 1.6-mm group, but had no effect on the other two groups. These three observations--that increasing injury severity is associated with increasing motor and cognitive deficits, that injury severity is related to recovery time, and that hypothermia treatment is selectively effective--have each been reported in the human TBI population; thus, moderate cortical impact injury in rats may be a model with clinical predictability for evaluating neuroprotective therapies.

引張りをうける十字すみ肉溶接継手の変形挙動と強度(第2報)

In the previous report, the effect of contour of fillet weld on the mechanical behaviour and strength of fillet welded joint was explained. The present report explains the effect of fillet size and depth of penetration on them. A model specimen, having a profile of cruciform fillet welded joint, is used for the experiments. Strain distributions in fillet weld are measured by using the Moire method. Experiments are performed in the range from 5 mm to 30 mm leg length and from -2 mm to 20 mm depth of penetration. The results obtained are as follows;1) The yield strength of fillet welded joint is not affected by fillet size but the maximum strength decreases with incresae of fillet sixze.2) The yield strength and the maximum sterngth of fillet welded joint are represented as a function of the penertation angle θp, and they increase with increase of the penetration angle θp.