Ml Of Distilled Water Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF NF-ΚB ON THE INTENSITY OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF RATS UNDER THE COMBINED INFLUENCE OF THE LIGHT-DARK CYCLE, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, AND SODIUM GLUTAMATE ADMINISTRATION

To date, scientists have confirmed the link between the development of oxidative stress and disruptions in the light regime, as well as the systemic inflammatory response. The impact of monosodium glutamate on increasing oxidative damage to rat brain tissue has also been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the transcription factor NF-κB by examining the effect of its inhibitor, ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, on the development of oxidative stress in the cerebral hemispheres of rats, in combination with acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and monosodium glutamate administration. The study was conducted on 45 white Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g, divided into three groups: control (n=15), a group subjected to a combination of acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and sodium glutamate administration (n=15), and a group exposed to the combination of acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and received sodium glutamate and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (n=15). To induce acute desynchronosis, the rats were initially kept under a regular light-dark cycle (12 hours of light, 12 hours of darkness) for 3 weeks, followed by a shift in the light-dark phases by 6 hours back over the next 3 days. The systemic inflammatory response was modeled through intraperitoneal administration of Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide. During the first week, lipopolysaccharide was administered three times at a dose of 0.4 μg per 1 kg of body weight, and during the following seven weeks, it was given once a week. Sodium glutamate, at a dose of 30 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.5 ml of distilled water, was administered intragastrically for 20 days. The NF-kB activation inhibitor ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., USA) was administered at a dose of 76 mg/kg three times a week for 20 days. In a 10% homogenate of the cerebral hemispheres, the following were measured: the rate of superoxide anion radical production, the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), the increase in these parameters, as well as the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Administration of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate in combination with acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and sodium glutamate reduced the rate of basic superoxide anion radical production by 10%, NADPH-induced production by 17.6%, NADH-induced production by 13%, reduced the concentration and growth of TBC-active products by 6.6% and 14.6%, respectively, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase by 35.2%, catalase by 10.5% compared to the group exposed to the combination of acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and sodium glutamate administration. Conclusion. The administration of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate in combination with a systemic inflammatory response, acute desynchronosis and the action of sodium glutamate reduces the production of the superoxide anion radical, the concentration and increase in TBC-active products, enhances antioxidant protection that indicates the possible influence of the nuclear factor NF-κB on the development of oxidative processes in the cerebral hemispheres of rats.

Study of the Acute Toxicity of an Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of Senna alata (L.) ROXB (Caesalpiniaceae) to Mammals

Senna alata (L.) ROXB (Caesalpiniaceae) is a plant known and appreciated by the Ivorian population. It is commonly used to treat high blood pressure and constipation. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of leaves of Senna alata leaves (EAqSa) in mammals. To do this, a phytochemical study of this extract was carried out. Acute toxicity was assessed by the intraperitoneal and oral routes. The oral toxicity tests were carried out in accordance with directive 423 of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) using three (3) lots of three (3) rats, one control lot and two (2) test lots. The control lot received 2 ml of distilled water, one test lot received 2000 mg/ kg bw of EAqSa and the second test lot received 5000 mg/ kg bw of the extract in a single dose. Toxicity tests by intraperitoneal administration are carried out using six (6) lots of six (6) mices including a control lot receiving 0.5 ml of EAqSa. The five (5) test lots received 0.5 ml of doses ranging from 750 to 2000 mg/kg bw of the extract. The animals from the different test lots were observed for twenty-four (24) hours. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols, sterols and polyterpenes, flavonoids, catechic tannins, saponosides, quinonic compounds and alkaloids. Acute toxicity tests show that this extract is only slightly toxic by the intraperitoneal route and non-toxic by the oral route. The oral route of administration would be the most recommended for the pharmacological use of this extract, but should be used in moderation.

AVALIAÇÃO PARASITOLÓGICA DE ALFACE EM FEIRAS E MERCADOS NO MUNICÍPIO DE RIO BRANCO, ACRE.

Introduction: The search for a healthy diet has grown over the last few decades, making the population opt for natural products, resulting in the intake of raw vegetables, with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) being one of the most consumed in the world; hygiene is necessary to reduce risks. The main contamination is due to poor sanitary conditions in the irrigation of vegetables, planting and inadequate handling of these leafy vegetables. The topic is relevant because they represent a serious public health problem. Objectives: to carry out a parasitological evaluation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) sold in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre. Methods: Lettuce samples of the species (Lactuca sativa L.) sold in 3 open-air markets were collected: Mercado Municipal Elias Mansour, Central de Abastecimento de Rio Branco (Ceasa) and Feira Livre and in different supermarkets X and Y in the municipality of Rio Branco , Ac. Methods: Lettuce samples of the species (Lactuca sativa L.) sold in 3 open-air markets were collected: Mercado Municipal Elias Mansour, Central de Abastecimento de Rio Branco (Ceasa) and Feira Livre and in different supermarkets X and Y in the municipality of Rio Branco , Ac. 5 samples were collected from each of the 5 units, totaling 25 samples per month and 250 between the months of July/2022 to November/2022 and February/2023 to June/2023. Subsequently, transported to the Parasitology Laboratory of the Uninorte University Center (UNINORTE). Leaves were established as the sampling unit for vegetables. 200g of leaf was weighed, sliced and separated for parasitological analysis and hygiene technique. To search for enteroparasites, the leaves were washed with 500 ml of distilled water containing 0.5 ml of neutral detergent. The liquid was used for the Spontaneous Sedimentation and Faust techniques. For the hygiene technique, 200g of leaves were submerged in a solution containing 1000 ml of distilled water and 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (2%), homogenized for 10 min. Subsequently, the liquid was used to perform the spontaneous sedimentation technique. Results: To analyze diversity, the Shannon Wiener indices were used. In parasitological techniques, 51 parasitic agents were identified, with Balantidium coli (7.2%), Entamoeba coli (6.8%), Endolimax nana (4.4%), Larva of Strongyloides stercoralis (0.8%), followed by of Entamoeba histolyrica (0.4%), Arcella vulgaris (0.4%), and Enterobius vermicularis larvae (0.4%). Among the lettuce sales units, those with the highest prevalence were: Supermercado Y (27.5%), Mercado X (23.6%), Feira Livre (25.4%), CEASA (15.7%) and Elias Mansour (7.8%). Protozoa represented (94.1%) and Helminths (5.9%). Faust represented (56.8%) of the parasites found, compared to (43.2%) from the spontaneous sedimentation technique. No parasitic forms were found after the sodium hypochlorite cleaning technique. Conclusions: Lettuces sold in Rio Branco/AC contained different types of protozoa and helminths, with the most common enteroparasites being Balantidium coli and Entamoeba coli. The hygiene technique proved to be effective in eliminating these agents. Ingesting raw lettuce may present a potential risk to consumers, and it is recommended to clean it before consumption.

Andrographis paniculata improves glucose regulation by enhancing insulin sensitivity and upregulating GLUT 4 expression in Wistar rats.

Although the hypoglycaemic effect of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees [Acanthaceae] has been documented, reports on its effect in an apparently healthy state are limited. This study investigated whether or not A. paniculata exerts hypoglycaemic effect in a non-diabetic state. It also explored the impact of A. paniculata on glycolytic enzymes and GLUT 4 protein expression, as a possible mode of action. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into two groups (n = 10 rats/group). The control rats were vehicle-treated (0.5 ml of distilled water), while the A. paniculata-treated rats had 500 mg/kg of A. paniculata per os once daily for 35 days. A. paniculata treatment led to improved insulin sensitivity evidenced by increased HOMA-β (88.08 ± 2.13 vs. 120.80 ± 1.52, p < 0.0001), HOMA-S (283.60 ± 8.82 vs. 300.50 ± 9.30, p = 0.0189), and reduced TyG index (4.22 ± 0.04 vs. 3.95 ± 0.07, p < 0.0002) and HOMA-IR (0.32 ± 0.01 vs. 0.25 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001) when compared with the control. It also improved glucose regulation as depicted by reduced fasting blood glucose (3.77 ± 0.10 vs. 3.24 ± 0.11, p < 0.0001) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; 7.69 ± 1.15 vs. 5.95 ± 0.82, p = 0.0245), and atherogenic dyslipidaemia, including AIP (-0.12 ± 0.03 vs. -0.26 ± 0.03, p < 0.0001) and CRI-I (2.70 ± 0.29 vs. 1.84 ± 0.27, p < 0.0001). These findings were accompanied by enhanced hepatic and muscular redox state, increased activities of glycolytic enzymes, upregulated GLUT 4 (0.80 ± 0.27 vs. 6.20 ± 0.84, p < 0.0001), and increased circulating nitric oxide (5.45 ± 0.24 vs. 6.79 ± 0.33, p = 0.0002). A. paniculata exerts positive effect on glucose metabolism and utilization by improving insulin sensitivity and upregulating the activities of glycolytic enzymes and GLUT 4 protein expression. This implies that A. paniculata may be beneficial in preventing insulin resistance and incident diabetes. Nonetheless, it should be used with caution to prevent hypoglycaemia in a non-diabetic state.

Formulation and characterization of 5-fluorouracil and metformin biodegradable nanospheres for treating colon cancer

BackgroundCancer and diabetes mellitus are quite common diseases found together worldwide. A considerable amount of evidence is available for the rapid development and presentation of various types of cancer in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) population as compared with the population without diabetes. The objective of the study is to formulate and evaluate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and metformin (MET) nanoparticles (NPs) and to establish the characteristic features of the biodegradable NPs. 5-FU and MET NPs with chitosan as a biodegradable polymer were formulated by the ionotropic cross-linking method. 0.25 gm of MET and 0.25 gm of 5-FU were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water, and stock solution was prepared. 5 ml of stock solution was slowly mixed into the chitosan solution to obtain the mixture of drugs and chitosan. The tripolyphosphate reserve liquid was dripped slowly into the chitosan solution with constant stirring until the opaline appearance was noticed in the mixture, then filtered, and dried. The NPs were evaluated for their physical properties and drug release kinetics. Cell proliferation assay was done using human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT 116).ResultsThe formulation composed of 1.5 w/v of chitosan, 0.25 w/v of MET, and 5-FU had an average particle diameter of 198.7 nm. The polydispersity index was 0.757. Thermal and infrared spectroscopy results indicated the drugs and polymers selected for the formulation were unique without any identifiable interaction. The NPs were spherical in appearance, with numerous pours on the surface, which was evident when microscopically examined. Uniformity in drug release was observed, and the formulation demonstrated excellent release kinetics. HTC 116 cell line confirmed that the maximum percentage of cell death and minimum viability of cells were observed while using the combination of MET and 5-FU-NPs as compared to the pure MET or 5-FU alone.ConclusionMET and 5-FU-loaded chitosan NPs were found to have excellent physiochemical properties, particle size, and drug release from the polymer in a controlled manner. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration value (IC50) of MET and 5-FU-NPs was found to be significantly less as compared to MET and 5-FU alone or the combination.

Thermal Energy Harvesting using Photovoltaic System for Small-Scale Seawater Distillation

Photovoltaic systems can be utilized for many purposes. In the present study, the photovoltaic system is used to produce electricity to power the distillator. A distillator is an equipment to convert seawater into freshwater. Distillators are important to be used for fishermen to help them produce fresh water from seawater when fishing at sea. This study aims to develop a prototype of a distillator by utilizing electricity from a photovoltaic system and to test the prototype's performance in producing fresh water. In this study, the solar panels used in the experiment had a power of 80WP and 100WP. The electricity from the panels was used to heat the elements in the distillator prototype to distill seawater, which will later be used to produce the freshwater needed by fishermen at sea, so they no longer need to carry fresh water when fishing. The experiment found that the highest efficiency of 80W solar panels was 12.813 %, while the highest efficiency of 100 W solar panels was 8.610%. The 9-hour experiment could produce approximately 120 ml of distilled water.

Advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Fourier Transform–Infrared, Visible-NearInfrared and X-ray Diffraction Methods Used for Characterization of Organo-Mineral Fertilizers Based on Biosolids

Biosolids from stabilized sludge present a high fertilization potential, due to their rich content of nutrients and organic matter. The intrinsic and subtle properties of such fertilizers may greatly influence the fertilization efficiency. In this sense, the utility, advantages and limitations of advanced characterization methods, for the investigation of structural and dynamic properties at the microscopic scale of slightly different formulations of fertilizers were assessed. For that, three formulas of organo-mineral fertilizers based on biosolids (V1, V2 and V3), having at least 2% N, 2% P2O5, and 2% K2O, were characterized by advanced methods, such as 1H NMR relaxometry, 1H MAS and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, 1H double-quantum NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Advanced structural characterization was performed using SEM, EDX and X-ray diffraction. Four dynamical components were identified in the NMR T2 distribution showing that the rigid component has a percentage larger than 90%, which explains the broad band of NMR spectra confirmed by the distributions of many components in residual dipolar coupling as were revealed by 1H DQ-NMR measurements. SEM and EDX measurements helped the identification of components from crystalline-like X-ray diffraction patterns. To evaluate the release properties of organo-mineral fertilizers, dynamic measurements of classical electric conductivity and pH were performed by placing 0.25 g of the formulas (V1, V2 and V3) in 200 mL of distilled water. The content of N and P were quantified using specific reactants, combined with VIS-nearIR spectroscopy. Two release mechanisms were observed and characterized. It was found that V3 presents the smallest release velocity but releases the largest number of fertilizers.

Effect of Bezafibrate and Ginkgo biloba Extract Combination on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the possible synergistic effect of bezafibrate and ginkgo biloba (GKB) extract on cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin. Methods: Thirty rats were allocated into 5 groups: The negative control group was treated daily with 1 ml of distilled water orally by gavage tube; the positive control received doxorubicin 3.7 mg/kg on day 11 for 3 days intraperitoneally; the bezafibrate group received 100mg/kg orally by gavage tube; the GKB group received 60mg/kg orally by gavage tube; and the combination of bezafibrate and GKB group. All the groups received the doxorubicin protocol, with an exception for the negative control. The treatment continued for 14 days. On day 14, blood samples were taken for the measurement of serum levels of troponin, natriuretic peptide, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), IL-6, and total lipid profile. The atherogenic index, cardiac risk, and LDL/HDL ratios were calculated. Cardiac tissues were sent for histopathological analysis. Results: Both bezafibrate and GKB exhibited attenuation of troponin, natriuretic peptides, CPK, IL-6, TG, cardiac risk ratio, and atherogenic index, as well as an increase in HDL levels. However, the combination group showed the greatest effect compared to the positive control group. The histopathological findings supported the biochemical outcomes. Conclusions: Combining GKB extract and bezafibrate protects against cardiac injury by restoring injury markers and IL-6, as well as improving the lipid profile, cardiac risk ratio, and atherogenic index.

Microbial and Heavy Metal Evaluation of Sachet Drinking Water in the Hohoe Municipality, Ghana

Aim: To study microbial and heavy metal composition in sachet drinking water in the Hohoe municipality in the Volta Region of Ghana. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Hohoe Municipality in the Volta region of Ghana and laboratory analyses were carried out at the Microbiology laboratory of the Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology between June 2018 and May 2019. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: The study was conducted on three samples each of eight different brands of sachet water randomly selected across various towns from street vendors in the Hohoe Municipality for microbial and chemical analyses. 10ml of each sample was aliquoted under sterile conditions and cultured overnight in nutrient media. Enumeration and qualitative analyses of bacteria were performed using the pour plate method. For heavy metal analysis, 5 ml of concentrated HNO3 was added to 40 ml of each sample and heated at 100 °C for 20–30 minutes to reduce the volume to 20 ml. 30ml of distilled water was subsequently added and the mixture was analyzed using flame atomic absorption Spectroscopy. Results: Out of total twenty-four samples analyzed, 50% of the sachet water was contaminated with total and fecal coliforms with the highest average coliform forming unit (cfu/ml) being 16.2 x 105 cfu/ml and the least 0.01 x 105 cfu/ml. There were Klebsiella spp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination in 50% of the sachet drinking water but Salmonella spp and E. coli were absent in all brands. Chromium was detected to be within the range of 0.40mg/L - 0.56mg/L in the sachet water while zinc was in the range of 0.03mg/L– 0.94mg/L. Chromium concentration in all sachet brands were above the WHO standard while zinc was within the acceptable range. Cadmium and lead were below detectable limits (BDL). Conclusion: This study indicated that some of the sachet drinking water sold in the Hohoe Municipality is impure for human consumption. Inappropriate water purification procedures and improper handling of sachet water play a significant role in determining the overall quality of sachet drinking water.

Discrepancies in CDE and Measured Phaco Tip Energy: Comparison of Energy Produced in Longitudinal and Torsional Ultrasound Using Calorimetry.

This study aims to investigate the differences between the heat energy produced during cataract surgery and Cumulative dissipated energy (CDE). CDE is often used as a medium for understanding the energy delivered to the eye during cataract surgery. However, the actual energy produced at the tip level of the tip is not well understood. We propose that a discrepancy may exist between the CDE reported by the surgical machine and the actual energy delivered to the eye. About 50 mL of distilled water were degassed and placed in an isobaric calorimeter. Using the Alcon Centurion and Ozil handpiece fitted with the balanced tip, an investigator immersed the phaco tip into the water and pressed the foot pedal to position 3. The device was set to 100% continuous power, vacuum to 0mmHg, with aspiration 12 mL/min aspiration. To prevent system changes in the system within the calorimeter, the aspiration tubing was occluded. Temperature change recorded by another investigator was observed from 0 to 60seconds. After 60seconds the first researcher immediately released the pedal and removed the phaco tip from the water. Trials were performed 10 times using solely torsional or longitudinal settings and averaged. CDE also was recorded and averaged. No significant difference was seen in the temperature change or energy calculated in Joules between ultrasound modalities, with torsional producing a magnitude of 163 J and longitudinal producing 172 J (P = 0.2). However, the CDE generated in the 60seconds period was significantly different, with a magnitude of 61 for longitudinal compared to 24 for torsional (P < 0.001). Significantly more energy was generated using torsional ultrasound than longitudinal at the tip level of the tip. CDE did not appear to accurately reflect these differences. This suggests that other factors should be considered when evaluating CDE and surgical outcomes.

N-acetylcysteine and zinc sulphate abate di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate-mediated reproductive dysfunction in rats: Focus on oxidative and sex hormone receptors mechanisms

Objective: To investigate the potential of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) in mitigating reproductive dysfunction caused by di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in rats and to understand the underlying mechanisms, specifically oxidative stress and sex hormone receptor activity. Methods: Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five equal groups (n=7 per group). Group 1 was administered 0.5 mL of distilled water and served as the control group. Group 2 was given only DEHP (750 mg/kg/day), while group 3, 4 and 5 were given DEHP (750 mg/kg/day) plus NAC (100 mg/kg/day), DEHP (750 mg/kg/day) plus ZnSO4 (0.5 mg/kg/day), and DEHP (750 mg/kg/day) plus NAC (100 mg/kg/day) as well as ZnSO4 (0.5 mg/kg/day), respectively. All treatments lasted for 21 days. Samples were obtained after the rats were sacrificed, and hormones levels in the serum and markers of oxidative stress in the testicles were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The amount of androgen receptors in the testicles was determined by immunohistochemistry, and the susceptibility of testosterone and DEHP to bind to androgen receptor and 5α-reductase was determined by molecular docking studies. Results: DEHP decreased reproductive hormones, testicular antioxidant enzymes, increased malondialdehyde levels, and negatively impacted histology of the pituitary and testes. NAC or ZnSO4 treatment showed a marked improvement in testicular antioxidant status and hormone levels, as well as a positive effect on the histology of the pituitary and testes. The combination of both treatments appeared to be more effective. The affinity of DEHP to bind to androgen receptors may lead to disruption of androgen receptor signaling, which can further result in dysfunction of hormones related to androgen. However, NAC is more likely to form stronger binding interactions with follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptors, as well as gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors, when compared to DEHP. Conclusions: The possibility that NAC and ZnSO4 could downregulate DEHP-induced sex hormone changes is suggested by their potential to reduce toxicity.

Enhance Hydrogen Production from Water Using 532 Lasers

ABSTRACT: hydrogen production via water electrolysis under the influence of laser sounds fascinating with its unique properties, was particularly effective in promoting hydrogen production. The mechanism by which the laser promotes hydrogen production The electrolytic cell used in this work contains 270 ml of distilled water stimulated with different amounts of alcohol (2 ml - 4 ml - 6 ml - 8 ml - 10 ml). This chamber consists of two vertically oriented cylinders. Inside each cylinder there are graphite electrodes, each measuring 10 x 5 x 7 mm3, connected to the positive and negative terminals of a direct current power source, in addition to using a green laser source (532). An efficiency study was conducted using a green laser with a wavelength of 532 nanometers as an optical light source for water analysis through electrolysis. Results were obtained using both the standard electrolysis method and with the green laser source (532 nm). In the case of standard electrolysis, we obtained (When adding 5 ml of cohol, we get 6.63 hydrogen ), while (Adding 10 ml of ill we get 7.44 of hydrogen ) was obtained when using the laser source. The results indicate that using the laser source enhances hydrogen production significantly compared to standard electrolysis, demonstrating the laser's high effectiveness in electrolysis due to its non-absorptive property in water. This could have significant implications for renewable energy and hydrogen fuel production.

Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effect of Ethanolic Seed Extract of Prosopis juliflora in Fructose Induced Hyperglycemia in Rats

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic seed extract of Prosopis juliflora in fructose induced hyperglycemia in wistar albino rats in comparison with Metformin. Materials and methods: 30 male wistar albino rats were divided equally into 5 groups. Group I and II were the normal and the disease control groups. While, groups III to V were the treatment groups. Animals in group I received regular drinking water; whereas, groups II to V received 20% fructose water for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, animals in groups II to V had elevated fasting blood sugar, HOMA-IR, weight gain and dyslipidemia. From week 9 to 16 group I animals continued to receive regular drinking water, group II received 2ml of distilled water and groups III, IV and V received Metformin 200mg/kg, P.juliflora extract 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg respectively in addition to 20% fructose water. The animals were sacrificed at the end of 16 weeks and histopathological examination of pancreas was done. Biochemical and hematological assessments were done at baseline and at 16 weeks to assess safety of the interventions. Results: When compared to the disease control group, animals in group III treated with metformin and groups IV and V treated with P.juliflora extract at doses of 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg showed a significant decrease in Fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR and improvement in lipid profile. Even though both the doses of the extract showed significant pharmacological activity, 600mg/kg showed better activity equivalent to metformin. Histopathological examination of pancreas showed regenerative changes in the metformin and P.juliflora 600mg/kg treated groups. No significant abnormality was observed in the biochemical and haematological parameters at the end of the study. Conclusion: P.juliflora seed extract in the dose 400 mg/kg and 600mg/kg exhibited antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity with no significant adverse events, in this study. Both the doses were having anti dyslipidemic effect similar to metformin whereas 600 mg/kg dose of P.juliflora was having better antidiabetic effect comparable to Metformin. Keywords: Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, P.juliflora, Fructose, Metformin, Metabolic syndrome

A Histo-Physiological Study of The Effect of Resveratrol on Osteoporosis-Induced in Rats

Using an animal model of D-galactose-induced osteoporosis (OP), the researchers examined the effects of resveratrol supplementation on body weight, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and bone calcin (OC) levels and classified mice randomized into the following groups: Subgroup C (n=10): within 60 days participants will receive 1 ml of distilled water. In the D-galactose group (n=10), osteoporosis will be induced by intraperitoneal administration of 200 mg/kg/day of D-galactose for 60 consecutive days. Group R of 10 subjects will receive a dose of 25 mg/kg of oral resveratrol for 60 days.The DR group of the group of 10 subjects will receive D-galactose 200 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally in for osteoporosis and oral resveratrol at 25 mg/kg/day for 60 days. There was a distinct difference in body weight before and after OP infusion in each group in the study. The D-galactose group (D) showed significantly higher levels of ALP and OC compared with the control group. In contrast, the resveratrol group (R) showed significantly lower levels compared with the control group and the D group. Finally, the group treated with the combination of D-galactose and resveratrol (DR) showed significantly higher levels compared to the control group and the group treated with resveratrol alone (R). the. and more microfractures On the other hand, the resveratrol group (R) had thicker bone trabeculae, reduced intertrabecular space, and fewer microfractures. In addition, a protective effect against D-galactose-induced changes was observed in the resveratrol group, and these effects were dose-dependent The findings suggested resveratrol treatment in an animal model of osteoarthritis induced by D-galactose improved their weight, bone turnover markers (ALP and OC), and histological parameters were dependent on resveratrol levels.

Development of a new method for analyzing the behavior of rapidly dissolving films in contact with liquids

Oral Thin Film (OTF) is a promising dosage form, easy to use and patient-friendly drug delivery systems suitable for every consumer profile. This dosage form ensures safety, stability, and acceptability of the drug, that's why it can be a good alternative for tablets and capsules for children and elderly therapies. As no detailed monography of OTFs including characterization methods and uniform requirements has been presented in any of the pharmacopoeias to date, this study focuses on the development of an innovative analyzing method to characterize the OTF behavior and particularly to determine its disintegration time by goniometry. These parameters are key for the development of OTFs and for studying, at an early stage, the impact of formulation and process variables on product quality and impacting Critical Quality Attributes (CQA) by a Quality by Design approach.Different model OTF preparations were investigated as models to determine the suitability of the disintegration test systems. These placebos OTF were used to compare the disintegration times obtained by the tablets pharmacopeial method (conducted in 800 mL of distilled water) and the novel proposed method. As expected, the disintegration times determined by the proposed method were similar than those obtained by the conventional disintegration test. Moreover, they seem more reliable to the in vivo behavior because of the small amount of solvent used. The experiments showed acceptable reproducibility (low variation within sample replicates due to a well-defined determination of the measurement endpoint). This method provides clear endpoint detection and is applicable for different types of OTFs based on different polymers. Moreover, a better understanding of the physical-chemical properties of oral thin films towards water could be obtained. This new method of analysis could provide a valuable approach to the development of new OTF formulas, thanks to the different information that can be obtained, such as critical energy, free energy and polar and dispersive components.

Staging of Estrous Cycle in Rats using Vaginal Cytology and Visual Assessment

The determination of different phases of estrous cycle in lab animals is important for reproductive interventions and other experiments related to animal reproduction where rats are used as experimental models. A total 21 Wistar albino (which had completed their pubertal stage ( greater than 4 weeks) weighing approximately 100- 200 g were used in this experiment. Visual assessment was done to observe vaginal opening during different phases of the estrous cycle. This was followed by collection of vaginal discharge samples by flushing it with 0.1 ml of distilled water using micropipette. Vaginal cytology was performed in 21 rats thrice daily, along with visual assessment. The average length of estrous cycle in rats was recorded to be 4-5 days with average duration of proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus of 24, 24-36, 12 and 48 hours, respectively. The average length of estrous cycle in rats was 4-5 days with recorded average duration of proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus of 24, 24-36, 12 and 48 hours, respectively. Vaginal cytology can be considered as a better option compared to visual assessment for assessment of reproductive status in rats.

Successful Weight Loss in Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity Using a Swallowable Intragastric Balloon and Nutritional Oversight

PurposeMedical devices benefit patients living with overweight or obesity, but studies in the adolescent population are lacking. The goal of this study was to collect information on the performance and safety of a swallowable intragastric balloon program (SGBP) in adolescent patients.Materials and MethodsData were collected retrospectively on patients aged 15 to 17 years with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 27 kg/m2 who received the swallowable intragastric balloon (SGB) and associated lifestyle and nutritional change program. Patients had not responded to previous dietary and behavioral modification weight loss treatments and elected to undergo SGBP. The SGB was swallowed and filled with 550 mL of distilled water in an outpatient setting, and a multidisciplinary team delivered a lifestyle/nutritional change program. Mean % total body weight loss (%TBWL) was calculated for each patient compared with baseline.ResultsA total of 91 patients, 69 (75.8%) female and 22 (24.2%) male, underwent SGBP and completed follow-up through SGB passage at 4 months. Baseline mean ± SD age, weight, and BMI were 16.4 ± 0.77, 99.70 ± 21.33 kg, and 35.60 ± 5.59 kg/m2, respectively. After 4 months, mean weight and BMI were 86.37 ± 18.83 kg and 30.86 ± 5.16 kg/m2 respectively; %TBWL was 13.05 ± 7.64 (1-sided t-test, p < 0.0001). Most (80, 87.9%) reported no adverse events; 11/91 (12.1%) experienced an adverse event. Of these, 9/91 (9.9%) experienced nausea and/or vomiting; 1/91 (1.1%) reported abdominal pain only; 1/91 (1.1%) reported flatulence only. There were no serious adverse events or premature device removals.ConclusionThe SGBP provides safe and effective short-term weight loss in adolescents living with overweight and obesity.Graphical

The Effect Of Adding Egg White On The Physical And Organoleptic Properties Of Grape Juice (Vitis Vinifera, L.)

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L) are a recommended fibrous food, advised to be consumed in quantities of 300g – 400g per capita per day. Grapes are popular due to their delicious, sweet, and fresh taste, and their high nutritional content, especially vitamins C and A. The method used in this research is an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of 5 treatments with one factor. The results of these 5 treatments were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if there were significant differences between treatments, they were further tested with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results of adding egg white to grape juice processed into grape juice were analyzed with the following average values: color with an average value ranging from 2.20 (A) to 3.40 (E), aroma with an average value ranging from 2.07 (A) to 3.60 (B), taste with an average value ranging from 2.20 (A) to 4.20 (C), and viscosity with an average value ranging from 1.93 (A) to 4.33 (C). This research shows that the best formulation for making grape juice (Vitis vinifera L) with the addition of 36 ml or 14.4% egg white (albumin), 250 grams of grapes, 500 grams of granulated sugar, and 2500 ml of distilled water has the highest score of 15.19 compared to other treatments.

Study of Subacute Toxicity in Wistar Rats Challenged with Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn

Phyllanthus amarus, a widely used plant in complementary and alternative medicine practice in Southern Nigeria, is used in treating and managing numerous metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. This study is designed to assess the subacute toxicity of P. amarus in Wistar rats using body and relative organ weight, renal function, in-vivo antioxidant status and organ histology indices as a baseline. The twenty adult male rats weighing 120.00 ± 6.18 g were apportioned into four groups with five rats per group. Group A (Control) received 1.0 mL of distilled water, group B received 1000 mg/kg group C received 1500 mg/kg and group D received 2000 mg/kg body weight of the crude ethanol extract. The extract from P. amarus was administered orally once daily at 8:30 am using an oral cannula attached to a 2 mL syringe. Subacute toxicity was evaluated after 14 days. The findings showed no visible and noticeable overt signs of toxicity throughout the experimental period, non-significant adverse change in body and relative organ weight, renal function and organ histopathology of the rats in the treated and control groups. However, P. amarus significantly improved in-vivo antioxidant status while significantly reducing the level of malondialdehyde, a biological indicator of oxidative stress in the living system.

Comparison of nebulization with lignocaine and dexamethasone for attenuation of post-operative sore throat: A randomized controlled trial

Background: Post-operative sore throat (POST) is a very common anesthesia-related event which may hamper patient satisfaction and increase treatment cost. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of nebulization with dexamethasone and lignocaine to prevent POST. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled study involved 135 patients randomly divided into three equal groups: Group D – (n=45) received 8 mg (2 mL) dexamethasone plus 3 mL of distilled water, Group L – (n=45) received 80 mg (4% lignocaine 2 mL) plus 3 mL distilled, and Group S – (n=45) received nebulization with 5 mL normal saline. Results: At 4 h postoperatively, the incidence of POST was 15.6% in the dexamethasone group, 33.3% in the lignocaine group, and 73.3% in the saline group. The score was significantly higher in the saline group (P=0.001) compared to the dexamethasone and lignocaine group, while it was comparable between dexamethasone and lignocaine group (P=0.188). Similarly, dexamethasone and lignocaine groups were comparable at immediately post-operative, 2, 8, 12, and 24 h post-operative time points. Post-operative hoarseness scores of all three groups were comparable at all-time points. A significant increase in the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) after intubation was observed in the saline and dexamethasone group as compared to the lignocaine group (P=0.001) while HR and MAP were comparable in dexamethasone and saline group (P=1.000). Conclusion: Dexamethasone and lignocaine nebulization are both effective and comparable prophylaxis for POST and lignocaine nebulization has added advantage of blunting pressor response to endotracheal intubation over dexamethasone nebulization.