Ml Of Crude Extract Research Articles

Effects of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Some Chlorides of Divalent Metals on the Initial Velocity of Crude Peroxidase from Watermelon Rind

Aim: This study investigated the effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and some chlorides of divalent metals on the initial velocity of crude peroxidase from watermelon rind Study design: In vitro enzyme assay. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria between September 2023 to November 2023. Methodology: The kinetics of the oxidation of Guaiacol by the crude peroxidase from the rind of watermelon in the presence of varying concentrations of EDTA and the chloride salts of iron, copper was determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the oxidation of Guaiacol to produce a brown tetraguaiacol at a wavelength of 470nm. The various salt concentrations were varied between 0.5 mM and 3 mM. Each of the reaction mixtures used in the kinetic study comprised; 2.3 mL of 0.6 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.4), 0.2 mL of 0.02 mM Guaiacol, 0.1 mL of crude extract, 0.2 mL of varying concentration chloride salt, 0.2 mL of 2 mM of H2O2 added last to start the reaction. The final concentration of H2O2 in the 3 mL assay was 0.13 mM. The total volume of the reaction mixture was 3 mL. The absorbance was read every 2 seconds for one minute after adding hydrogen peroxide using a stop-clock. The control had no metal ion but replaced with distilled water Results: Results showed that EDTA reduced the activity of the enzyme in a concentration dependent manner. CuCl2 and FeCl2 activated the enzyme and FeCl2 being a better activator within the salt concentration range of 0.5 mM to 3 mM. Conclusion: These findings are of great importance to industries in understanding the mechanism of action of peroxidase from the rind of watermelon, especially as the search for cheap and alternative sources of peroxidases continues.

Kalanchoe daigremontiana: Functional Properties and Histopathological Effects on Wistar Rats under Hyperglycemia-inducing Diet

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetes is a worldwide pandemic disease with an expensive way of control. Locals around the world have been used botanical extracts to reduce the effects of this deadly disease to improve the quality of life of the patients. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of crude extracts of the ethnobotanical species K. daigremontiana on a hyperglycemia rat model to support its antidiabetic use in traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Crude leaves extract were daily administered per os to Wistar rats for six months. Hyperglycemic induction model was rich-sucrose diets. Six animals per group were used: i) standard diet, ii) sucrose-rich diet, iii) sucrose-rich diet + extract (1 ml), iv) sucrose-rich diet + extract (2 ml) and v) standard diet + extract (2 ml). All animals were sacrificed and the liver prepared for histopathological analysis. Powdered leaves were functionally characterized and analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results: Treatment with 2 ml of the crude extract caused the least tissue damage, compared to the control. A high antioxidant activity (DPPH: 111.14 μM Trolox equivalents g-1 dry weight (DW); ABTS: 223.90 μM Trolox equivalents g-1 DW) was observed. A content of 0.54 mg ascorbic acid g-1 DW, total phenol content of 17.45 mg gallic acid g-1 DW and flavonoid content of 2.3 mg equivalent quercetin g-1 DW were determined. No conclusive evidence on the molecules present in the extract was obtained by FTIR spectroscopy. Conclusion: The use of dosages of 2 ml of crude extract of Kalanchoe daigremontiana reduces liver damage under high sucrose conditions. Key words: Traditional medicine, Anti-hyperglycemic, Diabetes Sucrose-rich diet, Kalanchoe daigremontiana, Phytotherapy.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oil s in the treatment of microorganisms involved in crohn disease

Background: Crohn Disease (CD) is an inflammatory disease with unknown etiology that affects the gastrointestinal tract resulting in tissue damage having clinical symptoms like fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and anemia leaving the patient imunodepressive causing risks of opportunistic infection. Recurrent infections in the gastrointestinal tract can also serve as a trigger for the onset of the syndrome. The treatment with medications can bring side effects and for this reason the present study evaluates the activity of the extract of Syzygium aromaticum (clove), on the most incident microorganisms proposing to display it as a possible alternative treatment for patients with this disease. Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Syzygium aromaticum against the most common microorganisms involved in CD. Methods: 10 mL of crude extract of clove were obtained by distillation and later tested by antibiogram in clinical strains of Candida albicans, one of the microorganisms of higher incidence in the disease. Results: By adding the disks containing the extract colonies diluted in salina to 0.5 according to McFarland scale (approximately 1.5 x 10 8 CFU / ml) arranged in Sabouraud agar plates incubated at 96,8o F for 24 hours was observed the formation of 10 mm inhibition halos demonstrating the antimicrobial effect of the extract on Candida albicans colonies. Discussion: Several known medicines were obtained from natural sources, including consecrated antibiotics, demonstrating the importance of the study and application of natural products. Conclusion: The extract tested was considered efficient in its antifungal activity and new researches and confirmatory tests are necessary for this and other natural extracts so that they can be applied in the promotion of health causing fewer side effects and at a lower cost.

Comparative Studies on in- vitro Phytochemicals Analysis and Larvicidal Efficacy of Medicinal Plant Extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus

Comparative Studies on in- vitro Phytochemicals Analysis and Larvicidal Efficacy of Medicinal Plant Extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus

Assessment of the allelopathic effect of leaf and seed extracts of Canavalia ensiformis as postemergent bioherbicides: A green alternative for sustainable agriculture

The herbicidal potential of aqueous extracts prepared from leaves and seeds of Canavalia ensiformis was tested by applying them postemergence to the crop weeds Ipomoea grandifolia and Commelina benghalensis. Considering the possible objective of using this bioherbicide on soybean fields, the extracts were also tested for deleterious effects on both transgenic and conventional soybean (Glycine max). In addition, the concentrations of four phenolic compounds and alkaloids with allelopathic properties in these extracts were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The seed extract at concentrations of 25 g L−1 and 50 g L−1 was the most efficient postemergent bioherbicide. By applying these extracts, the development of the weed seed was progressively hindered until no recovery was observed. The application of 3.5 mL of crude extract on a plant that takes 30 days after germination of the seed to develop is sufficient for full control of the species within 5 days. Since both Ipomoea grandifolia and Commelina benghalensis are broadleaf dicotyledons, it is possible that other species with these characteristics can also be controlled or suffer the same effects under the action of the seed extract, if the same volume and mode of application are used. The selectivity of the treatments with 25 g L−1 and 50 g L−1 was assessed on transgenic and conventional cultivars. The treatments did not visibly affect the soybean cultivars, which developed normally during the observation period that continued up to 15 days after the death of the weeds.

Comparative study of antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties present in various parts of Cassia auriculata Linn.

The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of plant phenolics and flavonoids outlined the necessity of determining their contents present in Cassia auriculata Linn. Antioxidant activities through biochemical assays [DPPH- radical scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS)] were evaluated spectrophotometrically from 1 mg/ ml of crude extract. Interestingly, IC50 values for scavenging activity (0.7 μg/mL) and reducing activity (0.51 μg/mL) and lipid peroxidation (0.6 μg/mL) of the flower extract had significant effect comparatively. Two known compounds (Kaempferol and Quercetin) identified by GC-MS in flower extract, indicating its preventive role against free radical effect. Key words: Antioxidant activity, Cassia auriculata Linn, free radicals, peroxidation inhibition, phenolics, scavenging effects.

Proteolytic action of the crude extract ofDuddingtonia flagrans on cyathostomins (Nematoda: Cyathostominae) in coprocultures

The objective of this study was to examine the action of the crude extract of Duddingtonia flagrans (isolates AC001 and CG722) on infective larvae (L3) of cyathostomins in coprocultures and to confirm its proteolytic activity by means of a zymogram. The following groups were formed in coprocultures: Group 1: 10 mL of crude extract of D. flagrans (AC001); group 2: 10 mL of crude extract of AC001 with 10 mM of Ca2+; group 3: 10 mL of crude extract of D. flagrans (CG722); group 4: 10 mL of crude extract of CG722 with 10 mM of Ca2+; and group 5: control group (distilled water). The third-stage larvae (L3) were obtained after eight days. The crude extract of D. flagrans was effective in reducing the number of L3, with the following percentage reductions: group 1, 49.5%; group 2, 52.5%; group 3, 36.8%; and group 4, 57.7%; in relation to the control group (p > 0.05). The proteolytic activity of the crude extract was confirmed through the zymogram. The results from this study confirmed that the crude extract of the fungus D. flagrans could be used for controlling cyathostomin L3, and suggested that at least one protease of approximately 38 kDa was present.

Efeito de extratos aquosos de espécies de Asteraceae sobre Meloidogyne incognita

Estudou-se, in vitro e in vivo a atividade nematicida dos extratos aquosos de vedélia (Sphagneticola trilobata), erva-de-touro (Tridax procumbens), cravo-de-defunto (Tagetes patula), girassol mexicano (Tithonia diversifolia), botão de ouro (Unxia suffruticosa) e zínia (Zinnia peruviana), sobre Meloidogyne incognita. Os extratos foram preparados na proporção de 1,0g do material seco e triturado para 10mL de água destilada e armazenados por 24h, sendo seguidamente utilizados nos experimentos. Nos testes in vitro, foram depositados 4,0mL do extrato bruto e 2,0mL de uma suspensão aquosa contendo 200 ovos do nematóide em placas de Petri de 5cm de diâmetro e, quinze dias após, procedeu-se a contagem do número de juvenis eclodidos e dos ovos remanescentes para o cálculo das porcentagens de eclosão. Nos testes in vivo, os extratos foram aplicados, separadamente, via pulverização foliar, tratamento de raiz e vertido no solo, semanalmente durante 60 dias. Como testemunha utilizou-se apenas água nos dois experimentos. No ensaio in vitro observou-se que todos os extratos foram eficientes na redução da eclosão de juvenis de M. incognita quando comparados à testemunha, as porcentagens de redução foram 89,96%, 91,13%, 92,48%, 92,72%, 93,2% e 97,48% para erva-de-touro, cravo-de-defunto, girassol mexicano, vedélia, botão de ouro e zínia, respectivamente, e no ensaio in vivo, que os tratamentos não exerceram nenhum efeito sobre o peso do sistema radicular dos tomateiros, no entanto, observou-se que os resultados diferiram entre as espécies utilizadas e a forma de aplicação do extrato na avaliação do peso fresco da parte aérea das plantas. Quanto ao fator de reprodução, observou-se que nenhum dos extratos apresentou diferença estatística em relação à testemunha, no entanto, quando se compara as diferentes formas de aplicação dos mesmos, observa-se que houve diferença estatística quando os extratos de erva de touro e girassol mexicano foram aplicados via pulverização foliar e no tratamento de raiz, contudo, não houve diferença quando estes extratos foram aplicados em forma de rega no solo.

Flow injection spectrophotometric determination of L-Dopa and carbidopa in pharmaceutical formulations using a crude extract of sweet potato root [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] as enzymatic source.

A flow injection (FI) spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of L-dopa and carbidopa in pharmaceutical formulations. After selection of the extraction medium (e.g., buffer-to-tissue ratio, pH, buffer concentration, protective agents and/or stabilizers) and storage conditions, crude extract of sweet potato root [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] was used as an enzymatic source of polyphenol oxidase (Tyrosinase; catechol oxidase; EC.1.14.18.1) directly in the carrier. This enzyme catalyses the oxidation of these catecholamines to the corresponding dopaquinone. Further, dopaquinone undergoes a rapid spontaneous auto-oxidation to leucodopachrome, which is in turn oxidized to dopachrome; this last compound has a strong absorption at 480 and 360 nm for L-dopa and carbidopa, respectively. For the optimum extraction conditions found the enzyme activity of the crude extract did not vary for at least 5 months when stored at 4 degrees C and decreased by only 4-5% during an 8 h working period at 25 degrees C. The results obtained for L-dopa and carbidopa by the proposed enzymatic FI method were in close agreement with the label values (r1 = 0.9699 and r2 = 0.9999) and also with those obtained using a pharmacopeial method (r3 = 0.9675). The throughput was 26 samples h-1, and 2.30 ml of crude extract were consumed in each determination, corresponding to only 72 mg of the original sweet potato root. The detection limit (three times the signal blank/slope) was 1.5 x 10(-5) and 2.0 x 10(-5) mol l-1 for L-dopa and carbidopa, respectively; the recovery of L-dopa and carbidopa from three samples ranged from 98.6 to 106.3% of the added amount.

Effects of a prescription of Chinese herbal medicine on snake venom-induced nephropathy in mice.

A prescription of Chinese herbal medicine, tentatively named P-19, was examined for its inhibitory effect and its mechanism using an experimental model of nephropathy induced by purified snake venom proteinase, Ac(1)-proteinase (Ac(1)-P). The treated mice were injected with 0.1 ml of crude extract of P-19 intraperitoneally every other day beginning 2 d before to 1 week after the injection of Ac(1)-P. The non-treated mice were injected with saline instead of the medicine P-19. The physiological condition and histopathological observation of the mice at one week after Ac(1)-P injection were better in the treated group than in the non-treated group. This indicates that P-19 inhibited the production of glomerular lesions induced in mice by Ac(1)-P. The physiological condition and histopathological changes in the mice were better with P-19 treatment than with P-3 treatment. Differences in the mechanism of action between the crude extract of P-3 and P-19 are not only in diuretic action but also in the changes in the glomerular basement membrane. On the basis of spectrophotometric studies, phenolic carboxylates were confirmed to be contained in the crude extract of P-19, having a different chemical structure of caffeic acid, which is the effective component in P-3. Immunohistochemical observation revealed a difference between the groups. In the non-treated mice, deposits of the venom were clearly observed in the glomerular tuft and Bowman's capsule, corresponding to the histopathological changes, within 2.5 min after the injection of Ac(1)-P. In the treated mice, the deposits were indistinct in the Bowman's capsule. The difference was considered to be caused by changes in the glomerular basement membrane after P-19 treatment.