MJ Ha-1 Research Articles

Energy Consumption in Wheat-Rice Cropping System in Punjab

Energy consumption for crop production depends on the availability of energy sources and the capacity of the farmers. This study analyzed energy sources used by farmers for wheat and rice production and identified agricultural operations where energy consumption can be reduced so that operational costs in wheat-rice production system can be lowered. Data on energy use in wheat and rice cropping system was collected by interviewing the farmers using specially designed questionnaire. Relevant information pertaining to human labour use, sources of irrigation, number of irrigations to each crop, quantity of farm inputs, utilization of mechanical power sources and grain yield etc. were collected. The average output energy of grain, input energy, energy ratio and specific energy for wheat crop in the state of Punjab were 68347 MJ ha-1, 15644 MJ ha-1, 8.4 and 3.08 MJ kg-1, respectively. The average output energy of grain, input energy, energy ratio and specific energy for rice were 115888 MJ ha-1, 16438 MJ ha-1, 14.8 and 2.09 MJ kg-1, respectively. For wheat-rice cropping system, the average output energy of grain, input energy, energy ratio and specific energy were 184234.4 MJ ha-1, 32081.4 MJ ha-1, 11.7 and 2.48 MJ kg-1, respectively. Energy ratio (output energy to input energy ratio) of rice is higher than the wheat, indicating rice efficiently utilized energy resources to convert into output of the harvested crop. Similarly, lower specific energy (input energy to yield ratio) of rice as compared to wheat also indicates lower energy consumption to produce per unit of rice. This analysis clearly indicates that rice production is more energy efficient than wheat production in rice-wheat production system. Further, the energy ratio, specific energy and energy productivity of wheat-rice cropping system were estimated as 11.6 to 11.9, 2.44 to 2.51 MJ kg-1 and 0.40 to 0.41kg MJ-1, respectively. This study will be helpful to identify the agricultural operations and implementing suitable interventions for improving energy use efficiency.

Integrated nutrient management on oat + grasspea intercropping system: an evaluation of system productivity, economics, energetics and carbon footprint

A field investigation took place at Central Research Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India during winter seasons of 2020–21 and 2021–22 with the aim to evaluate system productivity, economics, energetics and carbon footprint (CF) of oat + grasspea intercropping systems under different integrated nutrient managements (INM). The experiment was executed in split-plot design with 4 cropping systems in main plots and 4 levels of nutrient management in sub plots. The 3:3 intercropping system of oat + grasspea ensured highest system productivity, whereas sole grasspea stood best in terms of economics, energetics and environment safety by lowering CF. Notably, INM involving 75% N through urea + 25% N through vermicompost registered significantly higher system productivity in case of 3:3 oat + grasspea intercropping system (CS4N3) (18.77 q ha−1). Further, this intercropping system yielded high economic profitability (net return: US$ 430.4 ha−1, benefit–cost ratio: 1.71) as well as energy indices (energy output: 71179.1 MJ ha-1, net energy gain: 60352.0 MJ ha−1, energy ratio: 6.57 and energy profitability: 5.57). CF was also found relatively low under CS4N3 (Yield scaled CF: 62.2 kg CO2-e q−1). Furthermore, high carbon efficiency (7.92) and carbon sustainability index (6.92) were also exhibited by CS4N3 as it produced maximum carbon output (1801.2 kg ha−1). In conclusion, the 3:3 oat + grasspea intercropping system using INM can be viable option to ensure economic and energy viability and minimize greenhouse gas emissions without compromising system productivity. Particularly, this intercropping system combined with 75% N through urea + 25% N through vermicompost as INM option can be recommended for the cereal and legume growers of India, specifically under intensive cropping scenario.

Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Production in Türkiye

The objective of this study was to determine the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with sesame production. Energy use efficiency indicators and greenhouse gas emission rates were calculated for the 2022-2023 production season. The energy input and output for sesame production were found to be 12079.15 MJ ha-1 and 30052.44 MJ ha-1, respectively. The study found an energy use efficiency of 2.49, with a specific energy of 12.20 MJ kg-1, an energy productivity of 0.08 kg MJ-1, and a net energy value of 17973.29 MJ ha-1. The direct and indirect energy inputs were calculated to be 4584.41 MJ ha-1 (37.95%) and 7494.74 MJ ha-1 (62.05%), while the renewable and non-renewable energy inputs were calculated to be 469.12 MJ ha-1 (3.88%) and 11610.03 MJ ha-1 (98.65%), respectively. The calculation shows that the total greenhouse gas emissions are 380.52 kgCO2-eq ha-1 and the greenhouse gas emission rate is 0.38 kgCO2-eq ha-1. Sesame production is highly profitable for the 2022-2023 production season in terms of energy use efficiency.

Energy use pattern in rose onion (<i>Allium</i> <i>cepa </i>L.) cultivation

A study was conducted to analyse the energy use pattern for cultivation and on farm processing of rose onion (Allium cepa L.). The energy auditing data was collected by stratified random sampling method using a face- to-face interaction at Sadali (Hobli), Sidlaghatta, Chikkaballapur, Karnataka. In this region, the energy utilized for different package of practices followed for rose onion cultivation by conventional practice are land preparation (5-tyne cultivator, 9-tyne cultivator and rotovator), sowing (broadcasting), thinning (manual), manure & fertilizer application (manual), plant protection {weeding (manual and chemical spray), chemical spraying (battery operated sprayer)}, irrigation (micro-irrigation), harvesting (manual) and detopping (manual). The energy use pattern for the above-mentioned various package of practices were found to be 4,207.95±37.21, 664.66±17.68, 53.31±2.68, 22,522.92±385.07, 2,534.40±155.55, 14,980.51±229.49, 807.74±20.80 and 1,571.75±42.77 MJ ha-1, respectively. The input energy, output energy and energy ratio were calculated as 47,343.23±484.65, 38,131.12±462.48 MJ ha-1 and 0.81±0.01, respectively. The energy intensive operation identified was manure and fertilizer application (fertilizer 46.80%; men 0.77%) both indirect and direct energy sources, followed by irrigation (electricity 31.09%; men 0.55%), land preparation (diesel 8.33%) and pesticide application (pesticide 4.53%). It is concluded that the fertilizer, electricity and diesel utilised in rose onion cultivation needs to be optimally minimised through management practices.

Energy use pattern in rose onion (<i>Allium</i> <i>cepa </i>L.) cultivation

A study was conducted to analyse the energy use pattern for cultivation and on farm processing of rose onion (Allium cepa L.). The energy auditing data was collected by stratified random sampling method using a face- to-face interaction at Sadali (Hobli), Sidlaghatta, Chikkaballapur, Karnataka. In this region, the energy utilized for different package of practices followed for rose onion cultivation by conventional practice are land preparation (5-tyne cultivator, 9-tyne cultivator and rotovator), sowing (broadcasting), thinning (manual), manure & fertilizer application (manual), plant protection {weeding (manual and chemical spray), chemical spraying (battery operated sprayer)}, irrigation (micro-irrigation), harvesting (manual) and detopping (manual). The energy use pattern for the above-mentioned various package of practices were found to be 4,207.95±37.21, 664.66±17.68, 53.31±2.68, 22,522.92±385.07, 2,534.40±155.55, 14,980.51±229.49, 807.74±20.80 and 1,571.75±42.77 MJ ha-1, respectively. The input energy, output energy and energy ratio were calculated as 47,343.23±484.65, 38,131.12±462.48 MJ ha-1 and 0.81±0.01, respectively. The energy intensive operation identified was manure and fertilizer application (fertilizer 46.80%; men 0.77%) both indirect and direct energy sources, followed by irrigation (electricity 31.09%; men 0.55%), land preparation (diesel 8.33%) and pesticide application (pesticide 4.53%). It is concluded that the fertilizer, electricity and diesel utilised in rose onion cultivation needs to be optimally minimised through management practices.

Application of resource-environmental-economic perspective for optimal water and nitrogen rate under high-low seedbed cultivation in winter wheat

High-low seedbed cultivation (HLSC), a targeted agricultural method for increasing land utilization efficiency in North China Plain, has emerged as a key practice in enhancing sustainable agriculture, particularly in the context of the region’s unique ecological challenges and water scarcity. However, comprehensive analysis of resource-environment-economy for water and nitrogen strategy in HLSC-cultivated wheat was limited. A three-year field experiment with four nitrogen rates (360, 300, 240, and 180 kg ha−1, denoted as N1, N2, N3, and N4) and three irrigation quotas (120, 90, and 60 mm, referred to as W1, W2, and W3) was conducted to investigate effects of water and nitrogen rate on water productivity (WP), agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (AEN), energy use efficiency (EUE), carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), nitrogen footprint (NF), and net benefits of HLSC-cultivated wheat. Results showed that the total energy output in moderate water and nitrogen input (i.e., N3W2) was 328.0×103 MJ ha−1, which was significantly increased by 31.8% compared with lower input (i.e., N4W3) but was decreased by 17.1% compared with higher input (i.e., N1W1). The total energy input, water consumption and grain yield in N3W2 was decreased by 22.3%, 14.4 and 4.1%, relative to N1W1, respectively, and increased by 18.2%, 20.8% and 42.2% relative to N4W3, respectively. This may lead to significant increase in EUE, WP, AEN and net income in N3W2. Furthermore, the CF, WF, and NF increased as the water and nitrogen input increased, whereas minimum CF, WF and NF per unit of yield was obtained N3/N4 or W1/W2 level. 240 kg N ha−1 coupled with 90–120 mm irrigation quota was recommended by TOPSIS for the HLSC-cultivated wheat to best trade-off resource use efficiencies, environmental footprints, and net benefits. Future studies are needed to further assess the scalability and adaptability of HLSC-cultivated wheat across different climatic zones and soil types.

Assessment of rainfall erosivity for Bundelkhand region of central India using long-term rainfall data

Prevention of soil erosion requires long term assessment of rainfall erosivity and other related variables of the region. In the present study, four variables related to rainfall erosivity i.e. modified Fournier index (MFI), rainfall erosivity (R) factor, erosivity density (ED) and precipitation concentration index (PCI) were calculated. Long-term (1901-2021) daily rainfall data of Bundelkhand region (Central India) were used in the analysis. The above variables were assessed for spatial and temporal variability on annual and seasonal scale. The R-factor values range from 3010.61 MJ.mm ha-1 h-1 to 5346.53 MJ.mm ha-1 h-1, showing the region belongs to moderate to severe erosivity class. The mean annual R-factor, MFI, ED and PCI values for the Bundelkhand region were calculated as 4072.86 MJ.mm ha-1 h-1, 270.55 mm, 19.13 MJ ha-1 h-1 and 28.88, respectively. This study provides the insights of soil erosion problems of Bundelkhand region and would help in adopting the preventive measures and watershed development activities.

Energy budgeting and global warming potential of traditional rice production system in Eastern Ghats region of Odisha

Aim: This study aims to focus on traditional agricultural practices which are gaining momentum around the globe as an energy efficient and sustainable approach in the changing climate condition. In this study, an attempt was under taken to quantify the energy use, green house gas emission and global warming potential of rice cultivated by traditional method in terraced low land. Methodology: The data were collected through Focused Group Discussion (FGD) from farmers of the study area using the questionnaire. The sample size was calculated by Neyman method. Results: Total input and output energy required for traditional rice production were 8513.0 MJ ha-1 and 77356.88 MJ ha-1, respectively. Energy use efficiency was calculated as 9.01. Total global warming potential (GWP) was 610.19 CO2 eq ha-1. In this study, the output and input carbon were found to be 2580.48 and 164.75 kg C ha-1, respectively and the carbon efficiency ratio was 15.66. Energy productivity of this traditional method of rice production system was approximately 1.21 to 3.64 times higher than that of other rice production system. Interpretation: Rice is the staple food of tribal's habited in the highland region of Eastern Ghats Odisha, India, and these tribal people mostly cultivate rice by traditional method. This traditional rice production system can be considered as an environmental friendly and sustainable agricultural system in this changing climatic condition, and this system is also economical than the conventional rice cultivation practices. Key words: Budgeting, Energy, Eastern Ghats, Green house gases, Global warming, Rice

Energy Evaluations of Several Weed Control Techniques that Undermine Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Planted in High Density

The current study was carried out at the Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth. Akola, Cotton Research Center in Maharashtra, India, for the kharif season to assess the effectiveness of various weed management strategies in high density planting system (HDPS) cotton and also to assess the energy studies of different weed control methods used with HDPS cotton for two consecutive years (2015–16 and 2016–17). The results showed that among the other treatments, application of Pendimethalin 38.7 CS PE @ 1.25 kg a.i./ ha fbhoeing at 30 DAS and one hand weeding at 45 DAS significantly improved the energy output (84627 and 123742Mj ha-1), energy balance (73492 and 120656Mj ha-1), energy balance per unit input (6.6 and 10.8Mj ha-1) and energy output per unit input ratio (7.60 and 11), with weedy check (control), however, lower values were seen. As a result, cotton production with various weed control techniques under high density planting technique significantly improved energy output, energy balance per unit input, and energy output per unit input ratio realized that, efficient enough in terms of energy consumption as appropriate energy management (avoid excess energy input consumption) favors to maximize energy output, energy balance with higher cotton production in rainfed areas under high density planting system.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS CROPPING SYSTEMS IN LOWER-MIDDLE HIMALAYAN REGION OF WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA: A CASE STUDY

Energy efficiency is one of the most profound method to analyse the sustainability of any system. Although, modern technologies are highly energy intensive, but hill agriculture in Uttarakhand is still relying on traditional methods of farming. In the present study, various cropping systems practiced in a village of Almora district of Uttarakhand have been compared and analysed for their energy efficiency in order to bring out better performing systems in terms of energy. Out of six monocrops, three mixed crops, two agri-silviculture systems, one agri-horticulture system and one silvi-hortipasture system, legumes and pulses cultivation has proved to energy efficient while cereal production came out as less energy intensive. The systems with maximum total -1 -1 energy output (MJ ha ) were agri-horticulture (387548.9 MJ ha ) followed by agri-silviculture -1 (soybean+sorghum+trees; 335964 MJ ha ) and soybean monocrop (275971.5 MJ ha-1). It is recommended that legumes-based systems and silvi-hortipasture may be promoted for the long term sustenance of the hill agriculture as they are less input exhaustive, hence, may put less burden on farmers living on subsistence basis.

Energy and water budget of rice under different establishment methods

A field study aimed to investigate the influence of different rice establishment methods on energy and water budget of rice was conducted during kharif season of 2022. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block design with three replications. Seven treatments were examined, including three transplanting methods viz., SRI, mechanical transplanting and conventional transplanting, and four direct seeded rice (DSR) methods viz., wet DSR (drum seeding), wet DSR (broadcasting), dry converted wet rice (broadcasting) and dry converted wet rice (line sowing). Results revealed that chemical fertilizers, irrigation water, land preparation and seeding or transplanting operations constituted ~80% of the input energy in all rice establishment methods. Among the rice establishment methods, conventional transplanting exhibited the highest input energy of 21723.9 MJ ha-1, while dry converted wet rice (line sowing) recorded the lower input energy of 18394.3 MJ ha-1. In terms of output energy, wet DSR (drum seeding) recorded the highest value of 141781.1 MJ ha-1, whereas dry converted wet rice (broadcasting) registered the lowest value of 77223.2 MJ ha-1. The output energy of wet DSR (drum seeding) was comparable to that of SRI and dry converted wet rice (line sowing). Similarly, dry converted wet rice (line sowing) exhibited higher irrigation water productivity (0.73 kg m-3) and total water productivity (0.30 kg m-3) with a reduced water requirement of 630 mm. Compared to conventional transplanting, input energy consumption and irrigation water requirement was lower by 18.1% and 51.9% in dry converted wet rice (line sowing), 17.4% and 51.9% in dry converted wet rice (broadcasting), 16.9%, 36.7% in SRI and 9.13%, 27.6% in wet DSR (drum seeding) respectively. Thus, the adoption of wet DSR (drum seeding), SRI and dry converted wet rice (line sowing) is recommended for energy and water efficient rice production in Telangana.

Seed to Seed Mechanization Rabi Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Economics and Energy Dynamics

A field experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Nagarkurnool district situated in the Southern Telangana Zone of Telangana state during Rabi 2018-19on Mechanization in groundnut. There was a great variation between Farmer’s Practice and Complete Mechanization. Mechanization treatment recorded significantly higher pod yield (3246 kg ha-1) over farmer’s practice (2524 kg ha-1).It was revealed that 14245 MJ ha-1 energy was consumed by Complete Mechanization and 15065 MJ ha-1 by Farmers Practice. B:C ratio of Complete Mechanization and Farmers Practice is 3.45 and 2.26 respectively. It was concluded that mechanization is a prerequisite in groundnut for achieving higher productivity with reduced cost of cultivation.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake and energetics under different nutrient management and rice establishment methods in rice-groundnut cropping system

A field experiment was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study the effect of nutrient management and rice establishment methods on rice productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake and energetics in rice-groundnut cropping system in coastal Odisha. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomised block design during the Kharif and in split-plot design during the Rabi seasons with three replications. Six treatment combinations comprising of two rice establishment methods viz., direct seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) and three nutrient management practices, viz., inorganic source, organic source and integrated nutrient management (INM) to rice during kharif were allotted to the main-plots. Three nutrient management practices to groundnut viz., 75% soil test based inorganic fertilizers (STBF), 100% STBF (inorganic) and INM during rabi were allotted to the sub-plots. The results of the study revealed that TPR resulted in 3.3% higher grain yield (5.65 t ha-1) than DSR. TPR also fetched the higher mean cost of cultivation (Rs. 77, 816 ha-1) and gross returns (Rs. 1, 12, 353 ha-1) while DSR recorded more net returns (Rs. 39, 121 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.68). Transplanting increased uptake of nutrients by rice crop to the maximum of 99.4 kg N, 27.9 kg P and 107.3 kg K ha-1 as compared to DSR. TPR recorded the higher energy output (1, 48, 205 MJ ha-1), energy ratio (18.0) and energy productivity (0.69 kg MJ-1) than DSR. INM exhibited the highest mean grain (6.06 t ha-1) and straw yields (7.09 t ha-1), while the organic management showed at par of these values. The INM practice also fetched 50, 781 ha-1 and 7,470 ha-1 higher net returns and 0.84 and 0.04 higher benefit: cost ratio over organic practice and inorganic nutrition, respectively. The INM practice in rice crop resulted in the maximum N, P and K uptake. But, the inorganic and organic practice in isolation have similar uptake of nutrients by the crop in accordance with their almost similar yields. The minimum energy for raising rice crop was spent in organic practice, which generated maximum energy ratio (23.4) and energy productivity (0.87 kg MJ-1) followed by INM and inorganic practice. Thus, transplanting method of rice establishment with INM approach is a viable management practice for improving productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake and energy efficiency of rice in rice-groundnut cropping system in coastal Odisha.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Management on Productivity, Cost Economics and Energy Use Efficiency in Sesame

Field experiments were carried out to assess the soil physicochemical properties, yield, quality, energy use and profit analysis of sesame and under organic vis-à-vis conventional production systems for three consecutive seasons. The soil organic C, available N, P, K and micronutrients recorded a slight rise in the organic production system over three seasons. The mean total energy input expended in the production of sesame using organic inputs was much lower (3,586.9 MJ ha-1) compared to that with inorganic fertilizers (5,156.3 MJ ha-1). Manures/Fertilizers and diesel inputs dominated the total energy inputs for both the production systems. However, the energy output obtained was higher in the inorganic production system (12,000 MJ) than in organic production system (9,375 MJ). The cost of cultivation of sesame was Rs. 12807 ha-1 and Rs. 16413 ha-1 under inorganic and organic farming, respectively. Organic sesame yield was about 22 per cent less compared to inorganic production system. At least 40% price premium for organic sesame may be required to offset the higher cost of cultivation and low yields under organic production system compared with inorganic production system especially during initial years. Renewable energy input utilization was higher (66 %) in organic than in inorganic production systems (13%). Energy efficiency and productivity was higher in organic than inorganic sesame production system by 12 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively. Since, the organic production system is more energy efficient and it is recommended that sesame production under organic farming should be encouraged for environmental and economic sustainability.

Energetics and economics of green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] as influenced by varying land configuration and nutrient management

Field experiments were carried out at the Agronomy Main Research Farm, O.U.A.T. Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during 2019 and 2020 to find out energetics and economics of green gram as influenced by varying land configuration and nutrient management practices. Split-plot Design was adopted with three replications. Results of the experiment showed that raised bed method with PDM-139 cultivar in combination with F6 treatment gave the highest pooled yield (522.84 kg ha-1 and 455.29 kg ha-1) respectively. Similar trend was observed in Energy productivity (0.358kg MJ/ha and 0.335 kg/MJ respectively) and efficiency (1.42 kg MJ ha-1 and 1.17 MJ ha-1respectively). Economic analysis also revealed that flat bed with PDM-139 with F6 treatment combination gave the highest pooled B: C ratio (1.75) during the years of investigation.

Estimating energy consumption and GHG emissions in crop production: A machine learning approach

It is necessary to observe the relationship between the energy inputs and outputs of agricultural production in the context of long-term strategies to determine optimal sustainable solutions and identify the most susceptible system components. Comprehensive research to assess energy performance data over a relatively long-term is required to predict crop production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on energy inputs. This study collects and analyzes energy inputs and GHG emissions from 17 crops of Iran in five major categories (cereal, pulse, oilseed, fiber, and tubers) during 1970–2019 to quantify the long-term energy efficiency of major crops. Three machine learning (ML) algorithms are developed to quantify the relationship between the resources consumed per unit of energy output and GHG emission models. These models are evaluated through three quantitative statistics. The analysis considers all physical and chemical inputs used to produce the major crops. These energy variables include human labor, machinery, fossil fuels, electricity, irrigation water, fertilizers (phosphate, nitrogen, and potassium), pesticides and seed rate. The results revealed that the input and output energy values increased from 39.47 to 190.18 MJ ha-1 in 1970 to 253.43 and 654 MJ ha−1 in 2019. The GHG emissions from electricity (47.1%) were followed by those of nitrogen fertilizer (25.75%). Reducing the consumption of electricity and nitrogen fertilizers is the most efficient options to improve the energy efficiency of the crops studied.

Analysis of Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission in Rainfed Canola Production (Case study: Çanakkale Province, Turkey)

Agriculture and energy are two closely related issues, agriculture not only consumes energy, but it also supplies energy. While increasing energy use in agriculture causes environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions, it also leads to the depletion of non-renewable energy resources. On the other hand, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancement the efficiency of energy use is among the important issues of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, this study was done to determine the energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions in rainfed canola production. Data were collected by conducting face-to-face interviews in the period of 2021-2022 in 42-farm in Çanakkale province, located in the northwest of Turkey. Results introduced that the energy use efficiency and net energy gain were 3.63 and 72786.16 MJ ha-1, respectively. In energy consumption, the highest rate of 46.62% belongs to fuel, and then nitrogen with 40.44%. The consumption of total energy is obtained as direct (46.46%), indirect (53.54%), renewable (1.07%) and non-renewable (98.93%). It has been determined that the energy requirements of the farms belong to non-renewable energy with an amount of 27384.03 MJ ha-1, and this is especially prominent in diesel fuel and nitrogen fertilizer. The results show that the agricultural production in the area where the study is carried out mostly depends on non-renewable energy sources, whereas the use of renewable energy is very low. Total greenhouse gas emissions per hectare were equivalent to 1921.66 kg CO2, and the highest amount was determined to belong to machinery and diesel fuel, with 53.20% and 32.66%, respectively. According to the results obtained in the farms where the study was carried out, it was revealed that the economic use and sustainability of energy can be strongly recommended in rainfed canola production using mechanization, especially considering the non-renewable energy inputs.

Energy use analysis for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in the mechanized rain fed schemes eastern Sudan

The objectives of this study were to analyze energy input-output and to identify the energy use patterns for sunflower production in the mechanized rain fed agricultural schemes eastern Sudan. The results revealed that the total energy input used to produce sunflower was 1671.33 MJ ha-1 and the total energy output was 11882.83 MJ ha-1. Sunflower production was efficient in energy consumption. The result showed that the energy ratio of output to input was greater than seven. The results indicated that the average net energy, the energy productivity and the specific energy was 10211.5 MJ ha-1, 0.28 kg. MJ-1 and 3.52 MJ kg -1, respectively. Fuel energy input was the highest among the energy input items while hand labor energy input was lower. These results indicate the dependence of sunflower production in rain fed agricultural schemes eastern Sudan on machinery. This necessitated the availability and readiness of the relevant and appropriate machineries as well as sufficient amount of fuel. The results also revealed that the energy profitability was 6.11 and human energy profitability was 1165.83 MJ h-1.The direct energy input was greater than the indirect energy input. Similarly, non-renewable energy was much greater than renewable energy. The established information is useful to manage and to sustain the productivity of sunflower crop in the mechanized rain fed schemes eastern Sudan

Energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Sauceboat Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in Türkiye

In this study, the efficiency of energy consumption and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the cultivation of sauceboat pepper were determined. The experiments and research data are based on the 2020 growing season and were conducted in the Karaisali district of Adana province, Turkey. The primary data used in this study, such as the financial system, labor efficiency, fuel consumption levels, weights of tools and machinery used in sauceboat pepper production, fertilizer, and seedling quantities, were obtained from existing calculations, previous studies, and various sources. The energy ratio, specific energy, energy productivity, and net energy in sauceboat pepper were calculated as 0.82, 0.98 MJ kg-1, 1.02 kg MJ-1, and -6845.51 MJ ha-1, respectively. In the case of the sauceboat peppers, the energy of the fuel oil had the highest share of the total energy input, 31.65%. It was followed by energy for planting seedlings, energy for fertilizer, water energy for irrigation, energy for human labour, energy for spraying, and energy for machinery, with 21.55%, 19.64%, 12.55%, 8.59%, 4.45%, and 1.87%, respectively. Total GHG emissions were estimated as 3703.54 kgCO2-eq ha-1 for sauceboat pepper highest-quality production portion in human labour (31.18%). Human labour was followed by diesel fuel consumption (25.79%), machine (0.08%), seedling planting (15.90%), nitrogen fertilizer (15.88%), phosphate fertilizer (4.09%), herbicides (3.68%), fungicides (1.93%), calcium consumption (0.09%), magnesium application (0.08%) and iron (0.52%). In addition, the GHG value for the production of sauceboat peppers was calculated to be 0.096 kgCO2-eq kg-1.

Determination of Energy Usage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Lavender Production

The purpose of this study is to reveal the energy usage and greenhouse gas emission in lavender production. The study has been conducted in 2022 in Center district of Kırklareli province in Turkey and covers the 2021-2022 production seasons. Agricultural inputs and outputs were calculated to calculate the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in lavender production. According to the research results, the inputs are 5883.39 MJ ha-1 (59.30%) farmyard manure energy, 2425.51 MJ ha-1 (24.45%) diesel fuel energy, 732.02 MJ ha-1 (7.38%) chemical fertilizers energy, 421.89 MJ ha-1 (4.25%) machinery energy, 276.70 MJ ha-1 (2.79%) human labour energy, 97.31 MJ ha-1 (0.98%) transportation energy and 84.81 MJ ha-1 (0.85%), vermicompost energy, respectively. Total input and output energy were calculated as 9921.63 MJ ha-1 and 12859.77 MJ ha-1, respectively. Energy use efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) were calculated as 1.30, 2.86 MJ kg-1, 0.35 kg MJ-1 and 2938.13 MJ ha-1, respectively. The total energy input can be classified as 27.24% direct, 72.76% indirect, 62.94% renewable and 37.06% non-renewable. GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.08 kg CO2-eqkg-1 in lavender production.