Mixture Of Ozone Research Articles

Methodology for measuring greenhouse gas concentrations at a test site near the Blue Bay (northeast of the Black Sea)

The article presents the results of monitoring the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), volatile organic substances (VOCs) and a mixture of ozone and nitrogen dioxide carried out at a test site located in the Blue Bay area (Gelendzhik). The technical capabilities of the scientific equipment used and the features of the methodology for working with it are described. An analysis of the data acquisition process was performed, and some optimizations of measurement technology and statistical processing were shown in order to increase the reliability of the results. A brief summary of the measurements performed is given. During the research, the concentration of greenhouse gases and harmful substances was within the global average.

Extreme Chemical Reduction on Photoresist Stripping Process by Using Sulfuric Acid Ozone Mixture in Liquid Film

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mixture (SPM) has been widely used in the photoresist (PR) stripping process of semiconductor manufacturing. However, the consumption of H2SO4 and H2O2 increases environmental burden such as water pollution. To reduce SPM consumption, one of the ideas was that SPM was supplied to the wafer until liquid film was formed and stopped during stripping process instead of continuous dispensing. It was concerned that chemical species in SPM became inactive while SPM was stopped. Therefore, in this work, H2SO4 liquid film was formed on the wafer and then exposed to ozone (O3) atmosphere so that chemical species remained active. Generation of peroxydisulfate ion (S2O8 2−) by reacting hydrogen sulfate (HSO4 −) with O3 was the key to achieve PR stripping (1, 2). Results showed sulfuric acid ozone mixture (SOM) in liquid film was comparable to conventional SPM even though chemical consumption of SOM was extremely reduced.

Atmospheric Intermediates at the Air-Water Interface.

The air-water interface (AWI) is a ubiquitous reaction field different from the bulk phase where unexpected reactions and physical processes often occur. The AWI is a region where air contacts cloud droplets, aerosol particles, the ocean surface, and biological surfaces such as fluids that line human epithelia. In Earth's atmosphere, short-lived intermediates are expected to be generated at the AWI during multiphase reactions. Recent experimental developments have enabled the direct detection of atmospherically relevant, short-lived intermediates at the AWI. For example, spray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of water microjets exposed to a gaseous mixture of ozone and water vapor combined with a 266 nm laser flash photolysis system (LFP-SIMS) has been used to directly probe organic peroxyl radicals (RO2·) produced by interfacial hydroxyl radicals (OH·) + organic compound reactions. OH· emitted immediately after the laser flash photolysis of carboxylic acid at the gas-liquid interface have been directly detected by time-resolved, laser-induced florescence techniques that can be used to study atmospheric multiphase photoreactions. In this Featured Article, we show some recent experimental advances in the detection of atmospherically important intermediates at the AWI and the associated reaction mechanisms. We also discuss current challenges and future prospects for atmospheric multiphase chemistry.

Long-term exposure to PM2.5 compositions and O3 and their interactive effects on DNA methylation of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor promoter

ABSTRACT This study examined the associations of long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) compositions/ozone with methylation of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promoters. A total of 101 participants were recruited from a cohort in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, China. They underwent baseline and follow-up surveys in 2011 and 2015. DNA methylation levels were detected by bisulfite-PCR amplification and pyrosequencing. Participants‘ three-year average levels of PM2.5 compositions and ozone were estimated. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to examine the joint effects of pollutants on methylation levels. Exposure to PM2.5 compositions and ozone mixtures at the 75th percentile was associated with increased methylation levels at CpG2 of BDNF promoter (203%, 95% CI: 89, 316) than the lowest level of exposure, and sulfate dominated the effect in the BKMR models.Our findings provide clues to the epigenetic mechanisms for the associations of PM2.5 compositions and ozone with BDNF.

Adjunct treatment with ozone to enhance therapy of knee osteoarthritis: preliminary results.

Knee osteoarthritis (knee OA), commonly known as gonarthrosis, is a chronic pathology involving knee at the joint level causing progressive pain, stiffness and difficulty in ambulation and leg movements. So far in situ infiltration therapies such as platelet rich plasma, conditioned autologous serum or hyaluronic acid, provided some encouraging though limited hopes for a routinely recommended therapy for knee OA. Recent clinical successful observations about the use of whole autologous blood ozonated with a calibrated mixture of oxygen and ozone, has promoted the present research study, in order to treat knee OA. A number of 250 patients suffering with knee OA of different Ahlback scores, were treated with infiltration of ozonated blood and evaluated for their WOMAC and Lequesne indexes, pre- and post-treatment, to evaluate pain, disability and stiffness. Patients recovered about 50% of their health status, reducing pain, stiffness and disability by only 5 sessions, one/week, with 20μg/ml O3 ozonated autologous blood knee infiltrations. The evidence asks for further supporting results yet encourages our efforts to go ahead in this research issue. Key Points •The oxygen-ozone therapy via ozonated blood infiltration was used in this study. •Ozone reduced pain, disability, and stiffness in both female and male patients. •The treatment with ozone improved WOMAC both in type I and type II Ahlback knee OA. •The oxygen-ozone therapy via ozonated blood ameliorated Lequesne functional index.

Comparative study of wastewater treatment efficiency: ozone vs. atmospheric oxygen with a manganese dioxide catalyst

Abstract This study aims to validate the wastewater treatment technique and compare the effectiveness of applying an ozone mixture and atmospheric oxygen in the presence of a catalyst (manganese dioxide) with various dosages. A total of 540 replicates were performed, corresponding to different levels of manganese dioxide concentrations during oxygen and ozone delivery (270 repetitions for each of the experiments). The research was carried out using an experimental setup developed by the authors. The maximum efficiency of oxidation processes was observed within 15–30 min after the start of the treatment cycle. The decrease in the level of chemical oxygen demand within the first quarter-hour during ozone treatment was significantly greater compared to atmospheric oxygen treatment (p ≤ 0.05). The method's efficiency increased to 53% for ozone and 41% for oxygen after 30 min of purification (p ≤ 0.05). Lower catalyst consumption was observed when using an ozone mixture. The tested technology can be recommended for wastewater treatment with high hydrocarbon concentrations. The findings of the study indicated the potential application of ozone treatment with a manganese catalyst for treating wastewater with high hydrocarbon content, thereby fostering the development of more effective water purification methods in the industrial sector.

Combined electrolytic iron dissolution and ozonation process for arsenic removal from water

In some regions, underground water contains dissolved arsenic and this is a health risk for the population. In this work, arsenic was reduced to acceptable levels. Water from Zacatecas, Mexico, containing 1.58, 1.72 and 2.03 mg/L of As, Fe and Mn respectively, and pH 2.0, was treated with Fe from electrolytic dissolution, then with a mixture of ozone and air. The parameters considered during the treatment were agitation rate, ozone flux, pH, temperature, and dissolution time of iron. The concentration of As was reduced by co-precipitation with Fe from the electrolytic dissolution and by co-precipitation with Mn contained in the water when ozone was injected. The results indicated that the co-precipitation reactions depended on the mass transport. The ozone oxidizes the Mn in two steps (pH 2): firstly, the Mn (II) is oxidized to Mn (IV) and precipitated and secondly, the precipitated Mn (IV) is oxidized and dissolved as Mn (VII). Arsenic co-precipitated in the first Mn oxidation step, and then it turned into a solution together with the Mn at high flow of ozone. The residual concentrations of Fe, Mn and As in the water at pH 7 are 0.014, 0.07 and 0.00512 mg/L, respectively.

Removal of binary and ternary synergistic mixtures of ozone and VOCs by activated carbon filter: Mathematical modelling

Evaluating the activated carbon filter's performance in removing gaseous pollutants is essential to determining the filter maintenance schedule for indoor environments. This paper describes the development of a mathematical model to predict an activated carbon filter's performance for removing mixtures of ozone and volatile organic compounds (toluene and limonene) at their low-level concentrations in typical indoor environments. Mass transfer equations were employed to estimate the filter's dynamic behaviour by including the reaction rates of ozone with carbon surfaces and the reactive volatile organic compound, as well as the adsorption isotherm for a single volatile organic compound or binary mixtures of volatile organic compounds. The reaction rate constant for the ozone-limonene reaction was calculated by fitting the model to the experiment results of their binary mixture at 9 ppm of limonene and 0.1 ppm of ozone. Additionally, the ozone-exposed filters at 0.1 ppm were used to perform adsorption tests to determine the parameters of the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm using experimental results at 9, 30, 50, 70, and 90 ppm of volatile organic compounds. The Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm was extended using the volume exclusion theory to consider the effect of by-products on the removal modelling of the binary mixture of ozone and limonene and the ternary mixture of ozone, limonene, and toluene.The model was able to show the reduced accessibility of the surface of activated carbon for reaction with ozone because of the adsorption of volatile organic compounds and generated by-products (keto-limonene and carvone). The initial influence is of minor magnitude; however, as the surface load intensifies, its significance can progressively amplify over time. Pre-exposing the filter to ozone prior to conducting adsorption tests was able to capture the average change in the adsorption properties of the filter. These considerations in the modelling result in a remarkable predictive capability in determining the breakthrough behaviour of the filter in removing the binary or ternary mixture of ozone and volatile organic compounds at various concentrations. The insignificant effect of the homogeneous reaction between ozone and limonene for the investigated experimental setup was confirmed by comparing the predictions made by the proposed model with those made by another model that considers the homogeneous reaction. Finally, the sensitivity analysis revealed that the model is more sensitive to adsorption isotherm parameters compared to the reaction kinetic parameter between ozone and limonene.

High band-width mid-infrared frequency-modulated Faraday rotation spectrometer for time resolved measurement of the OH radical.

We present a novel mid-infrared frequency-modulated Faraday rotation spectrometer (FM-FRS) for highly sensitive and high bandwidth detection of OH radicals in a photolysis reactor. High frequency modulation (up to 150 MHz) of the probe laser using an electro-optical modulator (EOM) was used to produce a modulation sideband on the laser output. An axial magnetic field was applied to the multi-pass Herriott cell, causing the linearly polarized light to undergo Faraday rotation. OH radicals were generated in the cell by photolyzing a mixture of ozone (O3) and water (H2O) with a UV laser pulse. The detection limit of OH reaches 6.8 × 108 molecule/cm3 (1σ, 0.2 ms) after 3 and falling to 8.0 × 107 molecule/cm3 after 100 event integrations. Relying on HITRAN absorption cross section and line shape data, this corresponds to minimum detectable fractional absorption (Amin) of 1.9 × 10-5 and 2.2 × 10-6, respectively. A higher signal-to-noise ratio and better long-term stability was achieved than with conventional FMS because the approach was immune to interference from diamagnetic species and residual amplitude modulation noise. To our knowledge, this work reports the first detection of OH in a photolysis reactor by FM-FRS in the mid-infrared region, a technique that will provide a new and alternative spectroscopic approach for the kinetic study of OH and other intermediate radicals.

CT-guided ozone mixture injection in treatment of symptomatic lumbar facet synovial cysts.

To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes, in terms of safety and efficacy, of a new treatment method for symptomatic lumbar facet synovial cysts (LFSC), based on ozone injection inside the cyst. We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and imaging studies of 77 patients who underwent CT-guided ozone treatment of symptomatic facet joint synovial cysts in our department over a 5-year span. Clinical outcome was assessed with Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) evaluations, obtained prior to the intervention and at 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-months follow-up. Follow-up MRI imaging at 6 and 12 months were obtained and confronted with the pre-procedural MRI to analyse cyst modification after the intervention. Ozone administration was technically successful in 100% of procedures; no immediate complications occurred. At 1 month evaluation, 92% of the patients referred partial or complete symptomatic response; 86% of patients at 3 months and 84% at 6 months confirmed symptoms improvement; final assessment, at 12 months after intervention, outlined overall significant clinical improvement in 81% of patients. During the 12 months of follow-up only 3 patients had a relapse of the cyst (at 6 months) that were retreated with a 100% success. CT-guided ozone therapy for symptomatic LFSC is a safe and innovative treatment option, with good clinical results at 12 months follow-up in a significative percentage of patients, thus reducing the need for invasive surgical interventions.

Oxygen recovery from ozone generators by adsorption processes

As a triatomic allotrope of oxygen, ozone has many industrial and consumer applications because of its high oxidation potential and disinfectant properties. Most of the ozone is currently produced by corona discharge reactors using high-purity oxygen as the feed gas, where the conversion to ozone is typically 6−15 wt%. Given the high operating costs associated with the unreacted oxygen, it is essential to recover the oxygen for recycling to the ozone generator. This paper aims for the first time to design, simulate and assess cyclic adsorption processes for recovering oxygen from a mixture of ozone and oxygen (O3:O2 = 10:90 wt%) produced by a commercial ozone generator. A 2-bed, 2-step cycle was first investigated in which ozone is selectively adsorbed at high pressure and then desorbed by dry air used as a sweep gas. However, it was found that the O2 purity in the recycle stream was too low because of the nitrogen build up from air. Thus, two additional cycles, namely a 3-bed, 3-step cycle incorporating an oxygen purge step and a 3-bed, 4-step cycle incorporating a vacuum blowdown step, were evaluated with the purpose of removing nitrogen from the bed after the desorption step. Both adsorption cycles achieved a satisfactory O2 purity of 98+% in the recycle stream with a sacrifice of O2 recovery and an increase in energy consumption, respectively. As a result, the adsorption processes devised in this study could serve to significantly reduce the oxygen consumption in industrial ozone generators.

Oxygen-Ozone Therapy in Cervicobrachial Pain: A Real-Life Experience.

This prospective, open-label clinical study was carried out to evaluate both the efficacy and safety of intramuscular paravertebral injections of an oxygen−ozone (O2−O3) mixture in patients with cervicobrachial pain. We enrolled 540 subjects affected by cervicobrachial pain referred to the Ozone Therapy Ambulatory at the Mater Domini Hospital of Catanzaro (Italy) and to the Center of Pain in Taurianova (Reggio Calabria, Italy). All the subjects (n = 540) completed the treatment and the follow-up visits. The subjects received a mean of 11 cervical intramuscular treatments with an O2−O3 mixture (5 mL) with an O3 concentration of 10 μg/mL bis a week. The improvement of pain was measured by a change in the mean of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score from baseline to the end of treatment and during follow-ups. Patient satisfaction was assessed at the end of treatment using the SF-36 Questionnaire. The development of adverse drug reactions was recorded. The mean (±standard deviation) VAS pain score at baseline, at the end of treatment, and during follow-ups showed a significant reduction in pain over time (p < 0.001). All the patients who were enrolled (n: 540) were pain-free after one year. According to the pain distribution, all subjects showed a significant reduction in pain over time in each group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed with respect to sex or age. No adverse events were observed during the study. In conclusion, we documented that the intramuscular injection of an O2−O3 mixture is an effective and safe treatment option for patients with cervicobrachial pain.

A facile method for efficient synergistic oxidation of Fe2+ in phosphorus-sulfur mixed acid system with a mixture of oxygen and ozone

A facile method for efficient synergistic oxidation of Fe2+ in phosphorus-sulfur mixed acid system with a mixture of oxygen and ozone

Ozone Infiltration for Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Therapy: A Case Series.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse reaction, mainly due to bone-modifying agents (BMA), and it is a potentially painful and debilitating condition. To date, the literature has reported a 90% rate of successful outcomes for MRONJ patients undergoing surgical treatment. Particularly for patients with advanced disease stages who are unsuitable for surgery, prolonged medical treatment is required, with a consequent risk of the overuse of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency and safety of ozone, via oral mucosal infiltrations, in seven cancer patients with MRONJ, who are not eligible for surgery. The protocol (OZOPROMAF) consists of intratissue injections of an oxygen ozone (O2O3) mixture, which is applied until formation of a sequestrum and clinical healing. Follow-up was scheduled to confirm the healing of MRONJ and radiological evaluations by CBCT were planned. In order to assess the level of pain, a questionnaire including the Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain) was administered on the first visit, one day after treatment, and one week after treatment. After an application of OZOPROMAF, all patients reported discomfort for some hours, probably due to soft tissue pressure around the infiltration site. Thereafter, the discomfort subsided within 6–8 h. Complete mucosal healing of MRONJ occurred within a number of cycles ranging from 7 to 16. Complete resolution with an improvement in bone condition was observed in all patients. The MRONJ lesions of all patients healed after 18–24 months. The authors of this study contend that these preliminary results suggest the efficiency and safety of the O2O3 mixture. However, further research is required to confirm the efficacy of the O2O3 mixtures in MRONJ treatment, at least for patients who are unsuitable for surgery.

HF Sinclair reports $160 M in 1Q 2022 profits following acquisition

Aiming at the high-efficient utilization of gaseous oxidants in oxidative desulfurization (ODS), a series of sulfonated carbon materials were prepared and used in different ODS systems based on their different properties. The mixture of oxygen and ozone was used as the oxidant. According to the reasonable experimental design, ultra-deep desulfurization could be achieved through the photocatalytic oxidation in separated extraction phase, with ultra-low oxidant concentration. Also, the MeCN solution containing peroxo-sulfonic group could be obtained by pre-oxidation for the prepared materials in MeCN, and the obtained solution could be directly used for the ODS reaction without any oxidant. The result showed that the catalysts possessing more effective oxygen groups, more defect sites, higher surface area and higher dispersibility exhibited better performance in the photocatalytic system, while the catalysts with more sulfonic group showed better performance in the peroxo-sulfonic group oxidation system. Using the optimum catalysts, different effects on the sulfur removal were evaluated and detailedly analyzed. Based on the designed strategy, the reactivity of molecular oxygen was greatly enhanced and the excessive emission of ozone or its affection on the oil quality was perfectly avoided.

High-efficient utilization of gaseous oxidants in oxidative desulfurization based on sulfonated carbon materials

Aiming at the high-efficient utilization of gaseous oxidants in oxidative desulfurization (ODS), a series of sulfonated carbon materials were prepared and used in different ODS systems based on their different properties. The mixture of oxygen and ozone was used as the oxidant. According to the reasonable experimental design, ultra-deep desulfurization could be achieved through the photocatalytic oxidation in separated extraction phase, with ultra-low oxidant concentration. Also, the MeCN solution containing peroxo-sulfonic group could be obtained by pre-oxidation for the prepared materials in MeCN, and the obtained solution could be directly used for the ODS reaction without any oxidant. The result showed that the catalysts possessing more effective oxygen groups, more defect sites, higher surface area and higher dispersibility exhibited better performance in the photocatalytic system, while the catalysts with more sulfonic group showed better performance in the peroxo-sulfonic group oxidation system. Using the optimum catalysts, different effects on the sulfur removal were evaluated and detailedly analyzed. Based on the designed strategy, the reactivity of molecular oxygen was greatly enhanced and the excessive emission of ozone or its affection on the oil quality was perfectly avoided.

On the Treatment of SARS-COV-2 Including Omicron Type

Objective: The aim of this research is to introduce new method of the treatment/control of Omicron Virus and answer some major questions regarding the cure of COVID-19 and the new type: Omicron. Background: We have selected 24 patients (12 females plus 12 males) aged from 15-64 years of old contaminated severe Omicron virus and used the novel methods on the treatment of these patients. Introduction: The Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) is a variant of SARS-CoV-2 which was first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) from South Africa on 24 November 2021. Omicron multiplies around 70 times faster than the Delta variant in the bronchi but some evidence suggests that it is less severe than previous strains, specifically compared to the Delta variant. Omicron might be less able to penetrate deep lung tissue. Omicron infections are 91 percent less fatal than the delta variant, with 51 percent less risk of hospitalization. Materials and Methods: The Omicron virus has strongly high rate of mutation compared with other kinds of Coronaviruses and therefore; cause severe symptoms of inflammation in the patients including lungs. In our research, all the patients were under unique control. They received HBO2T with 2% Ozone mixture with Oxygen in special cube. Also they had an injection of liquid ozone which dramatically declines the inflammation in all tissues. They had under strict diet of special Ketogenic diet to maintain their mitochondria to remain high metabolism to hamper the fatigue and tiredness. The had also gain supplements necessary for the disease. Results: The entire patient showed full recovery in 3 days, but they had fatigue and tiredness which we had to give them MTC oil 30 grams/day and coconut oil 30 grams/day as well which reduced the tiredness of the patients dramatically and remain their metabolism in a normal state. As a whole, all the patients recovered in 7 days without any symptoms including coughing, tiredness, fever and etc. Conclusion: Using the novel methodology of the treatment of SARS-CoV including Omicron had positive results on the patients. HBO2T plus specific Ozone therapy dramatically reduced the inflammation in all tissues of the patients. This novel method is a breakthrough in the science of Infectious Diseases including Omicron virus.

CT vođena minimalno invazivna oksigen ozonska terapija kod pacijenata sa degenerativnim promenama lumbosakralnog segmenta kičmenog stuba

Degenerative spine conditions involve the gradual loss of normal structure and function of spine over time. They are usually caused by aging, but may also be the result of tumors, infections or arthritis. Pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots caused by degeneration can be caused by herniated discs. Degenerative disc disease is one of the most common causes of low back and neck pain, and also one of the most misunderstood ones. Low back pain (LBP) is a common disorder affecting an increasing number of people worldwide, whose diagnosis is focused on the identification of triggering causes. First line therapy usually starts from conservative approaches, whereas second line treatments include a spectrum of minimally invasive techniques, before resorting to more invasive surgical approaches. Among minimally invasive techniques, percutaneous oxygen-ozone injections represent one of the most common and cost-effective procedures. Oxygen-ozone therapy is a minimally invasive treatment for lumbar disc herniation that uses the biochemical properties of the gas mixture of oxygen and ozone. Intradiscal, periradicular or intraarticular ozone therapy is used in patients that do not respond to standard conservative therapies for low back pain due to degenerative disc-induced lumbar disc herniation (LDH) or other degenerative process of nearby structures such as zygapophyseal articulations. All the interventional procedures for low back pain may be guided by ultrasound, computerized tomography or fluoroscopy.

Clinical Improvement of Cervical Disc Herniation 24 hours after a Single Oxygen-Ozone Injection

Oxygen-ozone therapy is a minimally invasive treatment for disc herniation, compared to surgery, which uses the beneficial biochemical properties of a gas mixture of ozone and oxygen. A satisfactory efficacy is usually obtained within one month after the injection. We assessed the therapeutic outcome of a single injection of oxygen-ozone in a symptomatic patient with C5-C6 cervical discal herniation with compression of the nerve roots. He experienced immediate pain relief seconds after the injection, and neuro-imaging improvement 24 hours afterwards. To our knowledge this is the fastest improvement ever reported in literature.

A new combined transient extraction method coupled with WO3 gas sensors for polluting gases classification

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to deal with the classification improvement of pollutant using WO3 gases sensors. To evaluate the discrimination capacity, some experiments were achieved using three gases: ozone, ethanol, acetone and a mixture of ozone and ethanol via four WO3 sensors.Design/methodology/approachTo improve the classification accuracy and enhance selectivity, some combined features that were configured through the principal component analysis were used. First, evaluate the discrimination capacity; some experiments were performed using three gases: ozone, ethanol, acetone and a mixture of ozone and ethanol, via four WO3 sensors. To this end, three features that are derivate, integral and the time corresponding to the peak derivate have been extracted from each transient sensor response according to four WO3 gas sensors used. Then these extracted parameters were used in a combined array.FindingsThe results show that the proposed feature extraction method could extract robust information. The Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) was used to identify the studied gases. In addition, ELM was compared with the Support Vector Machine (SVM). The experimental results prove the superiority of the combined features method in our E-nose application, as this method achieves the highest classification rate of 90% using the ELM and 93.03% using the SVM based on Radial Basis Kernel Function SVM-RBF.Originality/valueCombined features have been configured from transient response to improve the classification accuracy. The achieved results show that the proposed feature extraction method could extract robust information. The ELM and SVM were used to identify the studied gases.