Canola Oil Mixture Research Articles

Changes of Some Physicochemical Properties of Canola Oil by Adding n-Hexane and Ethanol Regarding Its Application as Diesel Fuel

Canola oil cannot be directly used as a fuel in diesel engines because its physicochemical properties differ considerably from those of diesel oil. Therefore, the studies were intended to make closer the surface tension, viscosity and density of the canola oil to those of diesel fuel by adding n-hexane and ethanol. The surface tension and its components as well as density and viscosity were determined not only for the canola oil mixtures with n-hexane and ethanol but also for the canola oil components. The surface tension components were determined based on the contact angle measurements on PTFE. To obtain the components and parameters of saturated fatty acids, the contact angles of water, diiodomethane and formamide on their layers were measured. The contact angles of the studied mixtures were also measured on the engine valve. The obtained results and theoretical considerations allowed us to explain why the values of the surface tension, density and viscosity of canola oil are higher than those for its components. They also contributed to the explanation of the mechanism of the reduction in these quantities for canola oil by the addition of n-hexane and ethanol. It appeared, for example, that viscosity of the canola oil mixture with 20% n-hexane contacted with ethanol is close to that of diesel fuel.

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS VEGETABLE OIL AND WATER MIXTURES USED AS CUTTING FLUIDS ON TOOL WEAR AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS

In the study, various vegetable oil and water mixtures were used as cutting fluid to be tested in machining. These fluids have been used as an alternative to cutting fluids made from synthetic and semi-synthetic oils, which have harmful effects on nature and humans, and their performance has been investigated. As vegetable oil, Soy, Sunflower and Canola oils were mixed with water each and separate cutting fluids were obtained. Vegetable oil and water were mixed at 7 % and 93 %, respectively, and turned into a homogeneous liquid. Dry cutting and commercial cutting fluid using for cutting was also performed in comparison turning. In the study, AISI 4140 steel was processed on a CNC turning machine using an uncoated carbide insert. In all experiments, the cutting speed was kept constant as 200 m/min, the feed rate as 0,2 mm/rev, and the depth of cut at 1 mm. Cutting fluids were used in two different ways in experiments as liquid and 4 bar pressure spraying. As a result of the experiments, tool wear and surface roughness values were studied. The best results in all processing terms have been found in experiments with pressurized spraying of a mixture of canola oil and water. The surface roughness value was measured as 1,35 μm and the tool wear value was measured as 0,13 mm. The worst values were obtained in experiments carried out under dry cutting condition. Surface roughness value was measured as 2,31 μm and tool wear value was measured as 0,24 mm.

Effect of traditional fat replacement by oleogel made of beeswax and canola oil on processed meat (steak type) quality

Oleogel (OG) has become an alternative fat ingredient for many foods as well as meat and its related meat products due to its health beneficial effects. The objective of this study was to characterize the processed meat properties as well as analyse the trends of consumer acceptability of meat products by using OG utilization as a fat replacer. Processed meat samples were prepared for 3 groups including i) processed meat (only red part) without any additive addition: control, ii) 50% beef tallow adding: BT, and iii) 50% OG, obtained from beeswax and canola oil mixture, substituting of BT: OG. All meat samples determined the physical, physicochemical, and lipid profiles as well as sensorial properties. The results found that OG treatment showed desirable physical and physicochemical characteristics. The soft texture of the meat sample was observed in the OG group when compared with other treatments. Furthermore, OG replacing the traditional fat in processed meat has significantly reduced the percentage of total saturated fatty acid (SFA, 68.37±2.19) and increased the total unsaturated fatty acid (USFA, 31.63±1.63) (p < 0.05) when compared with BT group treatment (SFA: 79.52±3.72 and USFA: 20.48±0.31). OG treatment also showed improvement in processed meat through the significantly higher score of overall liking from the consumer evaluation (p < 0.05). The results of this study could be used as preliminary results for the development of healthy meat model products, contributing to driving meat consumption together with the reduction of risk factors of metabolic diseases.

Ecological aspects of using mixtures of canola oil with n-hexane in diesel engine

The article discusses the results of research on the use of canola oil and canola oil with the addition of n-hexane in a compression-ignition engine. An engine with a Common Rail injection system was tested in real traffic conditions on the road and on a chassis dynamometer. The tested fuels were fed to the engine by an additional fuel supply system. An analysis of the effect of the addition of n-hexane on the emission of the main components of toxic exhaust gases was carried out. The proposed solution may contribute to extending the service life of currently used compression ignition engines due to the improvement of the ecological properties of this type of drive sources.

Modification of Canola Oil Physicochemical Properties by Hexane and Ethanol with Regards of Its Application in Diesel Engine

A mixture of canola oil (Co), n-hexane (Hex), and ethyl alcohol (Et) was proposed as a new energy material for powering diesel engines. For this purpose, surface tension, density, and viscosity measurements, as well as engine tests, were performed for 88%Co10%Hex2%Et and 83%Co15%Hex2%Et mixtures at 20 °C. The adsorption and volumetric properties of these mixtures were compared to those of individual mixture components, as well as diesel fuel (Df) and oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, palmitic, and stearic acids. It was revealed that the values of surface tension, viscosity, and density of Co were higher than those of the Co components. The addition of 10% Hex and 2% Et to Co caused a more than twofold decrease in its viscosity, while the addition of 15% Hex and 2% Et caused a more than fourfold reduction of Co viscosity. In addition, a mixture of Co with 2% Et and 10% Hex had a density similar to that of Df. In turn, theoretical calculations showed that the addition of n-hexane and ethanol to canola oil only slightly changed its heat of combustion. Engine tests were carried out at fixed engine rotational speeds, with a direct gearbox ratio (4th gear). The quick-changing parameters of the combustion process were registered using an AVL Indimicro system. In these tests it was found that the addition of Et to the mixture of Co and Hex did not significantly shorten the auto-ignition delay, but the kinetic phase during combustion disappeared, which had an impact on the combustion start angle.

Varying the amount of solid fat in animal fat mimetics for plant-based salami analogues influences texture, appearance and sensory characteristics

In this study, we utilized a recently developed novel animal fat mimetic with varying fat composition to formulate plant-based salami-type sausage analogues. To that purpose, the fat mimetic was composed of mixtures of canola oil and sal fat at different mixing ratios (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% sal fat). Salami analogues were produced with plant protein extrudates, a binder and the fat mimetics. The oil-fat-ratio had only little impact on color, slightly shifting b*-values towards yellow. Texture analysis showed that with increasing sal fat proportion hardness increased, while cohesiveness and springiness decreased. Fat particles’ structure substantially impacted properties of the salami-type analogues (increasing hardness and decreasing elastic properties caused by sal fat). Drying speed was notably decreased by increasing amount of sal fat, attributed to a “smearing” of solid fat during processing. At low and medium amount (25 and 50%) of solid fat in the lipid phase, the fading of white fat marbling during drying, a phenomenon that was observed for systems formulated with only liquid oil, was inhibited. Overall, these samples scored also highest in the sensory evaluation, while analogues formulated with higher amounts of sal fat were described as waxy in mouthfeel and appearance.

Development of <em>zero-trans</em> shortenings with high thermo-oxidative stability by enzymatic transesterification

Novel zero-trans frying shortenings were formed by enzymatic transesterification by exploring a palm stearin and canola oil mixture and stearic acid as substrates. Both immobilized (Novozym 435, Lipase PS “Amano” IM) and non-immobilized (Lipomod TM 34P) enzymes were applied as biocatalysts. Palmitic acid, the fatty acid which defines the proper type of crystal formation, was present at the 15% level in the reaction mixtures. The novel structured lipids had comparable physical properties and offered similar frying performance to those of commercial shortening. Needle-shaped crystals were predominant both in the transesterification products and the commercial frying shortening. Furthermore, solid fat content profiles of the zero-trans structured lipids produced by Novozym 435 and Lipase PS “Amano” IM were close to those of the commercial shortening.

Emulsions containing optimum cow milk fat and canola oil mixtures replicate the lipid self-assembly of human breast milk during digestion

HypothesisThe digestion of different milks and milk substitutes leads to the formation of a variety of self-assembled lipid structures, with the structuring of human milk being paramount for infant nutrition. It was hypothesised that mixing cow milk fat rich in medium/long-chain lipids with canola oil rich in long-chain unsaturated lipids would replicate the structuring of human milk by balancing lipid chain lengths and saturation levels. ExperimentsEmulsions of cow milk fat/canola oil mixtures were prepared in two ways – by pre-mixing ghee and canola oil before dispersing them and by dispersing canola oil directly into commercial cow milk. Small angle X-ray scattering combined with titration of the fatty acids produced during digestion allowed for the correlation of dynamic lipid self-assembly with the extent of lipid digestion. Laser light scattering was used to show that the particle sizes in the digesting mixtures were similar and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) microscopy was used to confirm the mixing of canola oil into cow milk fat globules. FindingsAs the amount of long-chain unsaturated canola oil lipids in the mixtures increased, the lipid self-assembly tended towards colloidal structures of greater interfacial curvature. When the ratio of cow milk fat to canola oil lipids was 1:1 (w/w), the digesting lipids assembled themselves into the same liquid crystalline structures as human breast milk. This observation was independent of the method used to mix the lipids, with CARS microscopy indicating uniform mixing of the canola oil into cow milk upon ultrasonication.

Influence of protein content on plant-based emulsified and crosslinked fat crystal networks to mimic animal fat tissue

Plant-derived fats differ from animal fat tissue insofar that they do not exhibit elastic properties, but rather show a plastic behaviour upon deformation. To mimic this key property of animal fat, a system using emulsified plant derived fat crystal networks (EFCNs) embedded as droplets inside a plant protein matrix has recently been introduced. In this study the effect of protein content on the properties of the mixed network system was investigated. EFCNs were produced by hot-emulsifying mixtures of canola oil and fully hydrogenated canola oil (solid fat) at 65 °C using protein dispersions containing 5 and 11 wt% soy protein isolate (SPI). Gelation was induced by addition of transglutaminase at 37 °C, forming a covalently-linked protein network. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed a decrease in mean droplet diameter at higher protein concentration. Increasing protein content, increased hardness, but also counteracted the increasingly dominating plastic behaviour at higher solid fat contents, originating from the network of fat crystals within the lipid phase. Samples manufactured with 11% SPI dispersions had higher values for cohesiveness and springiness than samples containing 5% SPI. Rheological analysis similarly showed that the limit of the linear viscoelastic region γL was found to occur at larger strains in samples with higher protein content. Taken together, results indicate that the material behaviour at a desired solid fat concentration can be tuned by variation of the protein content, which gives flexibility to manufacturers of products using the new fat system to adjust to changing processing or product requirements.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza and environmentally biochemicals enhance the nutritional status of Helianthus tuberosus and induce its resistance against Sclerotium rolfsii

Chemical fungicides are effective tools in controlling plant pathogens; however, these chemicals can, on the other hand, distress the ecosystem. Accordingly, the current research investigates the potentiality of substituting traditional chemical fungicides by inducing plant resistance against infection with soil-born pathogens i.e. Sclerotium rolfsii in the presence of mycorrhizae (AMF) as plant inoculants and one of the following amendments: humic acid, sulphex (a mixture of canola oil and diluted sulphuric acid) and paclobutrazol (ABZ). To attain the abovementioned objective, a field (mildly infected with S. rolfsii) was cultivated with Helianthus tuberosus (a perennial plant belongs to the Asteraceae family) for two successive seasons (2014 and 2015) and the above-mentioned treatments were tested for their feasibilities in controlling S. rolfsii infection against the chemical fungicide “Vitavax-200” either solely or in combinations in a complete randomized block design. Inoculating plants with AMF or amending soils with either humic acid, Sulphex or ABZ solely increased significantly the activities of plant defense enzymes by approximately 1.5–2.1 folds higher than the control treatment. These treatments also improved NPK availability in soil and; hence, increased their contents within plant tubers. Consequently, these treatments decreased the disease incidence and severity caused by S. rolfsii while improved shoot biomass and tuber yield. In spite of that, these results stood below the prospective of the fungicide treatment. The integrated treatments i.e. “humic acid + AMF”, “Sulphex + AMF” and “ABZ + AMF” caused further significant improvements in both NPK availabilities in soil and plant areal bio-masses. This probably induced further plant resistance against the investigated soil-borne pathogen while recorded insignificant variations in disease incidence and severity when compared with the fungicide treatment. Moreover, the integrated treatments increased the tuber yields beyond those attained for the fungicide treatment. Accordingly, such integrated strategies can completely substitute the chemical fungicides; thus, minimize their negative impacts on the ecosystem.

Effects of complete replacement of fish oil with plant oil mixtures and algal meal on growth performance and fatty acid composition in juvenile yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid for marine carnivorous fish. Algal meal (AM), available as a new dietary DHA source, could completely replace dietary fish oil (FO). In this study, dietary FO was replaced with plant oil mixtures and AM in juvenile yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata to investigate its effects on growth performance and fatty acid composition. The FO control diet was prepared with only pollack liver oil as the lipid source. For the non-FO diets, pollack liver oil was completely replaced with mixtures of canola oil and palm oil, with AM supplementation at 0% (AM0), 1% (AM1), 2% (AM2), 3% (AM3), and 4% (AM4). After completion of the 8-week feeding trial, the AM2 group showed significantly higher values for final body weight and feed efficiency than the AM0 group. No significant differences were observed in the other parameters of growth performance. Whole-body fatty acid composition reflected the dietary fatty acid composition in all dietary groups. These findings demonstrate that AM is useful as a DHA source in yellowtail aquaculture, thus contributing to a reduction in the use of FO in fish diets.

Analysis of the fuel injection pressure effects on energy and exergy efficiencies of a diesel engine operating with biodiesel

In the present study, biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil and canola oil mixture as a ratio of 50% (v/v) by applying the transesterification method. The fuel properties of diesel and biodiesel fuels were measured considering standard methods. Afterwards, the impacts of different injection pressures on energy and exergy efficiencies of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, naturally-aspirated, water-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine fuelled with diesel and biodiesel fuels were performed under a constant engine speed of 1400 rpm. The performance parameters of energy and exergy analyses for each fuel were calculated and compared with each other. It may be concluded that biodiesel shows similar trends with diesel in terms of energy and exergy analyses. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of the engine operated with diesel were found to be at 24.509% and 21.275% respectively under the original injection pressure (190 bar); meanwhile the maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of the engine fuelled with biodiesel were determined to be at 22.129% and 20.052% respectively under an injection pressure of 210 bar. The energy and exergy efficiencies of biodiesel have increased with increasing injection pressure. Furthermore, exergy destruction values of the engine were found to be between 61.623% and 64.437% for diesel, and between 58.905% and 62.794% for biodiesel.

The course of combustion process under real conditions of work of a traction diesel engine supplied by mixtures of canola oil containing n-hexane

Restrictions for emission of toxic substances of exhaust gases force to conduct research aimed at searching for new types of fuels for powering combustion engines. With reference to diesel engines, the main focus was on acquiring fuels not from petroleum refining, the so-called alternative fuels. While examining these issues, the authors conducted various tests on an engine dynamometer in dynamic and static conditions, in which compression ignition engine was powered by mixtures of canola oil containing n-hexane (in various V/V proportions). Although the results were promising, they did not reflect the work of an engine in real road conditions. This article presents the results of research on traction diesel engine powered by mixtures of canola oil containing n-hexane under real operating conditions, which were reflected in real traffic conditions. Mobile system for engine indicating produced by AVL - Indi Micro 602, which was built in Fiat Qubo 1,3 Multijet, was applied during research. Various thermodynamic parameters of combustion process in various dynamic states, typical for the process of real work of an engine powered by examined mixtures of canola oil containing n-hexane were analysed and compared with parameters obtained while powering research vehicle with diesel fuel.

The assessment of ecological parameters of diesel engine supplied with mixtures of canola oil with n-hexane

As a result of the increase of ecological awareness and restrictions for fumes emission, numerous studies have been conducted which aim at improving power supply systems and the structure of diesel engine. Another course of action taken to adjust to rigorous fumes emission norms is the replacement of hydrocarbon fuels with alternative ones. The research on the engine dynamometer, conducted by the authors, showed that the application of the mixture of canola oil with n-hexane positively influenced certain ecological parameters of the engine, particularly the nitric oxide (NOx) emission. Due to law regulations concerning the level of emission of toxic substances of exhaust gases, which require monitoring in real road traffic conditions, the attempts have been made to assess ecological parameters of diesel engine supplied with mixtures of canola oil with n-hexane. This article presents the research results for diesel engine in real operating conditions. The exhaust gas tester – Herman HGA 400 – was used for measuring ecological parameters. The level of the main toxic substances was measured during the research (CO, HC, NOx) and CO2, O2. The ecological parameters for diesel engine supplied with the mixture of canola oil and n-hexane were compared to those for diesel engine supplied with diesel fuel.

The influence of the dynamic angle of fuel pumping start on selected parameters of the combustion process in diesel engine powered by mixtures of canola oil with n-hexane

The research conducted by the authors so far shows that powering diesel engine with the mixture of canola oil with n-hexane [C6H14] is a promising solution. It was stated that adding n-hexane to canola oil caused a positive change in physicochemical properties of canola oil. However, empirical tests proved that further works are necessary in order to adapt the fuel injection system of the engine. This article presents test results which aim at estimating the degree to which the alternation of the dynamic angle of fuel pumping start influences the parameters of the combustion process. The empirical tests were run at the stands of external exploitative characteristic. During the tests the high-frequency parameters, such as: the pressure in the cylinder, the pressure in the injection cord and the ascend of the injection needle were measured for three values the dynamic angle of pumping start, α = 14°, 17° and 20° crank angle. The received data allowed for estimating, among others, the parameters describing the combustion process: mean indicated pressure, maximum pressure of combustion, the speed of the pressure increase, the angle of the beginning of combustion and the angle of the occurrence of maximum pressure.

Pickering emulsions stabilized with native and lauroylated amaranth starch

Pickering emulsions were prepared by using native and modified (esterification with lauroyl chloride) amaranth starches as stabilizing particles of an oil phase formed with a mixture of canola oil and α-tocopherol (1% v/v). The effect of different concentrations of native (NS) and modified starch (MS) ranging from 2 to 30 %wt was evaluated in the emulsions regarding average droplet size, emulsion stability, zeta potential (ζ) and emulsification index. Optical microscopy showed that both NS and MS were adsorbed at the oil-water interface forming a barrier that delayed phase separation. The MS gave place to a smaller emulsion droplet size than NS, and no phase separation was detected for the emulsions prepared by using 20 and 30 % wt of NS or MS, producing stable emulsions.

CaO and isopropanol transesterify and crack triglycerides to isopropyl esters and green diesel

Fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) synthesized by transesterifying vegetable oil and fats with methanol are unsuitable for northern climates and alpine regions. Isopropyl esters derived from oil and isopropanol have superior cold flow properties and lower cloud point but reaction rates are slow in batch liquid phase processes. To accelerate the reaction rates by several orders of magnitude, we atomize mixtures of canola oil and isopropanol into a fluidized bed of CaO/Al2O3 operating at 450°C. Coke, CO, CO2, isopropyl esters and hydrocarbons in the C5-C19 range form at contact times less than 1s. A solenoid valve cycles the feed composition between oil/isopropanol and air, which maximizes the reaction rates and maintains a constant level of coke. The dwell time of the catalyst in oil/isopropanol and air is 2min. The coke yield ranges from 3.5% to 34% and the isopropyl esters yield varies from 2% to 31% for isopropanol:triglycerides molar ratios equal to 28, 35 and 51. The coke yield decreases with isopropanol:triglycerides molar ratios and O2 flow during the regeneration step while the isopropyl esters yield increases. The highest hydrocarbons yield was 42%.

<b>Productive performance, egg quality and bone characteristics of quails fed with meal and canola oil

This study evaluated the effect of canola meal and oil in quail diet on productive performance, egg quality and bone characteristics. Quails (n = 84) with 150-days-of-age and average weight of 234±17 g were used in this experiment that lasted 84 days. The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 7 replications with 3 birds each. Four diets were formulated: SM+SO - control diet with soybean meal and oil; MC+SO - 25% replacement of soybean meal with canola meal; MC+CO - 25% replacement of soybean meal with canola meal and complete replacement of canola oil with soybean oil; SM+OC - control diet with soybean meal and canola oil. Productive performance, internal and external egg quality and bone characteristics were evaluated. The diet with canola meal and oil (MC+CO) decreased (p <0.05) feed conversion. Albumen height was lower (p < 0.05) for treatments with canola meal and oil (MC+CO). Regardless of the oil used, the dietary canola meal (MC+SO and MC+CO) reduced the weight and length of tibia (p < 0.05), but increased its ash content (p < 0.05). The mixture of canola oil and meal decreases feed conversion, and negatively affects internal egg quality and bone characteristics of quails.

Synthesis of no‐glycerol biodiesel through transesterification catalyzed by CaO from different precursors

AbstractThree component mixtures of canola oil, dimethyl carbonate, and methanol, catalyzed by suspended calcium oxide (CaO) particles, produced a biodiesel that required little further processing. Only the catalyst particles needed to be recovered and reused. Substrates for the CaO were laboratory‐grade acetate, hydroxide, oxalate, and carbonate compounds of calcium heated to temperatures ≥ 850 °C at which calcination is complete. The catalyst substrate and conversion process determined the effectiveness of the catalyst for high product yields. CaO derived from calcium carbonate exhibited morphological characteristics that included larger contact surface areas, and thus more reactive sites, compared to the other precursors. Moreover, with only 0.17 μg/g (0.017 %) free glycerol present in the produced biodiesel, the biodiesel can be used directly without further treatment.

Performance, emissions, combustion and injection characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with canola oil–hazelnut soapstock biodiesel mixture

This study investigates performance, emissions, combustion and injection characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with blends of diesel fuel No. 2 and a mixture of canola oil–hazelnut soapstock biodiesels. The hazelnut soapstock biodiesel was mixed with the canola oil biodiesel to improve some properties of the canola oil biodiesel and to reduce the cost of the fuel. The experiments were performed on a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine running with No. 2 diesel (D100) and No. 2 diesel/biodiesel blends containing 5% (B5) and 10% (B10) biodiesel fuels. The experimental results showed that the injection and ignition delays and the maximum heat release rates decreased with the biodiesel addition while the injection and combustion durations increased. In addition, it was determined that the oxygen content of B5 enhanced the combustion resulting in increased NOx emission and decreased THC, CO and smoke emissions. However, B10 fuel deteriorated the combustion due to higher density, viscosity and surface tension. Therefore THC, CO and smoke emissions increased while NOx emission decreased. CO2 emissions for both blends were very similar to those of No. 2 diesel.