Bioethanol Mixture Research Articles

Surface and Aggregation Properties of Rhamnolipids in Water–Bioethanol Mixtures: A Step toward Green Formulation Design

Water–ethanol mixtures are largely exploited for many different applications, from industrial processes to pharmaceutical formulations. Surfactants are often added to tune their interfacial properties. Sustainability concerns require redesigning such blends to minimize their environmental impact. A successful approach is to replace synthetic oil-based components with affordable unpurified bio-derived alternatives. In this respect, we have characterized aqueous mixtures of bioethanol, obtained by the fermentation of algae, and rhamnolipids, biosurfactants of microbial origin. The physico-chemical characterization of water–bioethanol binary mixtures in terms of refractive index, density, viscosity, and surface tension indicates that bioethanol behaves like pure ethanol with negligible effects of impurities. Analysis of tensiometric titrations shows that, at bioethanol contents higher than 20–30% bioethanol mass percent, rhamnolipid aggregation is impaired, whereas surface adsorption at the water–air interface remains poorly affected. Overall, bio-derived components can be proposed as a promising alternative to oil-derived chemicals in eco-sustainable formulations.

PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM BIOMASS – RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES

Production of bioethanol from biomass plays an important role in terms of improvement of environmental situation and reduction of greenhouse gases emission. Bioethanol is identified as a sustainable solution of fossil fuel problem and it has gained significant attention with global production of 29 billion tones per year. The research interest in bioethanol is focused not only on the issues of energy crises but also on the comprehensive diversification of the economy. Converting biomass to bioethanol provides combined benefits of waste-to-value conversion and alternative fuel production. The objects of our research were samples of petroleum-based gasoline (Regular, Premium and Super brands), as well as 10%, 20% and 30% mixtures of bioethanol with gasoline. We prepared the following test samples: E0 and ethanol/gasoline mixtures E5, E10, d E20, and then studied their physical, chemical and technical characteristics. The group composition of these samples was studied on IR spectrometer and their individual composition – on gas chromatograph. During idle running of engine the text mixtures showed a decrease in CO content in exhaust gases by 15%. In addition, since the obtained mixtures contain oxygen, complete combustion of the fuel takes place. Thus, adding of bioethanol additive causes improvement of ecological properties of fuel.

Characteristics and evolution of bioethanol from Manila Tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce) leaf through fermentation

<p>This study's two primary goals are to synthesize bioethanol from biowaste and examine its thermal characteristics. Bioethanol must first undergo a comprehensive assessment of its thermal characteristics in order to be approved for usage in spark-ignition engines. A multi-step procedure comprising extraction, pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation was used to manufacture the bioethanol. The raw material was put through a preliminary screening using thermogravimetric analysis to find the mass loss rate as a function of temperature before to starting this process. Remarkably, the Manila tamarind leaves exhibited the highest mass loss, up to 34%. Enzymatic cellulose conversion to fermentable sugars was a critical step in the production of cellulosic ethanol. Following hydrolysis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed in the fermentation process, leading to the bioethanol synthesis phase. The Manila Tamarind leaves yielded the most, around 29% by weight, which is amazing. In order to assess the thermal properties of the extracted ethanol, a variety of parameters were carefully examined, including the viscosity, density, cetane number, and calorific value. In each of these areas, mixtures of tire oil, gasoline, and bioethanol consistently outperformed the others. Furthermore, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry spectra were utilized to validate the concentrations of potential groups, including alcohol, aromatic, alkyne, amide, and carbonyl groups. Clear objectives guide the fermentation process, aiming for consistent quality, safety, and functionality in the end product.</p>

Effect of Different Ratios of Gasoline-Ethanol Blend Fuels on Combustion Enhancement and Emission Reduction in Electronic Fuel Injection Engine.

The severity of engine emissions for the environment and human health cannot be ignored. This article optimizes the combustion and emission of gasoline-cassava bioethanol fuel blends in electronic fuel injection engines using response surface methodology to achieve the goal of reducing carbon and pollutant emissions. The experiment investigated the effects of different gasoline-cassava bioethanol mixing ratios (G100, G90E10, G80E20, and G70E30) on engine performance, including torque, brake specific fuel consumption, power, total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide emissions. The results show that the gasoline-cassava bioethanol fuel blend is not as good as G100 in terms of braking power, torque, and brake specific fuel consumption, but better than G100 in terms of carbon monoxide emissions and total hydrocarbon emissions. Then, the optimization objective function was determined, and the combustion and emission characteristics were optimized using the response surface methodology method. The optimization results indicate that the response surface methodology method can determine the interaction between design variables such as brake specific fuel consumption, nitrogen oxides, and total hydrocarbon emissions and find the best solution. In this experiment, the independent variables of the best solution were 72.9 N·m torque, 30% G70E30 mixing rate, and 2000 rpm speed, corresponding to brake specific fuel consumption at 313 g/(kW·h), nitrogen oxide emissions at 2.85 × 103 ppm, and total hydrocarbon emissions at 166 ppm. The findings of this study indicate that by optimizing the gasoline-cassava bioethanol mixture ratio, lower emission levels can be achieved in electronic fuel injection engines, thereby promoting the sustainable development of renewable energy and reducing pollutant emissions.

Making Bioethanol from Cassava as an Environmentally Friendly Fuel Mixing Material

Bioethanol derived from cassava has the potential as an alternative energy material because cassava plants contain starch, sugar or cellulose which can be used in the process of making alternative and environmentally friendly fuels. This study aims to make bioethanol from cassava starch. This research method starts from material preparation to the process stage consisting of the fermentation process, distillation process, and the final stage, namely testing ethanol content and adding fuel. 5 kg of cassava is used to produce 98 ml of bioethanol distillation with 16% rendition. The combustion test was carried out to obtain a comparison of the calorific value between the fuel mixture - Bioethanol and fuel -Alcohol, Mixing partalalite - Bioethanol 1: 19 (95% partalaite: 5% Bioethanol) and fuel - Alcohol 1: 19 (95% partalite: 5 % alcohol). The results of the research obtained the calorific value of combustion of the partalalite - alcohol mixture: 11,649.48 kcal/kg, while for the partalalite - bioethanol mixture: 11,486.15 kcal/kg. So that the higher the concentration of ethanol mixed in partalite, the higher the calorific value.

The influence of hydrogen and oxygen (HHO) gas on engine characteristics under the effect of the lean mixtures of gasoline and bioethanol

Along with the imposed stricter ecological requirements, the new manners of reducing the emitted pollutants are extensively researched. One of the requisites is the focus on the absence or the use of an extremely low count of carbon-based fuels as an option for the internal combustion engine. The conducted research demonstrates the perspective of applying bioethanol containing hydrogen and oxygen (HHO) gas as a fuel additive to stoichiometric (λ = 1.0) and lean (λ = 1.1; 1.2; 1.3; 1.4) mixtures for gasoline employing the spark ignition engine considering changes in ignition timing in the range from 16° to 42° BTDC. Ecological (CO, CO2, HC, NOx) and energetic (torque, fuel consumption, break thermal efficiency) parameters have been measured using gasoline and bioethanol (fuels E10 and E70) enriched with HHO gas. Hydrogen and oxygen gases are produced using a HHO gas generator, which is a mobile electrolysis unit. It has been concluded that a higher concentration of ethanol in fuel and the HHO additive result in higher torque for all evaluated air/fuel ratios. The rate of the analysed heat release has showed that HHO gas increases combustion speed, shortens combustion duration and has the highest positive effect of thermal efficiency when the mixtures are lean and have a higher concentration of ethanol. The use of the HHO additive has increased NOx emissions, although CO, CH and CO2 have remained lower. The regulation of the excess air ratio and ignition timing allows for selecting the most energetically-efficient adjustment parameters and to objectively evaluate the possibilities of improving energetic and ecological indicators for engines replacing gasoline with bioethanol and additionally supplying HHO gas.

Tests on the tractor installed experimental device for heating the mixture of bioethanol in diesel fuel

Research and development activities aimed at the development of new scientific and technical bases of resource-saving technologies and mixed fuel preparation devices, which implement the use of alternative fuels to save traditional fuels, are being carried out. On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies, the initial requirements and technical conditions of the device for heating the bioethanol mixture to the diesel fuel and the engine supply system was tested. The fuel mixture prepared by heating the recommended diesel fuel and bioethanol proportioned mixture was tested on the TTZ 80.10 tractor. The tests showed that the specified injection angle of the UTN-5 fuel pump was advanced by 2 degrees, and the injector needle pressure was determined to be 1.4-1.6 MPa.

Utilization of Biopertalite for Fuel Efficiency and Reduction in CO and CO2 Gas Emissions in Four-Wheel Motor Vehicles

Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases are the main problem that must be rectified as they are harmful and contribute to global warming through the greenhouse gas effect. In Indonesia, motor vehicles, especially four wheelers, are one of the biggest contributors with up to 71 million tons of CO2 emissions and energy consumption of 179 million barrel of oil equivalent. Bioethanol has octane rating >100, which is higher than that of gasoline; and emission contribution of only 0.02 kg/L, which is lower than that from gasoline (2.23 kg/L). Accordingly, a mixture of gasoline and bioethanol is the solution proposed in this study to solve the issues of CO and CO2 emissions. Gasoline and bioethanol mixture consists of six products, namely E-0, E-5, E-10, E-15, E-20, and E-25, which have different percentage values of bioethanol mixture (0%–25%). This study was conducted through engine testing with different rpm values (500–2500 rpm) to identify the concentration and mass of CO2 emissions, fuel efficiency, and cost efficiency. Based on the test results, this product succeeded in reducing CO emissions by up to 86% and CO2 emissions up to 30.6% from Pertalite (E-0) and increasing the fuel efficiency up to 51.76% for 1 L and cost efficiency up to 33.6% after considering the actual price of Pertalite. Therefore, the proposed product can be a solution to the existing problems.

Novel Polyelectrolyte Complex Membranes Containing Carboxymethyl Cellulose–Gelatin for Pervaporation Dehydration of Azeotropic Bioethanol for Biofuel

Polyelectrolyte complex membranes (PECMs) were prepared by combining sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and gelatin (Ge) with variations in the Ge content in the NaCMC matrix. Characterization methods, such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle analysis (CA), and universal testing machines (UTM) were used to investigate the physicochemical studies of the prepared membranes. The pervaporation characteristics of membranes with Ge content were investigated using an azeotropic mixture of water and bioethanol. The obtained data revealed that the membrane with 15 mass% of Ge (M-3) showed a maximum flux of 7.8403 × 10-2 kg/m2·h with separation selectivity of 2917 at 30 °C. In particular, the total and water flux of PECMs are shown as very close to each other indicating that the fabricated membranes could be employed to successfully break the azeotropic point of water-bioethanol mixtures. Using temperature-dependent permeation and diffusion data, the Arrhenius activation parameters were calculated, and the obtained values of water permeation (Epw) were considerably smaller than bioethanol permeation (EpE). Developed membranes showed the positive heat of sorption (ΔHs), suggesting that Henry's sorption mode is predominant.

Kinerja Mesin Motor 4 Langkah dengan Bahan Bakar Campuran Bioetanol dan Pertamax

The availability of fossil fuels as an energy source is increasingly limited, so there is a need for new energy sources as environmentally friendly alternatives, one of which is bioethanol. Bioethanol is a type of biofuel sourced from living matter, usually plants with the chemical formula C2H5OH and the empirical formula C2H5O with an octane number of 108. One of the benefits of bioethanol for fuel mixtures is due to the higher octane value, flammability, heat of vaporization and higher oxygen content lowers cylinder temperature thereby reducing NOx emissions and producing less CO2. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a 4 stroke engine by comparing the use of Pertamax and bioethanol mixtures of fuel with a composition of 25%, 20%, and O% bioethanol. The study used an experimental method where data was collected and then data processing and data analysis were carried out. The results obtained the highest power of 8.70 kW at 25% bioethanol at 6000 rpm, followed by 20% bioethanol and 100% Pertamax at 8.60 rpm with rotations of 6500 rpm and 7000 rpm respectively. The highest torque of 25% bioethanol is 13.80 Nm at 5500 rpm, followed by 3.10 Nm at 5000 rpm at 100% pertamax and 12.80 Nm at 5500 rpm with 20% bioethanol fuel. The lowest fuel consumption is 0.57 kg/kWh at 7000 rpm with 100% pertamax fuel, then 0.60 kg/kWh with 20% bioethanol fuel at 6500 rpm and 0.6 kg/kWh with 15% bioethanol fuel at 6000 rpm

Investigation of Cyclohexanol as an Oxygenated Additive for Gasoline–Bioethanol Mixtures and Its Effect on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engines

The quantity of internal combustion engine-powered motorized vehicles in Indonesia has been increasing year after year. As a result, fossil fuel demand has also increased beyond Indonesia’s local production capacity, which decreases every year.

The effect of bioethanol mixture of raw coconut roomie (Cocos nucifera) with Pertamax (RON 92) and Pertalite (RON 90) fuels on the performance of a gasoline motor

Bioethanol is ethanol produced from glucose fermentation followed by the distillation process. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of gasoline-fueled motors using bioethanol fuel mixed with pertamax (RON 90) and pertalite (RON92) fuels with a mixed percentage of B0%, B5%, B10%, B15%, and B20%. In this research, bioethanol is made from basic ingredients of coconut roomie (Cocos nucifera), which is fermented then continued with the distillation process to obtain bioethanol with a purity level of 80%. Bioetahnol is used as a fuel mixture using a gasoline fuel motor. The results of testing the mixture of bioethanol B20% and pertamax (RON 90) fuel with the highest torque is 11.94 Nm at rotation 2600 rpm. Bioethanol B20% and pertalite (RON 92) fuel with the highest torque is 11.79 Nm at rotation 2600 rpm. Bioethanol B20% and pertamax (RON 90) fuel the highest initial power is 4.58 hp at rotation 2900 rpm. Bioethanol B20% and pertalite (RON 92) fuel’s the highest power is 4.52 hp at rotation 2900 rpm. Bioethanol B20% and Pertamax (RON 90) fuel shows that the lowest specific fuel consumption is 0.28 kg/hp.h. Bioethanol B20% and pertalite (RON 92) fuel the lowest specific fuel consumption pertalite is 0.29 kg/hp.h. The greater the percentage of in pertamax (RON 90) fuel and pertalite (RON 92) fuel, the specific fuel consumption will be more efficient. In the mixture of pertamax (RON 90) fuel and bioethanol B20% is the largest value torque and power, but specific fuel consumption is the lowest.

Modification of gas condensate gasoline by single atomic alcohols with the use of cavitation

The process of modification of gas condensate gasolines with monohydric alcohols with subsequent cavitation treatment of these mixtures has been investigated. The expediency of using alcohol additives in fuels and the relevance of introducing into gasoline production such chemical technologies that use cavitation processing of raw materials and selective energy supply to the reaction zone have been substantiated. The expediency of the production of high-octane gasolines on the basis of a combination of the processes of mechanical mixing of hydrocarbon gasolines with alcohols and the processes of cavitation treatment of alcohol-gasoline mixtures is also substantiated. The description of the laboratory setup and the experimental methodology is given. The influence of the intensity of cavitation treatment on the increase in the octane number is studied and it is proved that there is some optimal intensity at which a constant value of the octane number of the mixture is achieved. With an increase in the content of bioethanol in the mixture, the number of cavitation cycles (intensity) required to achieve the steady-state value of the octane number decreases from 8 cycles of gas condensate without bioethanol to 4 cycles with a bioethanol content of 3% and more. To achieve the octane number of the mixture corresponding to gasoline A-92 and A-95, it is necessary to add 2% and 5% bioethanol, respectively. It is shown that the use of cavitation can increase the octane number up to 2.6 points in comparison with simple mechanical mixing of alcohol and gasoline. A comparison is made of the efficiency of using bioethanol and isobutanol for modifying gas condensate gasoline in a cavitation field. The effect of cavitation on the octane number was studied with a change in the concentration of alcohol in the mixture. A new way of modifying low-octane motor gasolines with bio-ethanol and other mixtures of alcohols of biochemical origin, which contain water impurities, is shown

Modeling current and future role of agricultural waste in the production of bioethanol for gasoline vehicles

This study addressed the urgent need for biofuels even in countries such as Iran, which has fairly good fossil fuel resources. The problems, necessities of the present, and future demand for biofuels are discussed. As the transportation sector is one of the largest sources of air pollution, this study has focused on this sector. This issue was examined from a global perspective, and then within the context of domestic bioethanol production using agricultural residues and proposing different scenarios. The first step in implementing this policy is the accurate forecast of the demand for second-generation bioethanol in the coming years. A nonlinear auto regressive neural network was applied to predict gasoline demand based on Mackey-Glass chaotic time series. Gasoline demand is forecasted by 2030, based on projected volumes of gasoline in different bioethanol mixture scenarios. Results revealed that using scenarios E10, E15, E25, the volume of bioethanol needed by 2030 will amount to 10.12, 15.16 and 25.31 million L per day which can be produced using agricultural products wastes.

Modification of motor gasoline with bioethanol in the cavitation field

The article presents the results of the study on the influence of bioethanol content and parameters of cavitation field on the octane number of motor natural gasoline. The effects of the parameters of cavitation field on the modification of fuel and the changes of qualitative and quantitative composition of gasoline were investigated. The influence of the content of a biocomponent on the increase in the octane number was established. It was stated that the problem of the phase separation in alcohol-gasoline mixture can be solved by means of dynamic cavitation. The paper presents the results of the study of the change of octane number as a function of the intensity of cavitation treatment for gas condensate gasoline with addition of bioethanol. The physical stability of gas condensate and bioethanol mixture after cavitation treatment is investigated. It was shown that the gas condensate gasoline modified with bioethanol and cavitation field can be used as a high-quality motor gasoline. It was stated that low-octane gas condensate gasoline can be transformed into high-quality motor fuel by means of modification with bioethanol in the cavitation field. It was established that the alcohol-gasoline cavitation treatment leads to the homogenization and provides at least 30 days' mixture stability before separation. With increasing bioethanol content in the mixture, the number of cavitation cycles (intensity) required to achieve a constant octane number value decreases from 8 cycles for gas condensate gasoline without bioethanol to 4 cycles at the content of bioethanol of 3% and above.

Process simulation of the pilot scale bioethanol production from rice straw by Aspen Hysys

This work is to implement a working model of an integrated process for bioethanol in the process simulation based on rigorous model using the Aspen HYSYS simulation software. As a case study, the simulation is applied to design a pilot plant that converts rice straw into ethanol. The model is based on the process for biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (rice straw) to ethanol, proposed by the pilot plant of producing bio-ethanol with capacity of 152 kg rice straw/batch. The plant for manufacturing bio-ethanol with rice straw as raw materials comprises basically three units: Pretreatment of rice straw by alkaline treatment; Simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) of rice straw to produce bio-ethanol and the unit for separation and purification of bio-ethanol mixture from simultaneous and fermentation unit. Modeling of rice straw feedstock as a solid material in Aspen HYSYS, including the creation of necessary hypothetical components. Investigate and analyze the final ethanol yield of the simulation project in comparison with actual process. The model proposed was for easily evaluate and analyze various factors which affect to the final ethanol yield by changing operating conditions and being possible to find the optimal conditions for different input flow rate and many independent factors. The simulation model obtained in this study can be applied to any SSF processes with different biomass feedstock.

Ultra-Pure Hydrogen via Co-Valorization of Olive Mill Wastewater and Bioethanol in Pd-Membrane Reactors

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) presents high environmental impact due to the fact of its elevated organic load and toxicity, especially in Mediterranean countries. Its valorization for simultaneous pollutants degradation and green energy production is receiving great attention, mainly via steam reforming for hydrogen generation. Following previous works, the present research goes into detail about OMW valorization, particularly investigating for the first time the potential benefits of OMW–bioethanol mixtures co-reforming for ultra-pure hydrogen production in Pd-membrane reactors. In this manner, the typical large dilution of OMW and, hence, excess water can be used as a reactant for obtaining additional hydrogen from ethanol. Fresh OMW was previously conditioned by filtration and distillation processes, analyzing later the effect of pressure (1–5 bar), oxidizing conditions (N2 or air as carrier gas), gas hourly space velocity (150–1500 h−1), and alcohol concentration on the co-reforming process (5–10% v/v). In all cases, the exploitation of OMW as a source of environmentally friendly hydrogen was demonstrated, obtaining up to 30 NmL·min−1 of pure H2 at the most favorable experimental conditions. In the membrane reactor, higher pressures up to 5 bar promoted both total H2 production and pure H2 recovery due to the increase in the permeate flux despite the negative effect on reforming thermodynamics. The increase of ethanol concentration also provoked a positive effect, although not in a proportional relation. Thus, a greater effect was obtained for the increase from 5% to 7.5% v/v in comparison to the additional improvement up to 10% v/v. On the contrary, the use of oxidative conditions slightly decreased the hydrogen production rate, while the effect of gas hourly space velocity needs to be carefully analyzed due to the contrary effect on potential total H2 generation and pure H2 recovery.

An Attempt to Reduce the Emission of Spark-Ignition Engine with Mixtures of Bioethanol and Gasoline as Substitute Fuels

Abstract Limiting emissions of harmful substances is a key task for vehicle manufacturers. Excessive emissions have a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on human life. A significant problem is the emission of nitrogen oxides as well as solid particles, in particular those up to a diameter of 2.5 microns. Carbon dioxide emissions are also a problem. Therefore, work is underway on the use of alternative fuels to power the vehicle engines. The importance of alternative fuels applies to spark ignition engines. The authors of the article have done simulation tests of the Renault K4M 1.6 16v traction engine for emissions for fuels with a volumetric concentration of bioethanol from 10 to 85 percent. The analysis was carried out for mixtures as substitute fuels – without doing any structural changes in the engine's crankshafts. Emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, oxygen at full throttle for selected rotational speeds as well as selected engine performance parameters such as maximum power, torque, hourly and unit fuel consumption were determined. On the basis of the simulation tests performed, the reasonableness of using the tested alternative fuels was determined on the example of the drive unit without affecting its constructions, in terms of e.g. issue. Maximum power, torque, and fuel consumption have also been examined and compared. Thus, the impact of alternative fuels will be determined not only in terms of emissions, but also in terms of impact on the parameters of the power unit.

Pengaruh Pencampuran Bahan Bakar Pertalite dengan Bio Etanol terhadap Peforma Mesin Injeksi Yamaha Vixion 150 cc Tahun 2011

This study aims to determine the effect of bio ethanol mixing with pertalite fuel on the performance of injection motorcycle engines. By presenting E0-E20 bio ethanol mixture with pertalite fuel. Performance testing parameters are torque, power and specific fuel consumption. In this study using a test method using the dynotest tool to determine the torque and power generated from mixing the fuel. And for testing fuel consumption using the scaffolding of homemade test equipment. The result of this presentation is the right mix presentation for 150cc injection motorbikes, namely the presentation of the E15 mixture of all E15 fuel, the highest torque, power, and stable fuel consumption, not according to the power and torque produced.Keywords: Pertalite, Bio Ethanol, Power, Torque, and Specific Fuel Consumption

Analysis of noise pollution emitted by stationary MF285 tractor using different mixtures of biodiesel, bioethanol, and diesel through artificial intelligence.

In the present study, the noise pollution from different compositions of biodiesel, bioethanol, and diesel fuels in a four-cylinder and four-stroke engine of MF285 tractor was studied. Further, the noise pollution was measured from two positions, the driver and bystander, at 1000, 1600, and 2000 revolutions, and ten different fuel levels resulting from different compositions of biodiesel, bioethanol, and diesel fuels. For data analysis, adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS),artificial neural network (ANN), and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied. Comparing the means of noise pollution at different levels demonstrated that the B25E6D69 fuel, made up of 25% biodiesel and 6% bioethanol, had the lowest noise pollution. The lowest noise pollution was at 1000rpm, and with the increase of engine speed, the noise pollution intensified. The models laid by the RSM were better than other.