Mixture Of Alkali Research Articles

Structure and properties of the FLiNaK – LaF3 melt obtained with neural network potential

Accurate and efficient prediction of the thermochemical properties of the melts applicable in molten salt reactors could be made if the proper machine learning model is used. In this paper, the neural network potential for simulation of 85 % (LiF – NaF – KF)eut. – 15 % LaF3 molten mixture was developed based on ab initio data. In spite of multiple atomic types, the model of a moderate size showed small root mean squared errors in energy and forces of 0.5 meV/atom and 39 meV/Å, respectively. Then the neural network potential was employed to calculate local structure, density, self-diffusion coefficients, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity for a range of temperatures. We found that the addition of LaF3 to the eutectic mixture of alkali fluorides results in a reduction the melt ability to store and transfer heat. The strong effect observed here is the reduction in heat capacity by 20–30 %. The analysis of the local structure details reveals the existence of [LaF6], [LaF7] and [LaF8] groupings, with the most probable being [LaF7] and the La – F separation averaged over the ensemble of 2.35 Å.

Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction based on graphene oxide for the ultrasensitive determination of Cd by slurry sampling microplasma optical emission spectrometry

For the first time, a dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-µSPE) based on graphene oxide was employed for the ultrasensitive determination of Cd by a solution anode glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (SAGD OES). It was possible to extract Cd from a dilute mixture of alkali and alkaline earth metals (Ca, K, Mg, and Na) with 100 % efficiency. It was found that in contact with microplasma, Cd bounded on the GO surface can be converted to its volatile species. As a result, it was possible to omit the elution step (a slurry sample was introduced), which allowed shortened time of sample preparation and reduced the risk of contamination. Using the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, the effect of different variables, i.e., interferent concentration, GO concentration, number of GO rinsing repetitions, and HNO3 concentration, was studied in detail. Using the D-µSPE-SAGD OES, matrix effects were remarkably reduced and improvement in the tolerance of Cd to alkali metals by a factor of 25 was reached. Moreover, coupling with D-µSPE lowered the limit of detection (LOD) of Cd by 2 times (resulting in the LOD of 0.003 µg L−1). Under optimal operating conditions, D-µSPE-SAGD OES was successfully employed for the ultra-trace analysis of food and environmental samples characterized by a high-alkali metals content, i.e., wine and seawater. As compared to competitive methods recently reported in the literature, D-µSPE-SAGD OES is distinguished by the simplicity of the measurement system and the fact that the nanosorbent used is commercially available.

Antibacterial durability of L-methionine modified cotton fabrics functionalized with ZnO nanoparticles

Cotton fabric based textiles utilizing metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), offer potential options for reducing spreading of infection by bacteria due to their excellent antimicrobial properties, which depend on the nanoparticle's structure and morphology, as well as the fiber functionalization process. In this work, a simple padding and rolling technique for preparing antibacterial cotton fabrics by functionalizing their surface with nanostructured ZnO is demonstrated. L-methionine amino acid is utilized as a binding reagent due to its low toxicity to mammalian cells, biocompatibility with living tissues, and the presence of amine and carboxylic groups, which enhance its coordination capacity to improve ZnO adhesion. Zn(NO3)2·3H2O was precipitated as Zn(OH)2(s) using an alkali mixture of (NaOH+NaBH4), which was then converted into ZnO NPs up on heat treatment on the surface of modified cotton (LCt). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was utilized to confirm the chemical alteration of the fabrics by L-methionine. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations confirmed the crystalline structure, purity, and average crystallite size of the ZnO NPs (15.72 nm). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) tests revealed that the NPs were successfully coordinately bonded to the textiles. HR-SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) mapping demonstrated that NPs were well-covered on the fabric fibers. The thermal degradation behavior of the modified and functionalized cotton was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The functionalized fabric shown outstanding antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, as well as gram-positive bacteria S. aurous and S. pyogenes, with washing durability of up 50 wash cycles. After 50 wash cycles, approximately 88 % of the Zn was retained. This indicated a strong bond between the fabrics. Furthermore, the change has little effect on cotton qualities such as vapor permeability, water absorption, and water transport.

Exploratory insight into the contribution of chemical components of photo galvanic electrolyte towards potential, power and current of photo galvanic cells

Photo-galvanic cells are based on the diffusion of ions in the electrolyte (a mixture of sensitizer, reductant, alkali, surfactant, and solvent). The photogalvanics is characterized by the abrupt jump in the photo-potential during charging of the cell. Photo-galvanic cells have been widely studied using the complete electrolyte. The migration of current by ions gives impression that any of the ionic species individually (like sensitizer/reductant/etc.) may show current, potential, and photogalvanics. This aspect of photogalvanics of individual chemical components is missing in the literature. Therefore, the photogalvanics of the individual chemicals, mixtures of the chemicals, and complete electrolyte have been studied in present research to have insight into (i) the genesis of the current and potential generated from the cell in non-illuminated state (dark conditions), and (ii) the necessary chemical conditions required for the photogalvanics.The average open-circuit potential (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) in dark conditions for water, Lactic acid reductant, Cocamidopropyl betaine surfactant, Carmoisine-A dye, NaOH alkali, complete electrolyte (at low pH), and complete electrolyte (at very high pH) is 286 mV, 4 µA; 214 mV, 3 µA; 278 mV, 4 µA; 268 mV, 9 µA; 295 mV, 8 µA; 278 mV, 8 µA; and 463 mV, 253 µA, respectively. The average Voc and Isc from illuminated water, Lactic acid reductant, Cocamidopropyl betaine surfactant, Carmoisine-A dye, NaOH alkali, complete electrolyte (at low pH), and complete electrolyte (at very high pH) is 296 mV, 3 µA; 182 mV, 4 µA; 218 mV, 4 µA; 135 mV, 3 µA; 275 mV, 9 µA; 167 mV, 6 µA; and 731 mV, 2500 µA, respectively. Thus, no photogalvanics has been observed for individual chemical components, and mixtures of two or more chemical components of the electrolyte. The photogalvanics is observed only for complete electrolyte at high pH.

Sequential extraction of labile and recalcitrant fractions of soil organic matter: A case study focusing on antimony (Sb) in humic acids, fulvic acids and humin fractions of long-term aged contaminated soils

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in environmental chemistry of macro and micro nutrients as well as heavy metal (loids). In this research, a modified sequential extraction scheme was used to isolate labile and recalcitrant SOM from organic rich soils after 18 months of ageing with antimony. Humic substances were extracted with a mixture of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide +0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate solution from soils. Then soils deprived of humic substances were sequentially subjected to extraction with glycerol, citric acid, pre-treated with acid and extracted with boiling alkali mixture. The humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) of isolated SOM fractions were separated and HAs been characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR, and UV-VIS. Acid-alkali treatment of the most recalcitrant SOM fraction (A1-ROM) led to the extraction of sparingly soluble, highly aromatic compound with considerable amounts of N (44% of the extractable N), possibly due to the breakdown of bounds between aromatic rings and amine functional groups. Nevertheless, the highest content of C and TOC was associated with the glycerol extractable SOM. Substantial amounts of Fe and Al were extracted with glycerol, resulting in a dramatic rise of Sb in SOM extracts. The largest increase (60%) in Sb concentrations was observed after the removal of Fe with citric acid. The humic substances (HS) were responsible for 63% of extractable Sb, whereas even after exhaustive alkali extractions 22% of the total Sb remained in the residual humin fraction. Within the HS fraction, 95% of antimony was associated with the low molecular weight FAs. Antimony concentrations in organic fractions correlated significantly with TOC and N contents, possibly due to the role of amine functional groups in Sb complexation. The results of this research highlight the importance of Fe–Al-SOM bridging and humin fraction in sequestration of Sb in recalcitrant SOM pools.

Evaluation of the Effect of Changing the Composition of Wastewater on Biological Treatment when Adding a Mixture of Sulfide Alkali for the Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater

The influence of a pilot assessment based on the results of a change in the composition of wastewater on the quality of biological wastewater treatment when a sulfide alkali mixture is added to the feedstream of petrochemical enterprises is presented. It was found that the results of wastewater treatment at biological treatment plants are not affected by phenols in sulfide alkali wastewater. It was confirmed that activated sludge retains the ability to extract organic compounds without reference to the proportion of sulfide alkali effluents in the treated water.

Alkali-activated binders – A sustainable alternative to OPC for stabilization and solidification of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration

This research aims to evaluate the sustainability of alkali-activated binders for the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA). A detailed environmental assessment of different alkali-activated mixtures was conducted using life cycle assessment (LCA) to identify the factors affecting their environmental burden. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and metakaolin (MK) were used as the precursors. Results showed that all the alkali-activated blocks fulfilled the requirements for landfill and reuse as fill materials. Adopting alkali activation for S/S of MSWI FA instead of OPC allowed up to 70% reduction of global warming potential. However, in other impact categories such as human toxicity and land use, the alkali mixtures recorded higher values than the mix with OPC (+60–70%), primarily because of the impacts related to the production of chemical activators. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that alternative production methods for sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide could enormously reduce the impacts related to the alkali solution. When the hydrothermal method for sodium silicate and the ODC method for sodium hydroxide were adopted, a reduction of 71%, 22%, and 24% was recorded in global warming potential, fossil resource scarcity, and human toxicity categories, respectively, compared with the mix with OPC. Therefore, this study sheds light on alkali-activated materials as sustainable S/S alternative to OPC for hazardous waste management to promote carbon neutrality.

Liquid Metal Vacuoles

AbstractConventional bubbles are generally made of an outside water film and the interior air, and their formation and rupture involve rich scientific knowledge. An intriguing question is what would happen if the water film and air of such bubbles were replaced by completely different fluids? Here, a high‐surface‐tension liquid metal‐solution bilayer is introduced into the two‐phase interface system, and a new conceptual hybrid vacuole consisting of a liquid metal outer membrane and inner solution core is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. Through tuning the filling volume of the liquid metal, various vacuolar structures with diverse interfacial morphologies are constructed. Such vacuoles can maintain long‐term stability via adjusting the composition of the solution, which is a mixture of surfactant and alkali. If switching glass substrate to graphite, liquid metal vacuoles would become more robust and exhibit further abundant individual and collective behaviors, which are mainly attributed to the firmer bonding strength between the two‐phase interfaces. In addition to interpreting the generation and maintenance mechanisms of the vacuole, different rupture processes are also presented and disclosed. The current findings on the liquid metal‐solution hybrid vacuoles are expected to enrich the content of liquid metal interfacial science, and will stimulate further promising applications in the emerging engineering fields.

A combined method of enhanced oil recovery based on ASP technology

Enhanced oil recovery techniques are growing more urgent each year as the number of mature fields grows. To date, various methods and technologies have been developed based on modern scientific achievements. The ASP technology is a combined method of enhanced oil recovery, which is the injection of a mixture of surfactant, alkali and polymer. The mechanism behind this technology is based on the residual oil mobilization by reducing surface tension with surfactant and alkali, as well as by increasing the sweeping efficiency by the polymer displacement. The success of the ASP technology implementation largely depends on the type of microemulsion formed, traditionally described by the Winsor classification and directly related to the salinity of the formation water. Thus the value at which a type III microemulsion is formed is taken as the most favorable mineralization value for the introduction of ASP technology. It is in this case that the lowest surface and interfacial tension is observed. However, it should be noted that in practice, maintaining the desired mineralization level of the medium is a technically difficult task due to the change of its values in the injected fluids during the filtration process. There are various approaches to solving this problem, the most common is the injection of low salinity buffer layer between the surfactant and polymer solutions. The presented work dwells upon a study on development of composition for effective implementation of ASP technology in conditions of the Guneshli field (Azerbaijan) has been carried out. The effect of volume and mineralization of preflush layer on formation of the type III emulsion by Winsor classification and possibility of using coloidal dispersed gel particles as a polymer component has been studied.

INVESTIGATION OF KAOLIN BASED ONE PART GEOPOLYMERS

Kaolin based one-part geopolymers (produced by adding water to preground aluminosilicate+alkali mixture) were produced in this study. Effect of and silica fume addition and prewaiting time on microstructure, mechanical and mineralogical properties of geopolymers evaluated with X–ray Fluorescence (XRF), X–ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT–IR). Kaolin based one-part geopolymers gained 7-day compressive strength of 66.73 MPa while silica fume addition enhanced the strength up to 88.57 MPa.

Influence of molarity and alkali mixture ratio on ambient temperature cured waste cement concrete based geopolymer mortar

Generation of an enormous amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste due to rapid growth in the infrastructure segment globally is a matter of dire concern for the present decade due to poorly managed disposal to re-utilization. The present study focuses on the formulation of an effective utilization regime of C&D waste (cement concrete) for its re-consumption as geopolymer mortar. Formulation of different molarities of sodium hydroxide (6 M to 16 M) and alkali mixture ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide solution (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5) have been done and cured for 90D at controlled ambient temperature. The samples were tested for fresh and hardened properties. The effect of silicate modulus and Na2O% with different alkali proportions on the hardened properties were studied. The results reveals that the optimum compressive strength of 20.7 MPa is achieved at a silicate modulus of 1.54 and Na2O% of 12.5%. Further microstructural analysis (mineralogical, elemental, thermal and bonding types) has been done to better comprehend the interactive performance of C&D waste with the change in alkali quantities. The physicochemical and microanalysis reveals that molarity, dissolution of aluminosilicates, and mineralogical compositions are the main factors governing the outcomes while keeping the curing regime at ambient temperature.

Changes in physicochemical and antioxidant properties of egg white during the Maillard reaction induced by alkali

Maillard reaction was progressed by incubating the mixture of egg white (EW) and alkali at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C) for different days (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days), to explore the effects of temperatures and incubating days on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of EW during the treatment of alkali. The results revealed that the color, browning intensity and fluorescence intensity increased with the extended incubating days (P < 0.05), whereas the pH value declined (P < 0.05). The absorbance at 294 nm increased first, and then decreased with the prolonged incubating days (P < 0.05). SDS-PAGE and FTIR showed that Maillard reaction had occurred in EW during the treatment of alkali. Cysteine was the main amino acid involved in the Maillard reaction. The reducing power, ABTS radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating activity of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) increased on the first day of incubation then decreased with the increasing incubating days. Temperature had a pronounced effect on the physicochemical properties of EW and the antioxidant activities of MRPs during the treatment of alkali.

Influence of ethanol–alkali mixture on the structure of chitosan fibers and film coatings

Structural features of films and fibers obtained from mixtures of a chitosan solution in acetic acid with an ethanol and NaOH solution were investigated. Phase separation in the system that included chitosan, acetic acid, ethanol, NaOH and water was studied using scanning electron microscopy and time dependence of optical density. Optical densities of the mixtures were measured at λ = 330 nm. Structural studies involved two types of films: (a) the samples obtained from the mixtures of the chitosan solutions and various precipitants by lyophilization; and (b) the samples obtained by drying at room temperature. It was demonstrated that the most stable structure is formed upon the mixing of the chitosan solution with the ethanol–alkali mixture. Chitosan fibers prepared by wet spinning had the following characteristics: tensile strength σ = 188 ± 9.1 МPа; Young’s modulus E = 11.5 ± 0.6 GPа; tensile strain ε = 4.8 ± 0.6%.

Effect of local environment on stretching parameter in the mixed alkali oxyfluoro vanadate glasses: electrical modulus and structural analysis

A structural and electrical modulus study on the mixed alkali glass samples having general formula (in mol%) 40V2O5 − 30BaF2 − (30 − x) LiF – xRbF, where x = 0 – 30, in steps of 5 mol% is presented in this communication. Various vibrational bands were identified in the infrared spectra spanning 400–1200 cm−1. On the basis of shift in these bands, it was inferred that the glass network undergoes a noticeable change after 50 mol% of rubidium content. The analysis of the electrical modulus data is carried out using Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) equation which describes the relaxation behavior of the mobile species. The variation of stretching parameter β with respect to alkali element concentration is analyzed on the basis of a combined effect of alkali ion distance and molar volume. It is found that the coupling between the mobile ions is better at 50 mol% of the alkali mixture when compared with single alkali concentrations. The contributions from fast and slow types of relaxation mechanisms were determined.

Influence of addition of KOH on the yield and characteristics of humic acids extracted from lignite using NaOH

In this study, humic acids (HAs) were extracted from Chinese lignite by adding KOH to a NaOH solution. The extraction yield of HAs was found to improve because of the synergistic effect imparted by the alkali mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The maximum yield was obtained at 150 min by adding the mixture of 0.750 M NaOH + 0.710 M KOH to Xianfeng lignite at 80 °C. The potassium (K), sodium (Na), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and iron (Fe) contents were determined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and proximate and ultimate analysis. The oxygen-containing functional groups in HAs were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The addition of KOH resulted in higher oxygen/carbon and nitrogen/carbon ratios and oxygen-containing functional groups, as compared with that in NaOH alone. The extractants containing KOH could release HAs with a higher proportion of K, Fe, N contents, which is beneficial for HAs fertilizers prepared from the lignite. The release of the nutrients (K, Fe, N) which are essential for the crops is determined by the KOH dosages.

Solubility of Rare Earth Oxides in Fused Alkali and Alkaline Earth Halides

Melts based on mixtures of alkali and/or alkaline earth halides are considered as prospective media for electrowinning rare earth metals as well as for pyrochemical reprocessing spent nuclear fuels. Fluoride or mixed fluoride-chloride baths can be operated at high temperatures yielding molten rare earth metals (REMs) thus simplifying separation of the metal and salt. One of the problems in using fluoride melts is possible formation of fluorine at the anode. This can be avoided by adding a rare earth oxide to the melt both as the source of REM and oxide ions. The latter will be oxidized to oxygen producing carbon mono- or dioxide at the anode. The limiting factor for feeding the electrolysis bath with REM oxides is their solubility in the halide melt.The aim of the present study was determining the effect of temperature and melt composition on solubility of REM oxides in fused halides. The experiments were performed in CaCl2–CaF2 mixtures containing 20 or 75 mol. % CaF2; BaCl2–BaF2 mixtures containing 15 or 73 mol. % BaF2; equimolar CaF2–BaF2 mixture and NaCl–NaF eutectic mixture (34 mol. % NaF). Solubility of REM oxides was determined by the method of isothermal saturation. Time required for reaching the equilibrium between solid REM oxides and fused salts was determined in a preliminary set of experiments. To compare the behavior of 4f- and 5f-elements, solubility of uranium dioxide was also measured.The measurements were performed at the temperatures up to 1400 oC under argon atmosphere. The lower limit of the temperature range varied from 700 to 1100 oC depending on the melting temperatures of the salt mixtures used. Oxides of yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium and samarium were selected for the study. To assess a possible mutual influence of rare earth elements on solubility of their oxides in fused salts the solubility of a mixture of REM oxides was determined in a separate series of experiments and concentrations of individual REMs in the melt was determined.Solubility of REM oxides increased with increasing temperature and an example of effect of temperature on solubility of neodymium oxide in various melts is shown in Fig.Fig. Concentration of neodymium in alkali and alkaline halide based melts saturated with Nd2O3. Melt: CaCl2–CaF2 20 mol. % (1); CaCl2–CaF2 75 mol. % (2); BaCl2–BaF2 73 mol. % (3); BaCl2–BaF2 15 mol. % (4); CaF2–BaF2 50 mol. % (5; and NaCl–NaF 34 mol. % (6). Figure 1

One pot fusion route for the synthesis of zeolite 4A using kaolin

A new process route for obtaining zeolite 4A from kaolin was realized by subjecting all raw materials needed for hydrothermal synthesis to thermal activation in one pot method. For that purpose, different routes of activation steps for kaolin, which are metakaolinization, alkali fusion and one pot fusion were investigated for a wide range of kaolin sources in order to obtain zeolite 4A product with highest crystallinity. The influence of Si/Al ratio in addition to the chemical composition of raw kaolin, i.e. quartz and iron impurity content, on the product 4A was investigated following all three activation routes. It was found that alkali fusion process allows incorporation of quartz as silicon source during the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite 4A, which may result in a variety of products such as zeolite P and zeolite 13X. In this study, a novel approach was developed by thermal activation of a mixture of kaolin, alkali and alumina sources at once in one pot route, which was followed by hydrothermal synthesis. The current study indicates the possibility of adjusting Si/Al ratio adding Al(OH)3 during the activation step in one pot fusion process, which resulted in synthetic zeolite 4A of higher than 90% crystallinity using low quality kaolin.

Solubility of Rare Earth Oxides in Fused Alkali and Alkaline Earth Halides

Solubility of rare earth oxides in mixtures of alkali or alkaline earth halides was determined by the method of isothermal saturation at the temperatures up to 1400oC. The melts studied included CaCl2–CaF2 (20 or 75 mol. % CaF2), BaCl2–BaF2 (15 or 73 mol. % BaF2), equimolar CaF2–BaF2 and eutectic NaCl–NaF mixtures. Melting points of the salt mixtures were determined by differential thermal analysis and effect of added rare earth oxide on the melting point was considered. Solubility of yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and samarium oxides was determined. The effect of temperature, melt composition, and presence of a mixture of rare earth oxides on solubility was assessed.

Decomposition performance of hypochlorite on bead-type NiOx(OH)y catalyst: improving applicability of catalysts.

An easy-to-use, pollution-free and reusable beaded NiOx(OH)y catalyst for improving hypochlorite oxidation was prepared by impregnating the mixture of persulfate and alkali over alumina and then reduced it with Ni2+. The effects of catalyst preparation conditions and reaction parameters on NaClO conversion rate and Ni2+ dissolution rate were studied. Impregnating the γ-Al2O3 beads in PS/OH- mixed solution with 0.59 M PS and PS/OH- molar ratio of 1.1, and then reducing with 0.8 M Ni2+ solution is the best condition for preparing catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The best catalytic layer is characterized by high content of chemisorbed oxygen which can be converted into atomic oxygen. The hypochlorite conversion rate increased with the catalyst dosage and reuse times, and decreased with available chlorine, while pH of hypochlorite solution had little effect on the conversion rate. After running stably for 120 h in continuous flow test, the chemisorbed oxygen content in the optimal catalytic layer decreased slightly. Atomic oxygen plays an important role in the decolorization of dye solution by NaClO/NiOx(OH)y system. The oxidant consumption cost of this process is much cheaper than Fenton reagent. The prepared catalyst has great potential in hypochlorite decomposition and wastewater treatment.

Metal recycling from waste memory modules efficiently and environmentally friendly by low-temperature alkali melts

Recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment has become an urgent global issue in recent years from the prospectives of resources recycling and environmental protection. In the present work, the recycling of waste memory modules (WMMs) through low-temperature alkali melts was investigated, based on the thermodynamic analysis of the nonmetallic reactions of brominated epoxy resin, glass fiber and memory chip with the molten mixed alkali. The effects of the reaction temperature and the ratio of alkali mixture on the removal rate of nonmetallic parts in WMMs were discussed under the condition of air atmosphere. The optimum process parameters were further confirmed by in-situ monitoring of the temperature during the whole reaction process. The mixtures with Cu, Fe and Ni as the main components were obtained after the treatment of WMMs in the molten alkali. These mixed metals were further separated into copper-rich and ferronickel-rich metals by physical magnetic separation. Moreover, the precious metals Au and Ag were enriched in Cu-rich alloys. This work provided an efficient and environment-friendly method for metal recycling from WMMs.