Supplementation Of Mixture Research Articles

Health Status of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Palm Kernel Cake with Enzyme Mixture Supplementation

Health Status of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Palm Kernel Cake with Enzyme Mixture Supplementation

A New Validated Method for Rapid Determination of OLEU Concentration in Dietary Supplements: Comparison with Total Phenol Content and Antioxidant Activity

The market for olive leaf dietary supplements is expanding rapidly and is valued at $437.15 million today. However, information on the control of these products is sketchy and the origin and variety of olives are rarely stated. The aim of this research was to validate a simple and rapid screening method for oleuropein determination in olive leaf dietary supplements. A matrix blank was prepared by removal of oleuropein from a mixture of dietary supplements and the matrix was then spiked with known concentrations to create a spiked matrix calibration curve in the range 5 - 40% oleuropein. Five replicate extractions and analyses of the matrix standards were carried out over 10 days. Precision was less than 6% RSD and linearity was demonstrated by the Fischer test. Extraction recovery was > 90% and there was a strong linear relationship between authentic and matrix standards. All tested products conformed to the label claim which was strongly correlated with total polyphenols measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH assay and was found to be strongly correlated with total phenol content and oleuropein concentration.

Enhancing the fermentation rate and aroma compounds of kiwi wine via the addition of nitrogen during the stationary phase

Nitrogen addition is a viable strategy for preventing sluggish or stuck fermentation and enhancing aroma profiles in the winemaking industry. Herein, nitrogen, in the form of amino acids mixture or diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP), was added at different fermentation periods to investigate its effects on the fermentation characteristics, non-volatile compounds and aroma profiles of kiwi wines. Both the amino acids mixture and DAP shortened fermentation time by 1–2 days and balanced organic acid proportion by reducing malic acid content and increasing citric acid content. Adding DAP significantly decreased higher alcohols content, whereas higher alcohols content was remarkably increased with amino acids mixture supplementation. Furthermore, nitrogen addition during the stationary phase was most conducive to synthesizing other beneficial aromas, especially acetate esters and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters (MCFAEEs), and improving the perception of tropical fruity and cream aromas in kiwi wines. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) results showed there was a tight correlation between amino acids and volatile compounds. This study provides an insight into the development of high-quality kiwi wine and should serve as the theoretical foundation to support the application of nitrogen addition in the wine industry.

Feed additives supplementation: a potential strategy to ameliorate heat stress in sheep

Abstract Given a significant climate-flexible and socio-economic role in developing nations, environmental heat stress imposes a major financial impact on sheep production systems globally endangering their production, reproduction, and growth. In this regard, the adverse effects of heat stress on sheep production systems have to be addressed through adoption of effective heat alleviation measures like animal management, nutritional management and genetic interventions of which the nutritional interventions seems to be the most cost effective way to alleviate heat stress. Nutritional manipulation for heat stress alleviation in sheep involves the use of antioxidant supplements (Vitamin B; Vitamin E and Selenium; Selenium; Zinc sulphate and folic acid; Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Zinc; Naringin; Opuntia ficus-indica f. inermis; Açai oil and Brown seaweed like Ascophyllum nodosum and Sargassum latifolium). Further, electrolyte supplements (Dietary Electrolyte Balance (DEB); Sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate; Sodium hydroxide) have a beneficial effect on thermal responses, respiratory activities, gas exchange parameters, rumen fermentation, blood buffering capacity and acid-base balance. The mineral mixture supplements (Mineral blocks; Mineral mixture and antioxidants; Chromium; Zinc) play a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of antioxidant defence system, immunity-related parameters, production, reproduction, feed digestibility and insulin sensitivity. Probiotic supplements (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cervisiae, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Megaspha eraelsdenii, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus oryzae, Schizochytrium limacinum, Trichoderma reesei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) improve lactational performance, dietary energy utilization and productivity. The probiotics (live Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide plus b-glucans) used in heat stress alleviation improve dietary energy utilisation. Furthermore, the vital role of herbal supplements (Rosemary, Cinnamon, Turmeric, Clove, Naringin, Chestnut tannins, Giloy stem powder, Curcumin, Rocket oil (watercress oil), Flaxseed, Cornus, Oregano, Thyme, Chamomile flowers, Moringa oleifera, Betaine) has been highlighted to promote feed intake, antioxidant status, growth performance, feed utilization, reproductive performance and immune response. Effective adoption of nutritional strategies can thus ensure sustainable sheep production in this changing climate scenario.

Data-driven contract design

We propose a prior-free model of incentive contracting in which the principal's beliefs about the agent's production technology are characterized by revealed preference data. The principal and the agent are each financially risk neutral and the agent's preferences are understood to be quasilinear in effort. Prior to contracting with the agent, the principal observes the output produced by a population of identical agents in best response to finitely many exogenously-specified contracts. She views any technology that rationalizes this data as plausible and evaluates contracts according to their guaranteed expected payoff against the set of all such technologies. This paper does four things. First, we characterize the set of technologies that are consistent with the revealed preference data. Second, we show that robustly optimal contracts are either empirical contracts or equity bonus contracts that supplement mixtures of contracts from the data with equity payments. Third, we provide conditions under which these optimal contracts append equity payments to only a single contract from the data. Fourth, and finally, we show that all of our results generalize without complication to a setting in which there might be arbitrary forms of unobserved heterogeneity within the population of agents.

Yeast mixture supplementation modulates faecal microbiota and ileum morphology of weaning pigs

Different yeast strains benefit postweaning piglets by promoting intestinal health. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a yeast mixture containing Kluyveromyces marxianus fragilis, Pichia guilliermondii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Vetoquinol italia s.r.l., Italy) on gut health parameters and growth performance traits of weaned piglets. Forty-eight postweaning castrated male piglets (27 ± 1.7 days, 7.19 ± 0.54 kg) were randomly allocated to two homogeneous experimental groups and involved in a 28-day trial. Both the groups received a basal diet with (yeast mixture, YM) or without (control, CTR) the inclusion of 0.8% yeast mixture during weeks 1 and 2, and 0.6% during weeks 3 and 4. Individual BW and box feed intake were determined on days 0, 14, and 28, and average daily gain and Gain:Feed ratio were subsequently calculated for each administration period (0–14, 14–28). Individual faecal samples were collected for microbiota analysis on days 4, 14, 21, and 28, and faecal score was evaluated on the same days. At the end of the trial, 12 piglets for each group were sacrificed, and ileal tissue was sampled for morphological analysis and the evaluation of mucins profile, using Alcian-Blue/Periodic Acid-Shiff (PAS) staining. On ileum samples, dividing and differentiated epithelial cells were also identified using proliferating cell nuclear antigen and alkaline phosphatase expression, respectively. Differences in the means between the experimental groups were determined by ANOVA, while the metataxonomics analyses were performed by sequencing for V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Growth performance traits were not different among the two experimental groups when considering the whole trial period, while treated animals showed increased faecal consistency on weeks 1 and 4 (P = 0.036 and 0.021, respectively). Yeast mixture administration increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium (P = 0.006) and Coprococcus 2 (P = 0.015), and decreased Clostridium Sensu Stricto 1 (P = 0.019) at all the considered timepoints. Ileum villous height, villous width, and crypt depth were significantly increased by yeast mixture supplementation (P = 0.019; P = 0.013; P = 0.036, respectively), while no differences were observed for the villous:crypt ratio among the groups. The mucin profile showed no differences among experimental groups for acid and neutral glycoconjugates. However, a higher presence of PAS-positive mucins was highlighted in the villi of YM piglets (P < 0.001) compared to CTR. Overall, the administration of a yeast mixture to postweaning piglets showed positive effects on gut health when compared to piglets not receiving the tested product, improving beneficial genera and intestinal morphology.

Efficacy of Supplementary Feeding of Bypass Fat and Area Specific Mineral Mixture on the Production and Reproductive Performance in Milch Buffaloes

Background: Bypass fat, also called rumen-protected fat, boosts dairy animals¢energy for better milk production and health. Mineral deficiency is a leading cause of poor growth, weakened immunity, lower milk yield and reproductive issues in dairy animals. Considering the aforementioned details, an on farm trial was undertaken at farmer’s field to assess the effectiveness of bypass fat and mineral mixture on overall performance of milch buffalo. Methods: Twenty lactating Murrah buffaloes reared under farmer's field were selected and distributed equally in two groups of ten buffaloes in each group, i.e. T1 (control) and T2 (supplementation bypass fat @ 100 g and minerals mixture @ 50 g/day/ buffalo beside the farmer practices). Result: The outcome of study revealed that the additional of bypass fat and a mineral mixture had no effect on the weights of the buffaloes undergoing the experiment. Supplementation of bypass fat and mineral mixture did not influence the DM intake (in terms of kg/d and DMI %) in lactating buffalo. The mean milk yield during supplementation period was determined 10.19 ±0.36 and 12.13±0.43 l/day in group T1 and T2, respectively; which was 19.04 per cent higher in group T2 than the control. The average length of the postpartum estrus cycle (62.20±5.86 days) and service period (82.49±7.46 days) was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in supplemented group than control (86.40±11.57 days and 131.00±12.33 days, respectively) at farmer¢s field. AI per conception was also observed to be significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in non-supplemented group than the supplemented group. AI per conceptions in supplemented group and control group was recorded 1.39±0.33 and 2.71±0.44, respectively. It could be inferred from the observations that the feeding of bypass fat and area-specific mineral mixture in the diet significantly (P less than 0.05) improved the yield of milk and its composition as well as postpartum reproductive performance in milch buffalo at farmer’s field.

Maternal probiotic mixture supplementation optimizes the gut microbiota structure of offspring piglets through the gut–breast axis

Delivery and weaning are major stressful events in sows and piglets, adversely affecting production and growth performance and causing economic losses to swine farms. Probiotics as safe antibiotic alternatives have great potential for use across all stages of livestock farming. Here, 18 pregnant sows from clinical farms randomly were divided into two groups: one fed a basal diet (CON group) and the other fed a basal diet plus a probiotic mixture CBB-mix (containing 1×1012 CFU/g of Lactobacillus johnsonii [CJ21], 1×109 CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis [BS15], and 1×109 CFU/g of Bacillus licheniformis [BL21]), for 20 days before delivery. The effects of maternal CBB-mix supplementation on sow colostrum metabolome and offspring piglets' clinical performance, immune status, and gut microbiota were investigated. Additionally, 177 piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups, including CC group (piglets and sows fed a basal diet, n = 40 from 5 litters), CP group (piglets fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix and sows fed the basal diet, n = 38 from 4 litters), PC group (piglets fed the basal diet and sows fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix, n = 50 from 4 litters), and PP group (both piglets and sows fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix, n = 49 from 5 litters). Among that, CP and PP groups were added CBB-mix in the creep feed from 11 days of age for 18 days to study the direct effects of CBB-mix on the growth performance of piglets. Maternal CBB-mix supplementation improved sow production performance, including litter size at birth and litter weight at birth (P < 0.05). Piglets born from CBB-mix-fed sows exhibited increased litter size at weaning and reduced diarrhea incidence from 1 to 10 days of age (P < 0.05). Additionally, systemic immune status and antioxidant capabilities were improved in both sows and piglets. Maternal CBB-mix supplementation reconstituted the gut microbiota structure and increased the Sobs index and Shannon index of fecal microbiota in both sows and piglets (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Clostridium_sensu_stricro_1 in sow feces was decreased after feeding CBB-mix (P < 0.05). In piglets, 10-day-old feces had relatively more Lactobacillus but less Escherichia-Shigella than 1-day-old feces (P < 0.05), indicating that maternal feeding CBB-mix alone affects the gut microbiota community of offspring piglets via the gut–breast axis. Piglets born from CBB-mix-fed sows had continuously decreased the relative abundance of fecal Escherichia-Shigella at 28 days of age (P < 0.05). Consistently, the metabolite profile in sow milk was also changed by CBB-mix. Colostrum metabolome showed that CBB-mix significantly regulated tryptophan metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Our data demonstrated that maternal CBB-mix supplementation effectively improved the production performance of sows and their offsprings' growth performance. Through the gut–breast axis (interaction between gut microbiota and mammary glands), feeding CBB-mix to sows impacted the gut microbiota of their offspring. This study provides strategy and evidence for maternal probiotic supplementation to improve immune status and gut microbiota homeostasis in response to delivery and weaning.

Supplementation of a Calcium-fish oil mixture in the diet on egg quality in Lohmann Brown laying hens

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of dietary calcium-fish oil (Ca-fish oil) mixture supplementation on egg quality in Lohmann Brown laying hens aged 45-53 weeks. This study used 160 Lohmann Brown laying hens aged 53 which were randomized into 4 types of treatment and 4 replications and each replication used 40 hens with homogeneous body weights. The four treatments were levels of shellfish meal in fish oil, namely 0%, 1.2%, 2.2% and 3.2% for treatments P0, P1, P2, and P3, respectively. The results showed that supplementation of a mixture of shellfish flour with fish oil significantly (P&lt;0.05) could increase egg weight, egg yolk color, egg white weight, egg yolk weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell color, pH and haugh unit. But, significantly different (P&lt;0.05) reduced fat and cholesterol levels in yolk. Meanwhile, the egg index and egg protein content were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05). Based on the research results, it can be concluded that supplementation of a Calcium-fish oil mixture in feed at the level of 1.2-3.2% is able to improve the physical and chemical quality of eggs, and can reduce fat and cholesterol levels in yolk in Lohman Brown laying hens.

Behavioral transcriptomic effects of triploidy and probiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus mixture) on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Aquaculturists use polyploid fish to maximize production albeit with some unintended consequences including compromised behaviors and physiological function. Given benefits of probiotic therapies (e.g., improved immune response, growth, and metabolism), we explored probiotic supplementation (mixture of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus), to overcome drawbacks. We first examined fish gut bacterial community composition using 16S metabarcoding (via principal coordinate analyses and PERMANOVA) and determined probiotics significantly impacted gut bacteria composition (p = 0.001). Secondly, we examined how a genomic disruptor (triploidy) and diet supplements (probiotics) impact gene transcription and behavioral profiles of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Juveniles from four treatment groups (diploid-regular feed, diploid-probiotic feed, triploid-regular feed, and triploid-probiotic feed; n = 360) underwent behavioral assays to test activity, exploration, neophobia, predator evasion, aggression/sociality, behavioral sensitivity, and flexibility. In these fish, transcriptional profiles for genes associated with neural functions (neurogenesis/synaptic plasticity) and biomarkers for stress response and development (growth/appetite) were (i) examined across treatments and (ii) used to describe behavioral phenotypes via principal component analyses and general linear mixed models. Triploids exhibited a more active behavioral profile (p = 0.002), and those on a regular diet had greater Neuropeptide Y transcription (p = 0.02). A growth gene (early growth response protein 1, p = 0.02) and long-term neural development genes (neurogenic differentiation factor, p = 0.003 and synaptysomal-associated protein 25-a, p = 0.005) impacted activity and reactionary profiles, respectively. Overall, our probiotic treatment did not compensate for triploidy. Our research highlights novel applications of behavioral transcriptomics for identifying candidate genes and dynamic, mechanistic associations with complex behavioral repertoires.

Follicular metabolic alterations are associated with obesity in mares and can be mitigated by dietary supplementation

Obesity is a growing concern in human and equine populations, predisposing to metabolic pathologies and reproductive disturbances. Cellular lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction play an important role in the pathologic consequences of obesity, which may be mitigated by dietary interventions targeting these processes. We hypothesized that obesity in the mare promotes follicular lipid accumulation and altered mitochondrial function of oocytes and granulosa cells, potentially contributing to impaired fertility in this population. We also predicted that these effects could be mitigated by dietary supplementation with a combination of targeted nutrients to improve follicular cell metabolism. Twenty mares were grouped as: Normal Weight [NW, n = 6, body condition score (BCS) 5.7 ± 0.3], Obese (OB, n = 7, BCS 7.7 ± 0.2), and Obese Diet Supplemented (OBD, n = 7, BCS 7.7 ± 0.2), and fed specific feed regimens for ≥ 6 weeks before sampling. Granulosa cells, follicular fluid, and cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected from follicles ≥ 35 mm during estrus and after induction of maturation. Obesity promoted several mitochondrial metabolic disturbances in granulosa cells, reduced L-carnitine availability in the follicle, promoted lipid accumulation in cumulus cells and oocytes, and increased basal oocyte metabolism. Diet supplementation of a complex nutrient mixture mitigated most of the metabolic changes in the follicles of obese mares, resulting in parameters similar to NW mares. In conclusion, obesity disturbs the equine ovarian follicle by promoting lipid accumulation and altering mitochondrial function. These effects may be partially mitigated with targeted nutritional intervention, thereby potentially improving fertility outcomes in the obese female.

A field study on supplementation of area specific mineral mixture (ASMM) on milk yield and composition of dairy animals

A field study on supplementation of area specific mineral mixture (ASMM) on milk yield and composition of dairy animals

Effect of supplementation of polyherbal mixture (Nargrophyt) on performance, blood and carcass indices of broiler chicken

Effect of supplementation of polyherbal mixture (Nargrophyt) on performance, blood and carcass indices of broiler chicken

Effect of supplementation of herbal mixture on milk production and its composition in crossbred cows

Effect of supplementation of herbal mixture on milk production and its composition in crossbred cows

Preventive effects of a nutraceutical mixture of berberine, citrus and apple extracts on metabolic disturbances in Zucker fatty rats.

The prevention of obesity represents a major health and socio-economic challenge. Nutraceuticals are regularly highlighted for their beneficial effects in preventing the metabolic disturbances associated with obesity. However, few studies have described the combined action of nutraceutical mixtures combining polyphenols with alkaloids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term dietary supplementation with a mixture of Berberine, Citrus and Apple extracts (BCA) in the primary prevention of obesity and its metabolic and vascular complications in the obese Zucker rat, a spontaneous model of genetic obesity and insulin resistance. Sixteen 8-week-old obese Zucker male rats were randomly divided into two groups: all rats received oral gavage daily either with water, untreated obese (U-ObZ) or BCA (BCA-ObZ) mixture for thirteen weeks. Morphological and metabolic parameters were measured along the study. Cumulative concentration-response curves to insulin, acetylcholine and phenylephrine were determined on isolated thoracic aorta. Colon permeability measurements were performed using the Ussing chamber technique. Fecal samples collected at the beginning and the end of the protocol were used as a template for amplification of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA genes. BCA supplementation reduced weight gain (p<0.05) and food intake (p<0.05) in the BCA-ObZ group rats compared to the U-ObZ group rats. It also improved glucose tolerance (p<0.001) and decreased fasting insulin and Homeostasis model assessment index (p<0.05). Through ex vivo experiments, the BCA mixture enhanced significantly aortic insulin relaxation (p<0.01), reduced α1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction (p<0.01), and decreased distal colon permeability. Moreover, short-chain fatty acid producers such as Bacteroides, Blautia, and Akkermansia were found to be increased by the BCA mixture supplementation. The results showed that a 13-week-supplementation with BCA mixture prevented weight gain and improved glucose metabolism in obese Zucker rats. We also demonstrated that BCA supplementation improved vascular function, colonic barrier permeability and gut microbiota profile.

Core fucosylation of maternal milk N-glycans imparts early-life immune tolerance through gut microbiota-dependent regulation in RORγt+ Treg cells.

Milk glycans play key roles in shaping and maintaining a healthy infant gut microbiota. Core fucosylation catalyzed by fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the major glycosylation pattern on human milk N-glycan, which was crucial for promoting the colonization and dominant growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. in neonates. However, the influence of core-fucose in breast milk on the establishment of early-life immune tolerance remains poorly characterized. In this study, we found that the deficiency of core-fucose in the milk of maternal mice caused by Fut8 gene heterozygosity (Fut8+/-) resulted in poor immune tolerance towards the ovalbumin (OVA) challenge, accompanied by a reduced proportion of intestinal RORγt+ Treg cells and the abundance of Lactobacillus spp., especially L. reuteri and L. johnsonii, in their breast-fed neonates. The administration of the L. reuteri and L. johnsonii mixture to neonatal mice compromised the OVA-induced allergy and up-regulated the intestinal RORγt+ Treg cell proportions. However, Lactobacillus mixture supplementation did not alleviate allergic responses in RORγt+ Treg cell-deficient mice caused by Rorc gene heterozygosity (Rorc+/-) post OVA challenge, indicating that the intervention effects depend on the RORγt+ Treg cells. Interestingly, instead of L. reuteri and L. johnsonii, we found that the relative abundance of another Lactobacillus spp., L. murinus, in the gut of the offspring mice was significantly promoted by intervention, which showed enhancing effects on the proliferation of splenic and intestinal RORγt+ Treg cells in in vitro studies. The above results indicate that core fucosylation of breast milk N-glycans is beneficial for the establishment of RORγt+ Treg cell mediated early-life immune tolerance through the manipulation of symbiotic bacteria in mice.

Consumption of poly-γ-glutamate-vitamin B6 supplement and urinary microbiota profiles in Korean healthy adults: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled intervention study.

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural polymer found in fermented soybean products, has been reported to play a prebiotic role in the gut. This intervention study investigated the effects of γ-PGA-containing supplement consumption on urinary microbiota in healthy adults because of limited data on such investigation. A 4-week parallel trial including 39 male and female Korean adults, who were free of chronic diseases and infection, was designed as a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. A total of 30 participants completed the study wherein the intervention group (n = 17) received a mixture supplement containing 600 mg/day of γ-PGA and 100 mg/day of vitamin B6, while the control group (n = 13) received a placebo. Paired datasets (baseline and endpoint data) of microbiota profiles, which were constructed via urinary assays of microbe-derived extracellular vesicles, were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Only the intervention group yielded significant results for the Bray-Curtis and Jaccard dissimilarity indices between baseline and endpoint data (P < 0.05). In the phylum-level analysis of microbial composition, the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (FB ratio) tended to decrease from baseline in the intervention group; however, it increased in the control group. Differences between the baseline and endpoint FB ratios were significant between the two groups (P < 0.05). This study's findings suggest that γ-PGA-vitamin B6 supplementation potentially alters the microbial community composition of a host. Further investigation into the biological consequences of commensal microbiota alteration by γ-PGA-containing supplement consumption is warranted.

The role of CE16 exo-deacetylases in hemicellulolytic enzyme mixtures revealed by the biochemical and structural study of the novel TtCE16B esterase

Acetyl esterases belonging to the carbohydrate esterase family 16 (CE16) is a growing group of enzymes, with exceptional diversity regarding substrate specificity and regioselectivity. However, further insight into the CE16 specificity is required for their efficient biotechnological exploitation. In this work, exo-deacetylase TtCE16B from Thermothelomyces thermophila was heterologously expressed and biochemically characterized. The esterase targets positions O-3 and O-4 of singly and doubly acetylated non-reducing-end xylopyranosyl residues, provided the presence of a free vicinal hydroxyl group at position O-4 and O-3, respectively. Crystal structure of TtCE16B, the first representative among the CE16 enzymes, in apo- and product-bound form, allowed the identification of residues forming the catalytic triad and oxyanion hole, as well as the structural elements related to the enzyme preference for oligomers. The role of TtCE16B in hemicellulose degradation was investigated on acetylated xylan from birchwood and pre-treated beechwood biomass. TtCE16B exhibited complementary activity to commercially available OCE6 acetylxylan esterase. Moreover, it showed synergistic effects with SrXyl43 β-xylosidase. Overall, supplementation of xylan-targeting enzymatic mixtures with both TtCE16B and OCE6 esterases led to a 3-fold or 4-fold increase in xylose release, when using TmXyn10 and TtXyn30A xylanases respectively.

Effects of the Supplementation of Essential Oil Mixtures on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Immune Status and Microbial Community in Weaned Piglets

Since essential oils—such as cinnamaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol—have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, this study aimed to examine the supplementation of different essential oil mixtures together with 1600 mg/kg zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, serum immune indices, fecal volatile fatty acids, and microflora structure in weaned piglets. A total of 240 weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with an average body weight of 8.85 ± 0.21 kg were randomly allocated to 30 pens (6 pens per diet, 4 males and 4 females per pen). Five different experimental diets were prepared and administered for 28 days: (i) a control diet (C), a corn–soybean basal diet without antibiotics, ZnO, or a supplementation of growth promoters; (ii) a control diet with 400 mg/kg essential oil mixtures 1 (EOM1); (iii) a control diet supplemented with ZnO at 1600 mg/kg (Z); (iv) a diet incorporating the Z diet with the addition of essential oil mixtures 1 at 400 mg/kg (ZOM1); and (v) a diet incorporating the Z diet with the addition of essential oil mixtures 2 at 400 mg/kg (ZOM2). During day (d) 14–28 and d 1–28 of the experiment, the average daily gain (ADG) in piglets in the ZOM1 and ZOM2 groups were higher (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the C group. The diarrhea incidence of the Z, ZOM1, and ZOM2 groups were significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05), and the piglets of the ZOM1 group exhibited the lowest diarrhea incidence throughout the trial period. Additionally, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, organic matter (OM), and ether extract (EE) were higher than those fed the Z diet, and higher levels of NDF, ADF, and crude protein (CP) were observed in groups other than those fed the ZOM1 diet (p &lt; 0.01). On d 14, the pigs fed EOM1 and ZOM2 diets showed a somewhat lower (p &lt; 0.1) immunoglobulin G (lgG) level in serum than those fed the C diet. Additionally, the IL-8 level in serum in the ZOM1 group tended to be higher than that in the other groups (p &lt; 0.1). The piglets fed the ZOM1 diet showed a tendency of lower (p = 0.05) acetate concentration in feces on d 14. Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in the composition of fecal microbial communities among the groups. Dietary EOM1 significantly increased the number of fecal bacteroides (p &lt; 0.05) and tended to increase the number of Prevotella (p &lt; 0.1). Therefore, EOM1 combined with 1600 mg/kg ZnO tends to reduce diarrhea incidence, tends to improve the fecal microbial community structure and growth performance of weaned piglets, and has the potential to replace pharmacological dosages of ZnO.

305 Dietary Carbohydrase Mixture Supplementation and Fiber Levels on Ileal Digestibility of Nutrients in Diets for Gestating Sows

Abstract Supplementation of multi-carbohydrase enzyme cocktails can increase nutrient digestibility of fibrous diets in grower pigs, particularly acting on dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Although NSP degrading enzymes are extensively used in sow diets, there is little data characterizing the NSP enzyme effects. Our previous work demonstrated a 10% increase in nutrient digestibility in diets fed to gestating sows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a carbohydrase mixture (CM) and dietary fiber level on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of protein and amino acids (AA) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of NSP in gestation diets fed to pregnant sows. Ileal cannulas were placed in 12 gestating sows (Parity 0 to 2) who were allowed to recover for 1 week, then assigned to either a high (HF; 17.5% NDF) or low fiber (LF; 10% NDF) diet with one of 3 levels of CM supplementation (‘0’, ‘0.08’, and ‘0.10’%) or a nitrogen-free diet to determine ileal endogenous AA losses. Diets were corn-soybean meal based with soyhulls and corn DDGS as fiber sources and formulated to reflect industry-relevant diets. Thus, oil was included at 3% in HF to maintain similar formulated metabolizable energy content. Sows were fed once daily at 2.2 kg/d. Ileal digesta samples were collected for 12 h on 2 successive days following a 7-day adaptation period. At the end of digesta collection, sows were assigned a different diet in a new adaptation/digesta collection period. There were 5 collection periods for a total of 8 observations/diet. Digesta was analyzed for crude protein, amino acids, NSP, and titanium as the indigestible marker to determine AID and SID. There was no interaction between diet fiber level and CM supplementation. Carbohydrase mixture supplementation to gestating sow diets did not impact SID of crude protein and AA regardless of dietary fiber level. The SID of His, Ile, Lys, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val were 3 to 6% lower (P &amp;lt; 0.09) in HF than LF independent of CM. There was no impact of fiber level on the average SID of amino acids in gestating sow diets which was 83.5%. Supplementation of CM did not impact AID of NSP components, but sows fed HF had greater AID of arabinose (LF: 26.5% vs HF: 40.6%), xylose (LF: 3.5% vs HF: 40.9%), and total NSP (LF: 25.9% vs HF: 40.0%) compared with sows fed LF (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Inclusion of CM in high fibrous gestating sow diets did not increase the SID of AA or AID of NSP, but a high fiber gestation diet reduced SID of AA. As such, differences in SID of AA should be considered when formulating high fibrous diets for gestating sows.