Mixture Of Stigmasterol Research Articles

New flavanone and other constituents from erythrina senegalensis A. DC. (fabaceae)

The chemical investigation of the methanol trunk bark extract of Erythrina senegalensis led to the isolation of a new flavanone, 5,7,4’-trihydroxy-3’,5’-bis(3-methylbutadienyl)flavanone (trivially named senegalensisnone) (1), together with seven known compounds, abyssinone-V-4’-O-methyl ether (2), abyssinone V (3), Calopocarpin (4), genistein (5) mixture of stigmasterol (6) and β-sitosterol (7) and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8). The structures of the isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses (1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS) and by comparison with previously reported data. The absolute configuration of 1 was deduced based on comparison of its experimental CD with that of similar compound. All the compounds were tested for their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. Compound 4 displayed weak antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteritidis with MIC value of 62.5 μg/mL. All the isolates were found to be inactive as antioxidant agents in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays.

Isolation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Constituent(s) from the Stem of Cissus populnea Guill. & Perr.

Cissus populnea Guill. & Perr. (Vitaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat microbial infections, venereal diseases and infertility, among others. The aim of this research is to isolate and characterize the antimicrobial constituent(s) from the stem of C. populnea. The n-butanol fraction of C. populnea, being most active, was subjected to silica gel column chromatography, which led to the isolation of white solid and white crystalline substances coded compounds C1 and C4C5, respectively. Spectral analysis (1D and 2D-NMR) of the isolated compounds and comparison with the literature data indicated C1 to be Bis-(2-ethyloctyl)-phthalate and C4C5 to be a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol; C4C5 exhibited a zone of inhibition ranging from 24 to 29 mm against the test organisms with Candida albicans being the most sensitive organism while Trichophyton rubrum was the least sensitive organism. Of the standard drugs, ciprofloxacin had 27–37 mm while fluconazole and fulcin exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 34 mm to 29–32 mm, respectively. The MIC and MBC/MFC values for C4C5 ranges from 12.5 to 25.0 µg/cm3 and 25.0 to 50.0 µg/cm3 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus. aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophyte, respectively. In conclusion, Bis-(-(2-ethyloctyl)-phthalate) and a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were identified for the first time from the stem of C. populnea.

Bioactive constituents from Trichilia dregeana Sond. (Meliaceae)

The chemical investigation of the methanolic leaf extract of Trichilia dregeana Sond. led to the isolation of a hitherto unreported cycloartane-type triterpene, dregeanol (1), together with nine known compounds, (3β,23E)-9,19-cyclolanosta-23,25-dien-3-ol (2), 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-23-one (3), 6β-hydroxystigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one (4), lyoniresinol (5), maslinic acid (6), asperphernamate (7), mixture of stigmasterol (8) and β-sitosterol (9) and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10). The structures of the isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses (1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS) and by comparison with previously reported data. Compounds 2 and 6 showed significant antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis, res­pectively, with MIC value of 31.25 μg/mL, whilst they displayed moderate antifungal effect with MIC value of 62.5 μg/mL against Candida albicans. All the isolates except compound 3 were found to possess a weak antioxidant potential in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays.

Chemical Constituents of Macaranga grandifolia

The chemical analysis of dichloromethane (DCM) extract of Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr. resulted in the isolation and identification of several compounds. From the leaves, vedelianin (1), squalene (2), β-carotene (3) and polyprenol (4) were isolated. The barks contained a mixture of stigmasterol (5a) and β-sitosterol (5b). Additionally, the fruits yielded saturated fatty acid (6). The elucidation of structure 1 was accomplished through the utilization of comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques. The identification of the structures of compounds 2-6 was achieved through a comparative analysis of their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data with the literature data.

Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of an Indigenous Plant of Bangladesh, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.: Drug Discovery from Nature.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (Family: Asteraceae) is a tropical Asian medicinal plant found in Thailand, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. It has long been utilized to treat a variety of health concerns in numerous countries around the world, such as renal discomfort, constipation, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, and hypertension. The chemical investigation resulted in the isolation and characterization of six compounds from the methanol (MeOH) extract of the leaves of Gynura procumbens, which were identified as phytol (1), lupeol (2), stigmasterol (3), friedelanol acetate (4), β-amyrin (5), and a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (6). In-depth investigations of the high-resolution 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic data from the isolated compounds, along with comparisons to previously published data, were used to clarify their structures. Among these, the occurrence of Compounds 1 and 4 in this plant are reported for the first time. The crude methanolic extract (CME) and its different partitionates, i.e., petroleum ether (PESF), chloroform (CSF), ethyl acetate (EASF), and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions, were subjected to antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and anti-diabetic activities. In a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, EASF showed the maximum activity, with an IC50 value of 10.78 µg/mL. On the other hand, CSF displayed the highest cytotoxic effect with an LC50 value of 1.94 µg/mL compared to 0.464 µg/mL for vincristine sulphate. In a thrombolytic assay, the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest activity (63.77%) compared to standard streptokinase (70.78%). During the assay for anti-diabetic activity, the PESF showed 70.37% of glucose-lowering activity, where standard glibenclamide showed 63.24% of glucose-reducing activity.

Two new secondary metabolites with antibacterial activities from Conyza aegyptiaca (Asteraceae)

The bio guided fractionation of the dichloromethane/methanol (1:1) crude extract of the air-dried whole plant of C. aegyptiaca led to the isolation of one new flavone derivative designated conyflavone (1) and one new clerodane diterpene type designated conyclerodane (2) along with five known compounds including two flavonoids Gardenin C (3), chrysosplenetin (4) and two steroids glucoside of β-sitosterol (5), the mixture of stigmasterol (6) and β-sitosterol (6′) and ent-2b,18,19trihydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide (7). The structures were established by spectroscopic methods including IR, 1D and 2D NMR in conjunction with mass spectroscopy and by comparison to data of related compounds described in literature. The stereocentres in compound 2 were determined by SC-XRD analysis. Crude extract as well as fractions and pure compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antibacterial activities against four pathogenic and two clinical isolate strains using microdilution methods. Extracts and compounds displayed a moderate antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 125 to 500 µg/mL.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of compounds isolated from the leaves of Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) and their chemophenetic significance

The phytochemical study was done on the methanol extract from of the leaves of Symphonia globulifera. This plant has been used in traditional medicine to treat of different ailments such as malaria, diseases of the skin, diabetes, cough, intestinal worms, pre-hepatic jaundice and fever. Chromatographic fractionation and purification of this extract led to the isolation and characterization of twelve compounds (1–12) including pristriol (1), robustaflavone (2), polycarpol (3), 7''-O-methylrobustaflavone (4), amentoflavone (5), stigmasterol glucoside (6), epicatechin (7), apigenin (8), luteolin (9), 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone (10), β-sitosterol 3-β-D-glucopyranoside (11) and a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (12). The structures of compounds 1–12 were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectrometric and the spectroscopic data as well as comparison with the literature. All these compounds were isolated for the first time from Symphonia genus. The NMR spectra and structure elucidation of compound 1 were reported for the first in the literature. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of three of these compounds were evaluated. The chemophenetic significance of these compounds is also discussed.

Chemical constituents of two Cameroonian medicinal plants: Sida rhombifolia L. and Sida acuta Burm. f. (Malvaceae) and their antiplasmodial activity

An extensive phytochemical investigation of the EtOH/H2O (7:3) extracts of Sida rhombifolia L. and Sida acuta Burm. f., yielded a previously undescribed ceramide named rhombifoliamide (1) and a xylitol dimer (2), naturally isolated here for the first time, as well as the thirteen known compounds viz, oleanolic acid (3), β-amyrin glucoside (4), ursolic acid (5), β-sitosterol glucoside (6), tiliroside (7), 1,6-dihydroxyxanthone (8), a mixture of stigmasterol (9) and β-sitosterol (10), cryptolepine (11), 20-Hydroxyecdysone (12), (E)-suberenol (13), thamnosmonin (14) and xanthyletin (15). Their structures were elucidated by the analyses of their spectroscopic and spectrometric data (1 D and 2 D NMR, and HRESI-MS) and by comparison with the previously reported data. The crude extracts, fractions, and some isolated compounds were tested against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) Plasmodium falciparum strains. All the tested samples demonstrated moderate and/or significant activities against 3D7 (IC50 values: 0.18―20.11 µg/mL) and Dd2 (IC50 values: 0.74―63.09 µg/mL).

Two New Antiprotozoal Diterpenes From the Roots of Acacia nilotica.

The powdered roots of the medicinal plant Acacia nilotica were extracted with hexane and ethyl acetate, and the extracts were subjected to column chromatography for the isolation of potentially bioactive compounds and their screening against kinetoplastid pathogens. NMR and HREI mass spectrometric analyses identified two new diterpenes, characterized as 16, 19-dihydroxycassa-12-en-15-one (Sandynone, 1) and (5S, 7R, 8R, 9R, 10S, 13Z, 17S)-7,8:7,17:16,17-triepoxy-7,8-seco-cassa-13-ene (niloticane B, 2). The previously reported (5S,7R,8R,9R,10S) -(-)-7,8-seco-7, 8-oxacassa-13,15-diene-7,17-diol (3), (5S,7R,8R,9R,10S) -(-)-7,8-seco-7, 8-oxacassa-13,15-dien-7-ol-17-al (4), and (5S,7R,8R,9R,10S) -(-)-7,8-seco-7, 8-oxacassa-13,15-dien-7-ol (5) a, mixture of stigmasterol (6a) and sitosterol (6b), and lupeol (7) were also isolated. Several column fractions displayed significant activity against a panel of Trypanosoma and Leishmania spp., and from the most active fraction, compound 4 was isolated with high purity. The compound displayed high activity, particularly against T. brucei, T. evansi, and L. mexicana (0.88–11.7 µM) but only a modest effect against human embryonic kidney cells and no cross-resistance with the commonly used melaminophenyl arsenical and diamidine classes of trypanocides. The effect of compound 4 against L. mexicana promastigotes was irreversible after a 5-h exposure, leading to the sterilization of the culture between 24 and 48 h.

Ficusanolide A and ficusanolide B, two new cinnamic acid derivative stereoisomers and other constituents of the stem barks of Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae)

Phytochemical investigation of the stem barks of Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae) led to the isolation of two new cinnamic acid derivatives stereoisomers, named ficusanolide A (1) and ficusanolide B (2) along with twelve known compounds: ficusanol (3), umbelliferone-6-carboxylic acid (4), oxypeucedanin hydrate (5), marmesin (6), decursinol (7), β-amyrin acetate (8), lupeol (9), betulinic acid (10), ursolic acid (11), a mixture of stigmasterol (12) and β-sitosterol (13), sitosteryl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14); and one hemisynthetic derivative : per acetylated betulinic acid (15). Their structures were established by the means of their physical data (melting point, rotatory power), their spectroscopic data, particularly IR, NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HSQC and HMBC) data, and HR-ESIMS data. Crude extract, compounds 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, as well as the semisynthetic derivative 15 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on the human cervix carcinoma cell line KB-3−1 and the human colon cancer cell line HT-29. Ursolic acid 11 showed a moderate activity on both cancer cells tested with IC50s of 50.9 μM and 34.4 μM respectively.

A new isoquinoline and ceramide from the stem barks of Discoglypremna caloneura (Pax) Prain (Euphorbiaceae) with antiproteinase and cytotoxic activities

Two new compounds, an isoquinoline (1) and caloneuramide (2), a ceramide were isolated from the stem bark of Discoglypremna caloneura together with seven known compounds namely aurantiamide acetate (3), acetylaleuritolic acid (4), 3α-hydroxylaleuritolic acid 2α-p-hydroxybenzoate (5), mixture of stigmasterol (6) and β-sitosterol (7), mixture of 7-oxo-stigmasterol (8) and 7-oxo-β-sitosterol (9). Their structures were determined based on data from literature and spectroscopic methods. Derivatization reactions on the isoquinoline led to two new compounds, the methylated (10) and acetylated (11) derivatives. Some compounds and extracts were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antiproteinase activity. Antiproteinase effect of compounds 1, 10 and 11 exhibited IC50 values of 10.77, 1.19 and 3.61 μg/mL respectively; significantly low compared to the standard drug, acetyl salicylic acid (IC50 = 20.28 μg/mL). Ethyl acetate and methanol extract exhibited moderate cytotoxicity activity on Chang liver cells with CC50 values of 167.90 ± 2.20 and 106.30 ± 2.03 μg/mL compared to the reference drug cucurmin (CC50 = 11.05 ± 1.04 μg/mL).

Chemical constituents from Psychotria arborea Hiern (Rubiaceae)

The chemical study of the stems extract of Psychotria arborea Hiern led to the isolation of thirteen compounds, including four anthraquinones: 2-methylanthracene-9,10-dione (1), 2-methoxyanthracene-9,10-dione (2), 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthracene-9,10-dione (3) and 3-hydroxy-1-methoxy-2-methylanthracene-9,10-dione (4); two diterpenes: ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (5) and 15-acetoxy-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (6); two triterpenes, β-amyrin (8) and oleanolic acid (9), one flavonoid: Quercetin (7), three sterols: A mixture of stigmasterol (10) and β-sitosterol (11) and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12) and one fatty acid (13). The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on NMR and HR-ESIMS analysis, further supported by comparison with previously reported spectral data. Compounds 1–4 and compounds 10–12 were tested for their antibacterial activity against three bacteria strains Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. All these tested compounds were found to be inactive. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of the obtained compounds was discussed in detail.

Antifungal potential of extracts, fractions and compounds from Uvaria comperei (Annonaceae) and Oxyanthus unilocularis (Rubiaceae)

Phytochemical study of Uvaria comperei afforded an alkaloid, 8,9-dimethoxy-5H-phenanthridin-6-one (1), isolated and characterised (assignment of 1H and 13C NMR) for the first time from a natural source along with two flavonoids, (2S)-5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone (2) and (2S)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6,8-dimethylflavone (3). Clethric acid (4), oleanoic acid (5), β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), β-sitosterol palmitate (6) and a mixture of stigmasterol (7) and β-sitosterol (8) were isolated from Oxyanthus unilocularis. The structures of these compounds were elucidated using modern spectroscopic techniques including1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC) and Mass Spectrometry. Some fractions and compounds from Uvaria comperei exhibited good antifungal activity against clinical isolates and standard strains of yeast species of Candida and Cryptococcus genera while extracts from Oxyanthus unilocularis displayed weak antifungal activity. The results obtained show that Uvaria comperei could be a potential source of antifungal drugs.

Antibacterial Flavonoids and Other Compounds from the Aerial Parts of Vernonia guineensis Benth. (Asteraceae).

An extensive phytochemical study of the aerial parts of Vernonia guineensis Benth. (Asteraceae) led to the isolation of a new flavone, vernoguinoflavone and a naturally isolated glycerol ester, eicosanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediyl ester, together with eighteen known secondary metabolites including quercetin, luteolin, vernopicrin, vernomelitensin, β-amyrin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, lupeol, betulinic acid, β-carotene, a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl heptacosanoate, pentacosanoic acid, docosan-1-ol, tritriacontan-1-ol, and heptatriacontan-1-ol. Eleven compounds are reported herein for the first time from this species. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, particularly 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS and by comparison of their data with those reported in the literature. The crude extract, fractions and some isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Shigella flexineri (NR 518), Salmonella muenchen, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 19430). All the tested compounds demonstrated inhibitory activities against the tested enteric bacteria with MIC values ranging from 3.12 to 100 μg/ml. Three flavonoids isolated from the most active fraction demonstrated the best bioactivities against Escherichia coli, Salmonella muenchen and Salmonella typhimurium with MIC values ranging from 3.12 to 25 μg/mL.

Assessment of in vitro anthelmintic activity and bio-guided chemical analysis of BRS Boyrá pineapple leaf extracts

Species of the Bromeliaceae are known for their pharmacological actions, including anthelmintic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of extracts and fractions of BRS Boyrá pineapple leaf against the eggs and infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes (Trichostrongylidae) of goats and to identify the compounds involved in this activity. Crude methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and residual hydromethanol extracts were investigated by quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. The extracts were submitted to chromatographic methods for substance isolation and spectrometric techniques to identify their structures. The anthelmintic activity was performed by in vitro assays with eggs and larvae of nematodes obtained from naturally infected donor goats. All extracts contained phenolic (2.22–14.12 g of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of dry extract) and flavonoid compounds (0.13–1.45 g of quercetin equivalent per 100 g of dry extract). Bio-guided fractionation of the BRS Boyrá pineapple leaves showed high antioxidant activity (EC50 for DPPH of 2.16–21.38 mg mL−1 and inhibition of co-oxidation of β-carotene of 36.40–74.86%) and anthelmintic activity (15.69–100% inhibition of egg hatching). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited greatest activity in all assays. Through chromatographic column analysis it was possible to isolate three substances: β-sitosterol and stigmasterol mixture in dichloromethane and hexane extracts, identified by NMR and p-coumaric acid in the ethyl acetate extract, identified by HPLC-DAD. The isolated p-coumaric acid exhibited high ovicidal effect against goat gastrointestinal nematodes (IC50: 0.12 mg mL−1) and can be considered the active substance of the ethyl acetate extract. This study revealed for the first time that the pineapple BRS Boyrá possesses inhibitory activity against gastrointestinal nematodes (Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichostrongylus spp.), and that p-coumaric acid is an important bioactive.

Effects of an ethanolic extract and fractions from Piper glabratum (Piperaceae) leaves on pain and inflammation

In the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Piper glabratum leaves are used as a popular medicine for pain and inflammation. We performed a phytochemical analysis and evaluated the effects of ethanolic extract (EEPG) obtained from leaves of P. glabratum on toxicity as well as the effects of application of the hexanic fraction (HXPG) and the hydroalcoholic fraction (HAPG) obtained from the EEPG on inflammatory parameters and pain in mice. Swiss mice were treated with EEPG (30–300 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)), HXPG (19.5 mg/kg b.w.) or HAPG (83.37 mg/kg b.w.) and then subjected to carrageenan-induced pleurisy and paw oedema tests, the spontaneous pain, and zymosan-induced intra-articular inflammation. Wistar rats were treated with EEPG to assess acute toxicity. Phytochemical analysis of the fractions demonstrated the presence of phytol and mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in the fractions. In the acute toxicity test, LD50 above 2000 mg/kg b.w. was observed. The treatments reduced oedema, cold and mechanical hyperalgesia, leukocyte migration and protein exudation. The antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of EEPG and fractions were demonstrated in the present study. These results from EEPG and HXPG may be related, at least in part, to modulation of the inflammatory mediators by phytol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol.

Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Ochna thomasiana

Abstract. Muema MJ, Machocho AK, Gikonyo NK. 2018. Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Ochna thomasiana. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 18: 29-41. Infectious diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide despite the vigorous campaigns that have been made to combat them. This study aimed at the determination and evaluation of the biological activities of Ochna thomasiana Engl. & Gilg ex Gilg. Here, we screened the plant extracts and tested for their antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi (clinical isolate), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Various chromatographic techniques separated and isolated the active compounds from this plant. The extracts were purified using silica gel, column chromatography (CC), Sephadex gel, and preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC). Structure characterization was determined using standard spectroscopic methods: Infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy (MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), coherence spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC) and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC). Compounds identified from the extracts are Lophirone A (18), afzelone D dimethyl ether (20), calodenone (17), a mixture of stigmasterol (74) and ?-sitosterol (23) and 3?-acetyl-24-ethylfriedelane (75). The stem and root bark of methanol crude extracts showed high activity against the Gram-positive bacteria. Lophirone A, afzelone D dimethyl ether, and 3?-acetyl-24- ethylfriedelane showed high activity against S. aureus. The results showed the root of O. thomasiana contains biflavonoids, and some sterols as its constituents and their antimicrobial activity are significant and is a lead towards the development of antimicrobial agents. The essential bioactive compounds and the antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts of this plant confirms its use in traditional medicine. However, there is a need to test the effectiveness of the crude extracts and isolated compounds via in vivo and in vitro evaluation. The plant species should be cultivated using good agricultural practices for medicinal plants for the future assessment of their activity against pathogens.

ISOLATION OF A NEW TRITERPENOIDAL ESTER, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF TWO SPP. OF EUPHORBIA (EUPHORBIACEAE) GROWN IN EGYPT

Abstract: Phytochemical study of the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias and Euophorbia geniculata belonging to family (Euophorbiaceae) grown in Egypt was carried out. This study revealed the isolation of eighteen compounds: β-amyrin (1), β-sitosterol and Stigmasterol mixture (2 & 3), Cholesterol (4), Campesterol (5), (Erythradiol, Ovaol and Betulinol mixture)( 6-8), 23-acetyl-3- methyl-oleanolic acid (9) and β-Sitosterol–3-O-glucoside (10) were isolated from dichloromethane fraction of E. paralias. While the compounds 1 to 5 and 10 were isolated from E. geniculata. The ethyl acetate fraction of E. paralias L. afforded the isolation of Gallic acid (11), Ellagic acid (12), Querecetin-3-glucopyranoside (13) and Querecetin -3-arabinoside (14), kaempferol-3-(6''-(2'''-galloyl-glucopyranoside) (15). While compounds 11 to 14 in addition to Querecetin-3-rutinoside (rutin) (16), Querecetin-3-rhamnoside (17), and Querecetin (18) were isolated from E. geniculata Ortega. Compound 9 (23-acetyl-3-methyl-oleanolic acid) was isolated for the first time from the nature. Biological activities were carried out including cytotoxic and antiviral and antimicrobial activities of the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of E. paralias L. and E. geniculata Ortega revealing significant antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate fractions of E. paralias L. and E. geniculata Ortega and strong cytotoxic activity of the ethyl acetate fractions in addition to positive antiviral activity of the total extract of E. paralias L.

Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol from the Root of Mangifera indica and Their Biological Activities against Some Pathogens

Aim: Mangifera indica is a plant with several phytoconstituents which accounts for its trado-pharmacological uses such as treatment of syphilis, anemia, diabetes, diarrhea, mouth wound, ulcer, leucorrhea, fever, liver diseases, urinary tract infection, asthma, rheumatism, cough, colon cancer and dysentery. The present study was aimed at identifying and characterizing some of the active principles from root of the plant.
 Places and Duration of Study: The isolation and characterization of the compounds was carried out at the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom between October, 2018 to February, 2019 while the bioassay analysis was done at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
 Methodology: The root powder was subjected to Soxhlet extraction with ethyl acetate to obtain the crude extract, which was fractionated on column using hexane, and ethyl acetate in increasing ratios. The isolated components were tested for their antimicrobial activities against some plants and animal pathogens at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
 Results: White crystals were obtained which on spectra analysis (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR) were identified as mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. The isolated compounds exhibited appreciable antimicrobial activities against some microbes, thus confirming the many ethnomedical uses of the plant.
 Conclusion: The compounds isolated were identified as stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. The pathogens showed moderate sensitivity towards the isolated compounds in the study.

Antioxidant activity of isolated compound from perepat roots (Sonneratia alba)

Perepat (Sonneratia alba) is one of the mangrove plants found in Tanjung Jabung Timur, Jambi Province. Research on perepat plants has been widely carried out on leaves, fruit and bark, but there is no research on perepat roots, so it is necessary to do research on perepat roots. This study aims to determine the compounds found in ethyl acetate extract from roots which have antioxidant activity. Extraction and fractionation of perepat roots were carried out in multilevel maceration. The isolation technique was carried out using vacuum column chromatography and gravity column chromatography. The isolated compound was identified using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR and NMR. Antioxidant activity test of the isolated compound was carried out by DPPH method. Characterization using UV-Vis gives maximum absorption at wavelengths 268and 313 nm. While the characterization with FT-IR provide information that the isolate containing functional groups of OH, C=O, CH3 and CH2. Further identification using NMR suggests that isolate are a mixture of stigmasterol and ß-sitosterol compounds, known as phytosterols. Antioxidant activity testing of ethyl acetate extract and isolate gave IC50 values of 223.67 and 439.71 ppm, respectively, indicating that these compounds were classified as less active but still potential as antioxidants.