Mixture Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Ultrasensitive Ratiometric Fluorescent Nanothermometer with Reverse Signal Changes for Intracellular Temperature Mapping.

Sensing temperature at the subcellular level is pivotal for gaining essential thermal insights into diverse biological processes. However, achieving sensitive and accurate sensing of the intracellular temperature remains a challenge. Herein, we develop a ratiometric organic fluorescent nanothermometer with reverse signal changes for the ultrasensitive mapping of intracellular temperature. The nanothermometer is fabricated from a binary mixture of saturated fatty acids with a noneutectic composition, a red-emissive aggregation-caused quenching luminogen, and a green-emissive aggregation-induced emission luminogen using a modified nanoprecipitation method. Different from the eutectic mixture with a single phase-transition point, the noneutectic mixture possesses two solid-liquid phase transitions, which not only allows for reversible regulation of the aggregation states of the encapsulated luminogens but also effectively broadens the temperature sensing range (25-48 °C) across the physiological temperature range. Remarkably, the nanothermometer exhibits reverse and sensitive signal changes, demonstrating maximum relative thermal sensitivities of up to 63.66% °C-1 in aqueous systems and 44.01% °C-1 in the intracellular environment, respectively. Taking advantage of these outstanding thermometric performances, the nanothermometer is further employed to intracellularly monitor minute temperature variations upon chemical stimulation. This study provides a powerful tool for the exploration of dynamic cellular thermal activities, holding great promise in unveiling intricate physiological processes.

Abstract 15134: Joint Associations of Fatty Acids With Inflammation and Lipid Profiles: A Mixture Analysis Approach

Introduction: The human diet consists of a complex mixture of fatty acids with differential effects on cardiovascular health. Saturated fatty acids have been shown to exert a hypercholesterolemic effect, while omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties. Advanced statistical approaches are needed however to address whether their covarying relationships may contribute to varying outcomes on cardiovascular health. Methods: We used data on adult participants from the 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Blood lipid levels were measured in 2,926 participants, and C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured in 1,339 participants. Fatty acids were measured in serum or plasma and analyzed as the percentage of total fatty acids. We used covariate-adjusted quantile g-computation to assess the joint effects of 6 saturated, 6 monounsaturated, and 11 polyunsaturated fatty acids on log-transformed outcomes, as well as examine the relative contribution of each fatty acid to the joint mixture effect. Results: We estimated positive associations between the mixture of saturated fatty acids with total cholesterol and LDL, which was primarily driven by myristic acid and docosanoic acid. The mixture of monounsaturated fatty acids was associated with lower total cholesterol and LDL, but higher CRP with a quartile increase in monounsaturated fatty acids associated with 21.1% (95% CI: 7.9, 35.9) higher CRP. The mixture of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids was positively associated with both total cholesterol and LDL. We found that the mixture of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was negatively associated with CRP and LDL. A quartile increase in omega-3 fatty acids was associated with -11.6% (95% CI: -18.8, -3.7) lower CRP, and -2.1% (95% CI: -3.6, -0.4) lower LDL. The relationship with CRP was primarily driven by docosapentaenoic n-3 acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, while the relationship with LDL was driven by docosapentaenoic n-3 acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Conclusions: Assessing the complex mixture of fatty acids, we found distinct beneficial relationships between omega-3 fatty acids with inflammation and lipid profiles, with an important role of docosapentaenoic n-3 acid.

Hepatocyte Proteome Alterations Induced by Individual and Combinations of Common Free Fatty Acids.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a pathology with a hard-to-detect onset and is estimated to be present in a quarter of the adult human population. To improve our understanding of the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, we treated a human hepatoma cell line model, HepG2, with increasing concentrations of common fatty acids, namely myristic, palmitic and oleic acid. To reproduce more physiologically representative conditions, we also included combinations of these fatty acids and monitored the cellular response with an in-depth proteomics approach and imaging techniques. The two saturated fatty acids initially presented a similar phenotype of a dose-dependent decrease in growth rates and impaired lipid droplet formation. Detailed analysis revealed that the drop in the growth rates was due to delayed cell-cycle progression following myristic acid treatment, whereas palmitic acid led to cellular apoptosis. In contrast, oleic acid, as well as saturated fatty acid mixtures with oleic acid, led to a dose-dependent increase in lipid droplet volume without adverse impacts on cell growth. Comparing the effects of harmful single-fatty-acid treatments and the well-tolerated fatty acid mixes on the cellular proteome, we were able to differentiate between fatty-acid-specific cellular responses and likely common lipotoxic denominators.

Fatty acid composition in seeds of holoparasitic Orobanchaceae from the Caucasus region: Relation to species, climatic conditions and nutritional value

The specialization of parasitic plants from the Orobanchaceae family to the heterotrophic lifestyle caused several morphological, physiological and molecular changes. One of the adaptations to the parasitic lifestyle is the production of a large number of the smallest seeds in world flora, also called “dust-seeds”. Seeds of 34 holoparasitic species from the Cistanche, Orobanche, Phelipanche, and Phelypaea genera were collected in the Caucasus region (54 samples) and their fatty acid content and compositions analysed. Of these seeds, 28 were investigated for the first time, and 12 are endemic to the Caucasus (one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the world). The influence of different hosts, populations, habitats, and climatic conditions on the fatty acid content and composition, as well as some connections of taxonomic classification are discussed. The fatty acid content in the species varied between 0.9 and 42.5%, and showed quantitative differences at generic and infrageneric levels, while displaying uniform fatty acid composition. Thirteen fatty acids were identified, of which nine were undescribed for Orobanchaceae. The fatty acid composition of the Orobanchaceae seeds represented a mixture of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (average 7.8%) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) (average 92.2%). The fatty acid content in the Orobanchaceae seeds was directly unrelated to taxonomy, while the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio supported the clear separation of the Orobanche and Phelipanche genera. Orobanchaceae seeds contained mainly linoleic and oleic acids, thus they could be a potential nutritional source of the unsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, the studies confirmed the hypothesis that the degree of seed oil fatty acid unsaturation increased in colder climatic conditions, especially for the Orobanche genus.

Influence of saturated fatty acid material composition in biodiesel on its performance in internal combustion engines

The aim of this research was to study the influence of the composition of saturated fatty acids of biodiesel on the performance, emissions and characteristics of combustion in an engine with compression ignition. An increase in saturated fatty acids may eliminate biodiesel deficiencies. Various 55% mixtures of saturated fatty acids with diesel fuel were studied and compared. Five different combinations of blend were prepared using the following esters such as Palm oil methyl ester (POME), Coconut oil methyl ester (COME), Neem oil methyl ester (NOME), Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME), Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and Pongamia oil methyl ester (PONOME). All five combinations (BD1-BD5) were tested and compared for physicochemical characteristics such as density, viscosity, iodine number, saponification number, energy consumption, thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, toxic gas emissions. Five blended combinations showed viscosity around 5.13 to 5.56 centistokes. The Cetane number of the five blends were in the range of 52–56. The heating value of the five combinations was in the range of 38.92 to 40.65 MJ/kg. Iodine values were found to be in the range of 50–73. The brake thermal efficiency percentage were in the range of 27.15–27.4. All five blends found to emits less amount of Greenhouse gases. The results of the research state that all five combinations of biodiesel are unique, and they show very good performance properties as fuel along with less discharges toxic emissions.

Alterations in growth and fatty acid profiles under stress conditions of Hansenula polymorpha defective in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis

Using chemical mutagenesis, mutants of Hansenula polymorpha that were defective in fatty acid synthesis were selected based on their growth requirements on saturated fatty acid mixtures. One mutant (S7) was incapable of synthesizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic and α-linolenic acids. A genetic analysis demonstrated that the S7 strain had a double lesion affecting fatty acid synthesis and Δ(12)-desaturation. A segregant with a defect in PUFA synthesis (H69-2C) displayed normal growth characteristics in the temperature range of 20-42°C through a modulation of the cellular fatty acid composition. Compared with the parental strain, this yeast mutant had increased sensitivity at low and high temperatures (15 and 48°C, respectively) with an increased tolerance to oxidative stress. The responses to ethanol stress were similar for the parental and PUFA-defective strains. Myristic acid was also determined to play an essential role in the cell growth of H. polymorpha. These findings suggest that both the type of cellular fatty acids and the composition of fatty acids might be involved in the stress responsive mechanisms in this industrially important yeast.

Flavonoids and fatty acids of Camellia japonica leaves extract

The ethanol extract from the leaves of Camellia japonica L., Theaceae, showed antiradical potential in the DPPH test using TLC plates (SiO2). Aiming the isolation of active compounds, this extract was partitioned between BuOH:H2O (1:1) and the two obtained phases were also evaluated to detection of antiradical activity. The active BuOH phase was fractionated in Sephadex LH-20 and silica (normal or reverse phase) to afford three aglycone flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and apigenin), which have been described in the C. japonica at first time, two glycosilated flavonoids (rutin and quercetrin), and a mixture of saturated fatty acids. The structures of isolated compounds were defined by NMR and GC/MS analyses.

Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to the replacement of mixtures of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) as present in foods or diets with mixtures of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and/or mixtures of polyunsaturated fatty aci

Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to the replacement of mixtures of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) as present in foods or diets with mixtures of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and/or mixtures of polyunsaturated fatty aci

Stearic acid or palmitic acid as a substitute for trans fatty acids?

AbstractThe evidence for unfavourable effects of trans fatty acids on risk of developing coronary heart disease is overwhelming. The food industry must now search for substitutes for trans fatty acids with acceptable nutritional properties which at the same time retain the functionality of fats for baking and margarine manufacture. Comparisons of fats rich in stearic acid with fats rich in mixtures of palmitic, myristic and lauric acids show that fasting total and LDL‐cholesterol levels, postprandial lipaemia and factor VII activation are lower in response to stearic rich fats. All of these effects of stearic acid would be expected to lower the risk of developing coronary heart disease by comparison with palmitic acid. While fasting HDL‐cholesterol levels are higher in response to the saturated fatty acid mixture than in response to stearic acid this is probably due to the lauric acid content of the mixture rather than its palmitic acid content. To date there is no evidence that randomization of stearic acid or palmitic acid caused by interesterification has any effect on risk factors for coronary heart disease although more research is needed. It can be concluded that stearic acid is a better substitute for trans fatty acids than palmitic acid in fats for baking and margarine manufacture.

Experimental determination of the (vapor + liquid) equilibrium data of binary mixtures of fatty acids by differential scanning calorimetry

(Vapor + liquid) equilibrium (VLE) data for three binary mixtures of saturated fatty acids were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). However, changes in the calorimeter pressure cell and the use of hermetic pans with holes ( ϕ = 250 mm) in the lids were necessary to make it possible to apply this analytical technique, obtaining accurate results with smaller samples and shorter operational times. The systems evaluated in this study were: myristic acid (C 14:0) + palmitic acid (C 16:0), myristic acid (C 14:0) + stearic acid (C 18:0), and palmitic acid (C 16:0) + stearic acid (C 18:0), all measured at 50 mm Hg and with mole fractions between 0.0 and 1.0 in relation to the most volatile component of each diagram. The fugacity coefficients for the components in the vapor phase were calculated using the Hayden and O’Connell method [J.G. Hayden, J.P. O’Connell, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Design Develop. 14 (3) (1975) 209–216] and the activity coefficients for the liquid phase were correlated with the traditional g E models (NRTL [H. Renon, J.M. Prausnitz, Aiche J. 14 (1968) 135–144], UNIQUAC [D.S. Abrams, J.M. Prausnitz, Aiche J. 21 (1975) 116–128], and Wilson [J.M. Prausnitz, N.L. Linchtenthaler, E.G. Azevedo, Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-phase Equilibria, River-Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, 1999]). The sets of parameters were then compared in order to determine which adjustments best represented the VLE.

The solid–liquid phase diagrams of binary mixtures of even saturated fatty acids differing by six carbon atoms

This study was aimed at using the solid–liquid phase diagrams for three binary mixtures of saturated fatty acids, especially the phase transitions below the liquidus line. These mixtures are compounded by caprylic acid (C 8:0) + myristic acid (C 14:0), capric acid (C 10:0) + palmitic acid (C 16:0), lauric acid (C 12:0) + stearic acid (C 18:0), differing by six carbon atoms between carbon chains. The phase diagrams were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polarized light microscopy was used to complement the characterization for a full grasp of the phase diagram. Not only do these phase diagrams present peritectic and eutectic reactions, but also metatectic reactions, due to solid–solid phase transitions common, in fatty acids. These findings have contributed to the elucidation of the phase behavior of these important biochemical molecules with implications in various industrial production.

The solid–liquid phase diagrams of binary mixtures of consecutive, even saturated fatty acids

For the first time, the solid–liquid phase diagrams of five binary mixtures of saturated fatty acids are here presented. These mixtures are formed of caprylic acid (C 8:0) + capric acid (C 10:0), capric acid (C 10:0) + lauric acid (C 12:0), lauric acid (C 12:0) + myristic acid (C 14:0), myristic acid (C 14:0) + palmitic acid (C 16:0) and palmitic acid (C 16:0) + stearic acid (C 18:0). The information used in these phase diagrams was obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT–Raman spectrometry and polarized light microscopy, aiming at a complete understanding of the phase diagrams of the fatty acid mixtures. All of the phase diagrams reported here presented the same global behavior and it was shown that this was far more complex than previously imagined. They presented not only peritectic and eutectic reactions, but also metatectic reactions, due to solid–solid phase transitions common in fatty acids and regions of solid solution not previously reported. This work contributes to the elucidation of the phase behavior of these important biochemical molecules, with implications in various industrial applications.

The solid–liquid phase diagrams of binary mixtures of consecutive, even saturated fatty acids: differing by four carbon atoms

The complete solid–liquid phase diagrams for four binary mixtures of saturated fatty acids are presented, for the first time, in this work. These mixtures are formed by caprylic acid (C 8:0) + lauric acid (C 12:0), capric acid (C 10:0) + myristic acid (C 14:0), lauric acid (C 12:0) + palmitic acid (C 16:0) and myristic acid (C 14:0) + stearic acid (C 18:0). The phase diagrams were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FT-Raman spectrometry and polarized light microscopy were used to complement the characterization for a complete understanding of the phase diagram. All of the phase diagrams here reported show the same global behavior that is far more complex than previously accepted. They present not only peritectic and eutectic reactions, but also metatectic reactions, due to solid–solid phase transitions common in fatty acids, and regions of solid solution not previously reported. This work contributes to the elucidation of the phase behavior of these important biochemical molecules with implications in various industrial applications.

High pressure solid–liquid equilibria of fatty acids

The solid–liquid phase diagrams of two binary mixtures of saturated fatty acids, formed by caprylic acid (C 8:0) + myristic acid (C 14:0) and lauric acid (C 12:0) + myristic acid (C 14:0), were measured using high pressure microscopy in the range of 0.1–90 MPa. It is shown that unlike for other long chain alkyl compounds such as alkanes the phase diagrams are only slightly affected by the pressure, even in very large pressure ranges such as studied in this work. The modeling of the measured phase diagrams was attempted using an approach previously developed by the authors for n-alkane mixtures. It is here shown that this model can provide an accurate description of the high pressure solid–liquid equilibrium of fatty acid mixtures.

In Vitro effect of D‐004, a lipid extract of the ground fruits of the cuban royal palm (Roystonea regia), on rat microsomal lipid peroxidation

D-004 is a lipid extract of the fruits of the Cuban royal palm (Roystonea regia) containing a mixture of saturated fatty acids. D-004 inhibits prostate hyperplasia (PH) induced with testosterone, in rodents. Since fatty acids inhibit lipid peroxidation (LP), this study investigated whether D-004 prevents in vitro LP. D-004 (0.9-1000 microg/mL) markedly and dose-dependently inhibited in vitro iron-induced LP in native brain and liver microsomes. D-004 showed hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, which could explain partially its antioxidant effect on microsomal iron-induced LP, but it was unable to scavenge superoxide and ABTS radicals, indicating a limited radical scavenging activity. Also, D-004 inhibited CCl4-mediated LP in active liver microsomes through a decreased generation of radical species rather than a radical trapping action on CCl(4)-derived radical species. D-004 also inhibited lipooxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) activities, and the generation of protein-associated carbonyl groups after LP. Since increased oxidative stress has been linked to PH, the antioxidant effect of D-004 shown here could contribute to explaining its beneficial effects on T-induced PH in rodents. Nevertheless, this study shows only in vitro results. Further studies should investigate whether D-004 also exhibits antioxidant effects in vivo.

Isolation of Anticomplementary Substances from Cucurbita Moschata Duch

ABSTRACTChloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of the edible part of Cucurbita moschata Duch, which is commonly used as an oriental medicine as well as a popular food source, showed significant anticomplementary activities on the classical pathway of the complement system. Bioassay‐guided chromatographic separation using silica gel, Sephadex LH‐20, octadecyl silica gel, thin layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography was performed to isolate the anticomplementary substances. Among the isolated substances, apigenin, phytosterols, and mixture of fatty acids, which were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, presented the strongest activities. Especially, phytosterols and mixture of saturated fatty acids isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts had 0.74 and 0.67 mg/ml as IC50, respectively, indicating that the ethyl acetate extraction is the best way to isolate the anticomplementary substances from Cucurbita moschata Duch.

Effect of column and software on gas chromatographic determination of fatty acids

Four capillary columns (A: CP-WAX 52 CB 25 m×0.25 mm; B: CP WAX 52 CB 30 m×0.25 mm; C: CP-WAX 58 CB 25 m×0.25 mm, Chrompack; D: OMEGAWAX™ 320 30 m×0.32 mm, Supelco) and two integration software (Mosaic v.5.10, Chrompack and CSW v.1.7, Data Apex ®) were compared for analysis of fatty acids. Column A was mounted stepwise in two different instruments. Fatty acids of blood plasma phosphatidylcholine and standard mixture of saturated fatty acids were analysed as methyl esters under identical chromatographic conditions. Both integrating software did not differ significantly in most results; differences were observed only for minor components: 16:1n9 (0.10±0.020 vs. 0.17±0.005 M%, P<0.0001, column A1; 0.09±0.011 vs. 0.16±0.007 M%, P<0.0001, column A2; 0.09±0.010 vs. 0.17±0.003 M%, P<0.0001, column C; 0.09±0.008 vs. 0.19±0.003 M%, P<0.0001, column D), 20:0 (0.10±0.001 vs. 0.06±0.005 M%, P<0.05, column C) and 20:2n6 (0.43±0.030 vs. 0.91±0.016 M%, P<0.0001, column A2). Increased values for 16:1n9 and 20:2n6 integrated by MOSAIC are caused by cointegration of two poorly resolved peaks: fatty acid and impurity from sample matrix. Lower values for 20:0 are caused by incomplete integration of minor peak. Differences between columns were observed mostly for minor fatty acids. The results indicate that CSW is more suitable software for integration of complicated chromatograms. Linear calibration dependences measured with standard mixture of saturated fatty acids (carbon number 10–24) were observed in wide range of concentrations (three orders). Slope close to unity and minimal value of intercept confirmed theoretical relations when analyses are run under optimal conditions. Use of one column is advisable in small intervention or experimental metabolic studies.

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography of fatty acids as phenacyl esters

A mixture of saturated fatty acids containing even number of carbon atoms was successfully separated as phenacyl esters by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Separations were done by using an untreated fused-silica capillary [57 cm (effective length 50 cm)×75 μm] at 15 kV; detection was done by UV at 243 nm. The microemulsion system was composed of 10 m M borate buffer (87.93%, w/w), cholate (4.87%, w/w), heptane (0.66%, w/w) and n-butanol (6.55%, w/w), pH 10.2. Separation by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography was characterized by high efficiency (theoretical plates ranged from 142·10 3 to 428·10 3) with peak resolution 1.25 and better. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography under the standard conditions with sodium dodecyl sulfate as micellar phase was unsuccessful in separating all long-chain fatty acids. The described method can be used for monitoring of saturated fatty acids containing even number of carbon atoms in the molecule in a broad spectrum of chain length (C 2–C 20).

Origin of Characteristic Properties of Natural Rubber—Effect of Fatty Acids on Crystallization of cis-1,4-Polyisoprene

Abstract Natural rubber (NR) contains linked fatty acids, composed of mainly saturated fatty acids, in conjunction with a mixture of free saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The crystallization of synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene (IR) is accelerated by the addition of 1 wt % mixture of saturated fatty acid as a nucleating agent and unsaturated fatty acid as a plasticizer. As an NR model, IR was esterified with stearic acid selectively at the 3,4-isoprene units after introduction of hydroxyl group by hydroboration. The linked stearoyl group stimulated the crystallization of IR at −25 °C, while linked fatty acids other than stearoyl group showed no stimulating effect on the crystallization. The addition of methyl linoleate to the stearoyl-esterified IR gave the highest rate of crystallization at −25°C. A rapid crystallization of NR is presumed to originate from the mixed saturated and unsaturated fatty acids composition present and the presence of saturated fatty acids linked to NR.

Thermoacoustic properties of methyl esters ofn‐alkanoic acids

AbstractA number of thermoacoustic parameters, including the Sharma constant S0, the isochoric temperature coefficient of volume expansivity (d Inα/d InT)V, the isochoric temperature coefficient of internal pressure (d InPi/d InT)V, reduced volume V, reduced compressibility β and the Huggins parameter F, are estimated by using only the volume expansivity α from the density temperature data for a number of methyl esters ofn‐alkanoic acids. The methyl esters give excellent separation of saturated fatty acid mixtures. The Sharma constant, which relates the molecular constantn and other thermoacoustic parameters, is a constant with a characteristic value of 1.11+0.01 for all these esters.