Mixture Of Phenolic Acids Research Articles

Polyphenols from Sage Leaves (Salvia officinalis L.): Environmentally Friendly Extraction under High Hydrostatic Pressure and Application as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Tinplate

Due to the diversity of organic molecular structures present in sage extract, sage extract is a promising potential source of a cheap and effective biodegradable green corrosion inhibitor for tinplate in 3% NaCl solution, which was evaluated in this study. HHP proved to be a new and emerging technology for the useful extraction of polyphenols from sage as a functional ingredient from natural sources. Analysis of variance among all tested independent factors (ethanol concentration, HHP parameters and temperature) revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in total polyphenol content as well as for rosmarinic acid as the major phenolic compound in sage extract, while extraction time had no effect (p ˃ 0.05). The optimum HHP conditions (600 MPa, 30% ethanol, 60 °C and 5 min) gave a maximum extraction yield of total polyphenols of 3811.84 mg/100 g. Sage-leaf extracts were found to be a mixture of phenolic acids, namely rosmarinic and salvianolic acid K, epicatechin and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide glycoside. The corrosion results show that the sage extract at a concentration of 0.6 g/L in 3% NaCl is an effective corrosion inhibitor (93%), forming a passivation layer of sage extract consisting of organic compounds such as polyphenols on the surface of tinplate.

Alkaline hydrolysis of spent aromatic biomass for production of phenolic aldehydes, lignin, and cellulose

In order to combat the environmental issues associated with the burning of spent aromatic biomass (SAB), a method for alkaline hydrolysis of SAB has been developed to afford phenolic acids, predominantly the p-coumaric acid, lignin, and cellulose. Lignin (∼15 wt%) from alkaline hydrolysate was separated by precipitation while a mixture of phenolic acids obtained was directly reacted with a green reagent, PhI(OAc)2, under one-pot condition to afford a mixture of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (>90 wt%) and vanillin (<10 wt%). Unreacted biomass obtained in the process was successfully used as a substrate for the production of cellulose (∼40 wt%). The developed method exhibits potential for application on an industrial scale.

Rhizosphere microbiome assembly mediated by consecutive monoculture triggers the replant disease of Rehmannia glutinosa

Consecutive monoculture of Rehmannia glutinosa results in severe replant disease and remarkably reduces the yield and quality. Rhizosphere microbiome plays a crucial role in soil health and plant performance. In this study, high-throughput pyrosequencing combined with a culture-dependent approach were applied to analyze the changes in rhizosphere microbiome structure and bacteria-fungi inter-kingdom associations under R. glutinosa consecutive monoculture. The results revealed a distinct separation between the newly planted (NP) and the two-year monocultured (SM). R. glutinosa consecutive monoculture resulted in a significant decline in the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices for the fungal community, and a significant decrease in relative abundances of the phyla Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Basidiomycota. The relative abundances of the genera Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Nocardioides and Lysobacter were significantly higher in NP than in SM, while the opposite was true for Fusarium. Quantitative PCR confirmed a significant reduction in the phylum Actinobacteria and the genus Bacillus, and a significant increase in Fusarium oxysporum. Furthermore, the abundances of Actinobacteria and Bacillus strains with antagonistic activities against Fusarium oxysporum were lower in extended monoculture soils. Most of the isolated antagonistic bacteria were found to be positive for different plant growth promotion activities such as solubilization of phosphate and potassium, production of siderophore and indolic compounds. In addition, it was found that phenolic acid mixture and catalpol, identified in the root exudates of R. glutinosa, could selectively inhibit or stimulate different microbes. Moreover, the culture filtrate and volatile organic compounds produced by F. oxysporum could in turn suppress the growth of certain antagonistic bacteria. In conclusion, these findings highlight the close association between R. glutinosa replant disease and rhizosphere microbiome assembly, which was mediated by root exudates and microbe-microbe interactions.

An in vivo approach to the reported effects of phenolic acids and flavonoids on the pancreatic α-amylase activity

Reduction in the activity of the α-amylases which hydrolyze starch and glycogen has been proposed for diminishing the incidence of obesity and diabetes. Many plant extracts contain inhibitors of α-amylases and α-glucosidases and several molecules with this activity have been identified. The present work attempts at investigating if several natural compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) that have been reported to be inhibitors of those hydrolytic enzymes can also inhibit starch absorption in vivo. The starch tolerance test in mice was used for assaying starch absorption after administration of 100 mg/kg of five flavonoids (epicatechin, catechin, rutin, quercetin, naringenin) and five phenolic acids (gallic, syringic, vanillic, sinapic, ferulic), which are known in vitro inhibitors of α-amylases. Among the flavonoids, only rutin inhibited starch absorption in mice, even though its effect was only 33% of that one found for the positive control acarbose. Among the five phenolic acids tested only syringic acid produced a clear diminution in starch absorption, which was 47% of that one found with acarbose. On the other hand, other three phenolic acids, namely gallic, sinapic and ferulic acid, caused delay in the absorption of starch, which was characterized by a shift in the time peak of maximal blood glucose concentration, with no modification in the excess of glucose that effectively entered the circulation. Attempts at detecting eventual synergisms by administrating mixtures of flavonoids and phenolic acids were unsuccessful. These results recommend careful translation of in vitro data on the inhibition of α-amylases and α-glucosidases to the in vivo conditions.

Panax ginseng Meyer cv. Silvatica phenolic acids protect DNA from oxidative damage by activating Nrf2 to protect HFF-1 cells from UVA-induced photoaging

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLong-wave ultraviolet A (UVA) causes skin aging by damaging the fine structures of the skin, such as elastic fibers and collagen fibers, through oxidation. Currently, the use of plant extracts to protect skin from photoaging is a popular method. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer exerts commendable anti-photoaging and antioxidant effects. P. ginseng Meyer cv. Silvatica, also known as forest ginseng (FG), is a type of ginseng cultivated by artificially simulating the growth environment of wild ginseng aged >15 years. However, there are only a few reports on its anti-photoaging effect on the skin caused by UVA stimulation.AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate whether isolated and extracted FG can inhibit skin photoaging as well as to explore its action mechanism. MethodsThe FG extract (FGE) was obtained from the supernatant of FG after water extraction and alcohol precipitation with the D101 resin. The composition and content of phenolic acids in FGE were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The MTT assay was performed to detect cell viability. The ratio of SA-β-GAL-positive cells, CoL-I level, 8-OHdG concentration, MDA, GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT activity were measured using relevant kits. Furthermore, cell cycle alterations and ROS accumulation were assessed by flow cytometry. The expressions of p53, p21, p16, and Keap1 protein were detected by Western blotting. The Nrf2 translocation was monitored by immunofluorescence staining. ResultsThe findings revealed that FGE significantly restored UVA injury-induced cell viability, reduced the proportion of SA-β-GAL-positive cells, and increased the level of CoL-I secretion in a dose-dependent manner, where the main ingredients were chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid. Further studies indicated that this phenolic acid mixture (PAM) could alleviate UVA-induced HFF-1 cell cycle arrest and protect the DNA from oxidative damage caused by UVA stimulation. Moreover, the expressions of cell cycle regulatory proteins p53, p21, and p16 and the accumulation of ROS were inhibited, the translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus was promoted, the expression of Keap1 protein was inhibited, the activity of intracellular antioxidant indicators GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT was enhanced, and the expression of malondialdehyde (MDA) was inhibited. ConclusionsCollectively, our results demonstrated that FG phenolic acids protect DNA from oxidative damage by activating Nrf2 to safeguard the skin from photoaging induced by UVA stimulation.

Heterophase Synthesis of Humic Substances at Low Substrate Concentrations and Flow-Through Conditions

—Humic substances (HS) are heterogeneous and polydisperse compounds formed in soils, sediments and waters during the decay and transformation of organic residues (the process called humification). The role of extracellular free-radical condensation reactions (secondary synthesis) in the formation of HS is a subject of debate. Here we have studied the formation of HS from a mixture of monomers under the dynamic conditions and at low substrate concentrations in the presence of laccase from the fungus Coprinus comatus F-2940. Laccase was immobilized on kaolinite modified with aluminum hydroxide. We have investigated some properties of the enzyme, reactivity of phenolic acids and amino acids in the presence of laccase. The optimum of 2.6-dimethoxyphenol (2.6-DMP) oxidation by free laccase was at pH 6.0. Upon immobilization, it shifted to the acidic region (pH 4.4), the thermal stability decreased, however the kinetic parameters of 2.6-DMP oxidation remained unchanged. In terms of reactivity (% of substrate conversion by free laccase) the individual phenolic acids formed a series: caffeic (72) > ferulic (53) > gallic = syringic (43) > protocatechuic (5.5) > vanillic = p-hydroxybenzoic (0). In the mixture of phenolic acids, gallic acid was most efficiently oxidized (50%), while the other acids were oxidized in comparable amounts (13–17%). The conversion of phenolic acids increased in the presence of lysine. When a mixture of gallic, protocatechuic, syringic, ferulic acids (0.01 mM each) and lysine (0.02 mM) was passed through a flow-through microcolumn, immobilized laccase effectively oxidized the phenolic acids, the reaction products bound to the mineral phase, staining it dark. According to high performance liquid chromatography, the molecular weights of compounds extracted from the mineral phase did not exceed 900 Da, thus fulvic acid-like substances were formed. Results of the study suggest an important role of free-radical heterophase reactions in the formation of the molecular composition of the liquid phase and organo-mineral complexes.

Sulfated Phenolic Substances: Preparation and Optimized HPLC Analysis.

Sulfation is an important reaction in nature, and sulfated phenolic compounds are of interest as standards of mammalian phase II metabolites or pro-drugs. Such standards can be prepared using chemoenzymatic methods with aryl sulfotransferases. The aim of the present work was to obtain a large library of sulfated phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and flavonolignans and optimize their HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis. Four new sulfates of 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, catechol, 4-methylcatechol, and phloroglucinol were prepared and fully characterized using MS (mass spectrometry), 1H, and 13C NMR. The separation was investigated using HPLC with PDA (photodiode-array) detection and a total of 38 standards of phenolics and their sulfates. Different stationary (monolithic C18, C18 Polar, pentafluorophenyl, ZICpHILIC) and mobile phases with or without ammonium acetate buffer were compared. The separation results were strongly dependent on the pH and buffer capacity of the mobile phase. The developed robust HPLC method is suitable for the separation of enzymatic sulfation reaction mixtures of flavonoids, flavonolignans, 2,3-dehydroflavonolignans, phenolic acids, and phenols with PDA detection. Moreover, the method is directly applicable in conjunction with mass detection due to the low flow rate and the absence of phosphate buffer and/or ion-pairing reagents in the mobile phase.

Growth response of maize seed-borne fungi to cereal phenolic acid mixtures

Phenolic acids (PAs) are potential antifungal agents of stored grain cereals. Previous studies have mostly focused on the action of single compounds, consequently providing limited information on their effect as mixtures. We tested the hypothesis that higher phytochemical diversity and concentration of phenolic acids provide better defense against pathogenic fungi of cereals. Five maize seed-borne fungi with different degrees of specialization as cereal pathogens were exposed in vitro to five phenolic acids found in cereal grains either alone or in combinations. We detected that the inhibitory effect of PAs depended on their concentration and the fungus specialization, but the tested hypothesis was not functional for any plant-fungal species relationship. Moreover, various PAs or PAs-mixtures were almost equally inhibitory against the fungal species. We also found that phytochemical diversity had a differential effect on the phytopathogens according to their degree of specialization. Thus, a high phytochemical diversity in high concentration would protect a plant against a fungal community, but not necessarily against a single-fungus species.

Polyphenols as Food Supplement Improved Food Consumption and Longevity of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Intoxicated by Pesticide Thiacloprid.

Simple SummaryWorldwide, mass losses of honey bee colonies are being observed more frequently. Poor nutrition may cause honey bees to be more susceptible to pesticides and more vulnerable to diseases, and as a direct result of this, honey bee colonies can collapse. Another cause of mass bee colony collapse that is no less important is the use of pesticides. The level of toxicity of most pesticides is greatly affected by nutrient uptake. In addition, the honey bee genome is known to be specific for a significantly lower number of genes associated with detoxification compared with other insect species. Intake of phenolic and flavonoid substances in food can lead to increased expression of genes encoding detoxification enzymes in bees. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated in vitro the effect of phenolic and flavonoid substances on bee mortality and food consumption in the case of intoxication by pesticide thiacloprid. The results of this study showed a significant positive effect on honey bee survival rate as well as increased food intake. In addition, the expression level of genes encoding detoxification enzymes was determined.Malnutrition is one of the main problems related to the global mass collapse of honey bee colonies, because in honey bees, malnutrition is associated with deterioration of the immune system and increased pesticide susceptibility. Another important cause of mass bee colonies losses is the use of pesticides. Therefore, the goal of this study was to verify the influence of polyphenols on longevity, food consumption, and cytochrome P450 gene expression in worker bees intoxicated by thiacloprid. The tests were carried out in vitro under artificial conditions (caged bees). A conclusively lower mortality rate and, in parallel, a higher average food intake, were observed in intoxicated bees treated using a mixture of phenolic acids and flavonoids compared to untreated intoxicated bees. This was probably caused by increased detoxification capacity caused by increased expression level of genes encoding the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the bees. Therefore, the addition of polyphenols into bee nutrition is probably able to positively affect the detoxification capacity of bees, which is often reduced by the impact of malnutrition resulting from degradation of the environment and common beekeeping management.

Trichilia catigua and Turnera diffusa extracts: In vitro inhibition of tyrosinase, antiglycation activity and effects on enzymes and pathways engaged in the neuroinflammatory process

Ethnopharmacological relevanceFlavonoids interact with multiple targets in Central Nervous System resulting in a broad neuroprotection mediated by complementary processes and synergic interactions. Therefore, flavonoid-based therapies may input positive outcomes in the prevention and early management of neurodegenerative diseases. In Brazilian folk medicine Trichilia catigua is used for its neuroactive properties, such as neurostimulant, antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory, while Turnera diffusa is traditionally used as a tonic in neurasthenia. Both species are known to be rich in flavonoids. Aim of the studyTo study aqueous extracts of T. catigua and T. diffusa in terms of their antioxidant and antiglycation effects, inhibition of tyrosinase activity, and interaction with enzymes and pathways engaged in neuroinflammation. Moreover, whenever possible, to establish a relationship between the studied activities and the traditional usage of the species. Materials and methodsThe phenolic profiles of the aqueous extracts were validated by HPLC-DAD. The effect of the extracts over mushroom tyrosinase and 5-lipoxygenase activities, as well as their capacity to impair bovine serum albumin glycation, were assessed by in vitro assays. The anti-neuroinflammatory potential of the same extracts was evaluated by their capacity to mitigate the pro-inflammatory stimulus induced in BV-2 microglia cells by interferon-gamma. ResultsT. catigua extract, a rich mixture of phenolic acids, catechins and flavonolignans, excels by its ability to decrease lipid peroxidation (EC50 = 227.18 ± 9.04 μg/mL), and to work as anti-glycation agent, and inhibitor of both tyrosinase and 5-lipoxigenase (IC50 = 358.84 ± 19.05 and 56.25 ± 14.53 μg/mL, respectively). However, only T. diffusa extract, mainly composed by luteolin derivatives, is able to lower NO production by BV-2 microglia cells stimulated with interferon-gamma, despite its lower activities in the other assays. ConclusionsOverall, this work highlights the value of medicinal plant extracts as sources of bioactive flavonoid-rich extracts with neuroactive effects. Furthermore, these results support their application as alternative strategies to develop functional foods and therapeutics to fight chronic neurodegenerative disorders.

Dynamic analysis on weeds inhibition and phenolic acids of allelopathic rice in field test

ABSTRACT Weed suppression of allelopathic rice PI312777 (PI) and non-allelopathic rice Lemont (LE) at 3-, 5-, and 7-leaf stages were studied in field test. The results showed that inhibitory effect of rice rhizosphere soil (IR1), the soil aqueous extracts (IR2), and the mixture of phenolic acids of the soil extracts (IR3) were IR1 > IR2 > IR3. The same trend was observed in the content of total phenols (Ctp) and the phenolic acids (Cpa) in the soil aqueous extract. The qRT-PCR results showed that six genes related to biosynthesis of phenolic acids in rice leaves and roots of PI were up-regulated and the up-regulated multiplies were increased as leaf stage increased. However, four genes were up-regulated and two genes were down-regulated in rice leaves and roots of LE. The regulated multiplies were smaller in LE than that in PI. The correlation analysis showed that IR1, IR2, IR3, Ctp, and Cpa were positively correlated. There results indicated that rice allelopathic potential was enhanced in response of paddy weeds, which accompanied by up-regulation of genes in rice leaves and roots related to metabolism pathway of phenolic compounds and increase of phenolic allelochemicals in rice rhizosphere soil.

The Effect of Acetic Acid and Acetate Ions on Sorption–Desorption of a Mixture of Phenolic Acids by Modified Kaolinite

The sorption and desorption of a mixture of phenolic acids by the kaolinite modified with aluminum hydroxide was studied in the presence of acetate buffer. The experiments were performed in a 1-mL flow-through microcolumn in 5 and 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The total concentration of phenolic acids was 0.01 mg/mL (0.06 mM); the concentration of each acid was 0.01 mM. Sodium acetate buffer (5 and 50 mM, pH 4.5) and 50 mM sodium acetate buffer supplemented with 0.1 mM oxalic acid were used for desorption. The concentration of phenolic acids was determined by reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The following order of sorption was observed: gallic > protocatechuic $$ \gg $$ p-hydroxybenzoic ~ vanillic ~ ferulic ~ syringic acid. The sorption of phenolic acids in 50 mM buffer comprised 18–35% of their sorption in 5 mM buffer, suggesting the competition of acetate ions and phenolic acids for binding sites on the mineral. The order of desorption of phenolic acids was opposite to the order of sorption and generally correlated with the stability constants of the phenolic acid complexes with aluminum hydroxide. All acids, except for gallic and protocatechuic acids, were weakly bound to the mineral and were almost completely (88–98%) desorbed with 5 mM acetate buffer. The total desorption of gallic and protocatechuic acids by all eluents comprised 25 and 45% of their sorbed amount, respectively. Desorption was significant only in 50 mM acetate buffer (12 and 23%) and in the same buffer with 0.1 mM oxalic acid (10 and 15%). Thus, it has been shown that the distribution of phenolic acids between the solid phase and solution is largely determined by the presence of competing aliphatic compounds. Based on desorption experiments, we propose possible types of complexes of phenolic acids and aluminum hydroxide on the surface of the mineral.

Quantification of phenolic acids by partial least squares Fourier-transform infrared (PLS-FTIR) in extracts of medicinal plants.

Phenolic compounds are ubiquitous compounds found in all plants as their secondary metabolites. Phenols are becoming increasingly important particularly because of their beneficial effects on health. To provide a faithful calibration model for the simultaneous determination and quantification of phenolic acids, as salicylic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids, eugenol and thymol in different extracts of medicinal plants, a comparative study was made between two methods of infrared measurements based on attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and transmission. Characteristic absorbance peak heights of mid-infrared spectra of individual phenolic acids were measured for the compounds. For partial least squares regression (PLS-R) calibration mixtures of phenolic acids, wavenumber ranges, spectra pretreatment and number of latent variables, were assayed to improve the prediction capability of models using different spectral preprocessing techniques after mean centring of infrared data. Plant extracts were prepared by using water/methanol and ethanolic extraction solvents followed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR)-spectrometry analysis. The concentrations of phenolic compounds contained in the extracts were obtained by using the best models selected of the PLS calibration. PLS-ATR-mid-infrared (MIR) measurement provided the most accurate results and offers a good methodology for the determination of phenolic acids. The analysis showed that the rate of phenolic acids and monoterpenic phenols in extracts of medicinal plants is in the same range obtained with the Folin-Ciocalteu method, which confirm that the developed method using PLS is therefore, highly specific and selective. The simultaneous direct quantification of various phenolic acids in different plant extracts was possible with a fast and simple methodology based on PLS-ATR-FTIR analysis.

Linking Short-Chain N-Acyl Homoserine Lactone-Mediated Quorum Sensing and Replant Disease: A Case Study of Rehmannia glutinosa.

Rehmannia glutinosa, a perennial medicinal plant, suffers from severe replant disease under consecutive monoculture. The rhizosphere microbiome is vital for soil suppressiveness to diseases and for plant health. Moreover, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated quorum sensing (QS) regulates diverse behavior in rhizosphere-inhabiting and plant pathogenic bacteria. The dynamics of short-chain AHL-mediated QS bacteria driven by consecutive monoculture and its relationships with R. glutinosa replant disease were explored in this study. The screening of QS bacteria showed that 65 out of 200 strains (32.5%) randomly selected from newly planted soil of R. glutinosa were detected as QS bacteria, mainly consisting of Pseudomonas spp. (55.4%). By contrast, 34 out of 200 (17%) strains from the diseased replant soil were detected as QS bacteria, mainly consisting of Enterobacteriaceae (73.5%). Functional analysis showed most of the QS bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonas genus showed strong antagonistic activities against Fusarium oxysporum or Aspergillus flavus, two main causal agents of R. glutinosa root rot disease. However, the QS strains dominant in the replant soil caused severe wilt disease in the tissue culture seedlings of R. glutinosa. Microbial growth assays demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of beneficial QS bacteria (i.e., Pseudomonas brassicacearum) by a phenolic acid mixture identified in the root exudates of R. glutinosa, but the opposite was true for harmful QS bacteria (i.e., Enterobacter spp.). Furthermore, it was found that the population of quorum quenching (QQ) bacteria that could disrupt the beneficial P. brassicacearum SZ50 QS system was significantly higher in the replant soil than in the newly planted soil. Most of these QQ bacteria in the replant soil were detected as Acinetobacter spp. The growth of specific QQ bacteria could be promoted by a phenolic acid mixture at a ratio similar to that found in the R. glutinosa rhizosphere. Moreover, these quorum-quenching bacteria showed strong pathogenicity toward the tissue culture seedlings of R. glutinosa. In conclusion, consecutive monoculture of R. glutinosa contributed to the imbalance between beneficial and harmful short-chain AHL-mediated QS bacteria in the rhizosphere, which was mediated not only by specific root exudates but also by the QQ bacterial community.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Red beetroot (Beta Vulgaris Linnaeus) Roots

Plants have been used for many years as a source of traditional medicine to treat various diseases and conditions. Beta Vulgaris Linnaeus ranks among the 10 most powerful vegetables as excellent sources for phytochemicals, which showed potent antioxidant and anticancer activities. The aim of this study is to characterize the chemical composition and determine the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of B.Vulgaris roots extract. The results of GC-Ms analysis of the unsaponifiable matter of B.Vulgaris roots showed the presence of 18 components. The undecane is the major hydrocarbon compound and α-citronellol is the major oxygenated compound. The methanolic extract of B.Vulgaris roots were enriched with a complicated mixture of phenolic acids and flavoniod which elucidated for the first time from this plant , including polyphenolic acid; ellagic acid (1); pyrogallol(2); salicylic(3); catechol(4); benzoic(5); protocatchuic (6); chlorogenic(7); p-hydroxy benzoic acids (8) . The molecular components of a flavoniod fraction, obtained from liquid chromatography extract, were identified using HPLC -ESI -MS. The major components were vitexin -2 -O-rhamnoside (1); demethylated -2-xylosylvitexin (2); isorhamnetin -3-gentiobioside (3); rutin(4); beside minor components , luteolin-6-arabinose-8-glucose(1); hesperidin (2); acacetin (3); kaempferol-3-(2 -p -comaroyl) glucose (4); apigenin 6 -arabinose -8-glactose (5); quercetin (6); naringin (7). The structures of all isolated compounds were elucidated by conventional methods, spectroscopic analysis alongside their mass spectrometric investigations. The search for new, potentially biologically active extract becomes much more efficient after identification of all compounds in that mixture. The cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract was evaluated against pancreatic carcinoma (PANC-1) , hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HEPG-2 and , Lung carcinoma (A549) using MTT assay and vinblastine as a reference drug. methanolic extract showed higher activity with (IC50=3.69 µg/ml), mild cytotoxic activity against HepG2 with (IC50=4.43 µg/ml) ,Lung carcinoma (A549) with (IC50=4.9 µg/ml) and a weak activity against prostate carcinoma PC-3 with (IC50=6.1 µg/ml). The antimicrobial activity of B.Vulgaris roots methanolic extract was evaluated using agar well diffusion method towards two representatives for each of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The extract demonstrated inhibitory effect against pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 29213; (ZI=24mm) strains and Pseudomonas aerogenasa ATCC 27853); (ZI=19.3 mm) at 100 µL concentration.

Phytotoxicity of Cortaderia speciosa extract, active principles, degradation in soil and effectiveness in field tests

Allelopathic plant extracts have been proposed as natural herbicides, and as an alternative to synthetic herbicides. However, further studies are still required on the active principles of these extracts as well as on their soil dynamics and weed control effects in the field. We carried out the bioguided isolation of active compounds of EtOH extract of the ornamental plant, Cortaderia speciosa, with biodegradation and field trial experiments. Six phenolic acids were found to be responsible for herbicidal activity against Solanum lycopersicum: ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid. The effective concentrations for 50% inhibition of germination (ECg50) were determined for each of these compounds in tomato (S. lycopersicum), and for mixtures of them in radish (Raphanus sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), onion (Allium cepa) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). p-Coumaric acid was the most active in inhibiting the germination of S. lycopersicum (ECg50 = 0.31 mg/mL), followed by ferulic acid (0.39 mg/mL), vanillic acid (0.51 mg/mL), caffeic acid (0.73 mg/mL), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.79 mg/mL), and gallic acid (1.67 mg/mL). Some equimolar mixtures of phenolic acids showed synergistic effects on germination, the best combination being ferulic acid with p-coumaric acid (5:2 molar ratio), with an EC50 = 0.06 mg/mL. Biodegradation studies of C. speciosa extract in soil showed a half-life of 31.08 (± 0.90) h, according to HPLC quantification of phenolic acids in samples taken on different days. In field trials of C. speciosa extract, the weed cover area was significantly different from the control from Day 9 until the end of the experiment (Day 43). At concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 kg of C. speciosa extract/ha, weed suppression was 7%, 18% and 24% with respect to control at Day 43, indicating inhibition of the germination of spontaneous weeds. A treatment with a combination of phenolic acids (ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid, molar ratio 5:2:1:3:3:0.1) at 2.8 kg/ha strongly inhibited the appearance of weed, showing a surface cover 60% smaller than that of control at the end of the experiment. Weed biomass was reduced by 47%, 64%, 78% and 91% with respect to control by 50, 100, 200 kg of extract/ha and the 2.8 kg/ha mixture of phenolic acids, respectively. Biodegradation and field studies revealed that, despite degrading in a few hours, the phenolic acids inhibited weed emergence in the field.

Protective effects and potential mechanism of salvianolic acid B on sodium laurate-induced thromboangiitis obliterans in rats

BackgroundThe root of Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba (RSMA) (Lamiaceae) is used for the treatment of patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) in traditional Chinese medicine. Previously, a mixture of phenolic acids extracted from RSMA has shown significant protective effects on TAO rats. PurposeThis study investigates the inhibitory effects of salvianolic acid B on TAO induced by sodium laurate injection in rats to explore the effective constituents of RSMA in TAO treatment. MethodsTAO rats were developed using injected sodium laurate. After treatment with ligustrazine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg) and various doses of salvianolic acid B (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) by tail intravenous injection, levels of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in plasma were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The right femoral arteries were studied by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis to determine pathological changes and overexpression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the femoral artery walls of TAO rats. ResultsSalvianolic acid B significantly decreased the expressions of TXB2 and ET-1 and increased the expression of 6-keto-PGF1α in plasma, and significantly inhibited the overexpression of TNF-α and iNOS in the femoral artery walls of TAO rats at medium and high doses. ConclusionSalvianolic acid B has a protective effect on TAO rats. The mechanism may involve inhibition of thrombosis and TAO-associated inflammatory responses, which may explain the success of RSMA treatment of TAO in humans in traditional Chinese medical practice. Hence, it may be a potential drug for TAO treatment in conventional medicine.

Identification of Novel Polyphenolic Secondary Metabolites from Pistacia Atlantica Desf. and Demonstration of their Cytotoxicity and CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Rat

As of late a great deal of studies have been led to distinguish regular mixes for counteractive action of the advancement and repeat of malignant growths. The present investigation went for investigating the auxiliary metabolites substance of Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Anacardiaceae) leaves extracts and surveying their cytotoxic activity towards some malignant growth cell lines. In addition, the defensive impact of aqueous methanol and ethyl acetate extracts towards the CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rodents was explored. Novel components isolation was done utilizing customary chromatographic systems. The structures of the novel components were clarified dependent on the UV, NMR spectral data information alongside their mass-spectrometric investigations. The ethyl acetate extract of P. atlantica leaves contains a complicated mixture of phenolic acids and gallotannines, were elucidated for the first time from this plant , including polyphenolic acid; ellagic acid (1); 3,3’- dimethoxyellagicacid (2) and gallotannines, namely: 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-4C1-glucopyranose (3); 1,6-digalloylglucopyranose (4) ;1,3-digalloyl glucopyranose (5); 2,3-digalloyl-glucopyranose,nilocitin (6) ;2,3,6-trigalloylglucopyranose (7) and 2,3-di-O-galloyl-4,6-O-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(/)-4C1-glucopyranose, (8) . The identification of isolated compounds by conventional methods, spectroscopic analysis, including 1D-NMR , 2D-NMR, ESIMS and HRESI mass as well. The search for novel, potentially biologically active extract becomes much more efficient after identification of all compounds in that mixture. In vitro cytotoxic activity of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Pistacia atlantica and resulted new compounds on four human cancer cell lines to be specific: Colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2 cell line), Prostate carcinoma cell line ( PC3 cell line), hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2), Caucasian bosom adenocarcinoma (MCF-7). SRB assay was used to measure the potential cytotoxicity. The ethyl acetate extract showed a higher cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cell line with IC50 = 3.38 µg/ml and PC3 cell line with IC50=14.3 µg/ml. Furthermore, the methanol extract was least cytotoxic to normal cell lines. The strong cytotoxic potential was observed in pure compound pentagalloyl glucopyranose (3) to all three cancer cell lines (HEPG2, Caco-2, MCF-7) , IC50 of HEPG2 value = 4.5 µg/ml. the IC50 for Caco-2 was 11 µg/ml. and MCF7, IC50=13.5 µg/ml. as well , in comparison with pure compounds (4,7,8). The growth inhibition of 50% (IC50) for each extract was calculated from the optical density of treated and untreated cells.

Physiological Concentrations of Blueberry-Derived Phenolic Acids Reduce Monocyte Adhesion to Human Endothelial Cells.

Blueberry polyphenols are thought to confer cardiovascular health benefits, but have limited bioavailability. They undergo extensive metabolism and their phenolic acid metabolites are likely to be the mediators of bioactivity. The effect of blueberry-derived phenolic acids on one aspect of inflammation, monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cells, is investigated. The major blueberry-derived phenolic acids in human plasma are identified and quantified. Three test mixtures representing compounds present at 0-4 h (Early), 4-24 h (Late), or 0-24 h (Whole) are used to investigate the effect on adhesion of monocytes to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-activated endothelial cells. The Late mixture reduces monocyte adhesion, but there is no effect of the Early or Whole mixtures. Exclusion of syringic acid from each mixture results in inhibition of monocyte adhesion. Exposure to the phenolic acid mixtures has no effect on the endothelial surface expression of adhesion molecules intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), or E-selectin, suggesting that other molecular mechanisms are responsible for the observed effect. This study shows that physiological concentrations of blueberry polyphenol metabolites can help maintain cardiovascular health by regulating monocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium.

Phenolic acids and terpenoids in the soils of different weed-suppressive circles of allelopathic rice

ABSTRACTAllelopathic rice ‘PI312777’ (PI) and non-allelopathic rice ‘Lemont’ (Le) were used to assess phenolic acids and terpenoids in the soils of different circles using inhibitory-circle method. The rhizosphere soils of rice (inner circle) and barnyard grass at a 12 cm distance from rice (outer circle) were collected for analyses. The results showed total content of phenolic acids in outer circle of PI was significantly higher than that of Le, while the outer soil of PI contained a higher total content of benzoic acid derivatives and a lower total content of cinnamic acid derivatives than the inner soil. Total terpenoid and monoterpene contents in inner and outer circle soils of PI were significantly higher than that of Le, and the ratio of oxygenated monoterpenes in outer soil of PI was higher than that of Le. Furthermore, phenolic acid mixtures showed a more obvious inhibitory effect on root length than on shoot length of the receptor, while oxygenated monoterpenes were opposite, and a low concentration of oxygenated monoterpenes enhanced inhibitory effect of phenolic acids mixtures on shoot length of the receptor. All results suggested oxygenated monoterpenes participated in the weed-suppressive effect together with phenolic acids of allelopathic rice.