Ore Mixtures Research Articles

Simultaneous removal of ammonia, copper ions and sulfamethoxazole from aquaculture wastewater with low carbon to nitrogen ratio enhanced by manganese redox driven by a two-stage synergistic bioreactor: Optimization and potential mechanism

The problem of low carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) in wastewater is a major challenge for biological treatment, especially the complex pollution of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and copper ions (Cu(II)). Herein, a strain of Pseudoxanthomonas sp. MA23 with manganese (Mn) reduction-coupled ammonia oxidation properties was isolated. Subsequently, kaolin and bentonite were used as the main raw materials, and a mixture of coconut shell biochar (CSBC) and different Mn ores were added to make ceramsite carriers to load the target strain MA23. To achieve complete N removal and Mn redox process, Dechloromonas sp. YZ8 with Mn redox and denitrification performance was introduced, and a second-stage bioreactor was constructed with volcanic rock as the biocarrier. The results showed that the bioreactor was most effective when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 20.0 and 2.0 h, C/N was 1.5, and pH was 6.5. The response of the bioreactors was investigated by inflowing different concentrations of Cu(II) and SMX. Appropriate Cu(II) concentrations promoted the electron transfer in the system, and Cu(II) and SMX were together removed by biological action and chemisorption. Furthermore, genes involved in N metabolism were enriched in the bioreactors and the microorganisms responded to environmental changes by up or down-regulating relevant metabolic genes. The synergistic system proposed in this study provided a promising attempt to simultaneously address NH4+-N-Cu(II)-SMX pollution in low C/N wastewater.

Mining Enterprise Production Line Optimal Load Modelling

The article is devoted to the issues of the mining enterprise production line optimal load model. A large number of issues to related to alternative production plan implementation transition are considered in various works. A mathematical model to form an optimal plan mining enterprise raw material mixture from deposits is proposed in the study. A method of multi-criteria alternative ranking in terms of integral efficiency indicator with the following problem solution of optimal plan determination for a raw material mixture from deposits was chosen for that purpose. The article proposes an approach to determine the production line optimal loading plan of a mining enterprise based on the creation of an ore mixture with the highest utility. The value of a particular deposit is determined by a variety of factors, including the distance from the production line, the ore content in the rock, and the volume of the deposit. The paper shows that the development of a specified field management can be implemented based on solving linear programming problems. The hierarchy contains three levels: the system purpose; the factors influencing the deposit appeal (the metal content, the deposit volume, and transport accessibility); alternatives (deposits of raw materials directly). Let's assume that it is necessary to find the maximum efficiency by means of an ore mixture from the given deposits. Resource restrictions are imposed on the task: the work and machine time fund, the amount of first type reagent, and the amount of second type reagent. The composition of the constraint vector can be set depending on the value of the resources. The study found that the optimal plan is implemented under the complete resource utilization both of the first and the second types and a fifty-three percent level of the third resource utilization. Despite the low integral assessment of the raw material value of the fourth deposit, which is mainly determined by the low ore content in the rock, with respect to other deposits, its maximum utilization is also recommended, which in turn, is determined by the low resource intensity of ore extraction from this rock.

Correlation between the parameters of material transfer and granulation indexes in mixtures with varying ratios of concentrate to iron ore fines

The production of high-grade fine material or concentrate continues to increase due to the depletion of high-grade ore deposits. In iron ore granulation, fine materials are involved in producing granules through the coalescence process and auto-layering around coarse particles. The effectiveness of granulation depends on the role of each size fraction of the ore mixture and the level of material transfer between size fractions, and it is measured by different granulation indexes, including maximum permeability, granulation effectiveness (x0.5) and mass fraction of fine material or concentrate. This study focused on the correlation between the level of material transfer between size fractions in granulated mixtures and different granulation indexes. Regular iron ore fines were replaced with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% concentrate, respectively, to produce granules with an optimum moisture content, determined by the maximum permeability from a pilot-scale JPU (Japanese Permeability Unit) pot. The results indicated that the level of material transfer between size fractions can be used as an alternative index to evaluate the granulation effectiveness of ore mixtures. Adding more concentrate increased the formation of mini-granules that grow slowly, which is associated with a sluggish level of material transfer between size fractions. The growth of large granules was also delayed, leading to a small mean size of granules, low bed permeability and low granulation effectiveness or partition coefficient, x0.5. The coefficients of variance for the material transfer level and maximum permeability were comparable, providing an opportunity to replace the commonly maximum permeability with the level of material transfer in the measurement of the granulation effectiveness.

Production of complex Fe-Si-Mn-Cr ferroalloy using high-ash coal: a sustainable metallurgical approach

The article presents the results of comprehensive thermodynamic modeling and laboratory tests conducted for smelting a complex ferroalloy of silicon, manganese, and chromium (Fe-Si-Mn-Cr) from chromium, medium-grade manganese ores, and high-ash coals from Kazakhstan. Thermodynamic analysis was performed using HSC Chemistry software to model the Fe-Si-Mn-Cr smelting process over a temperature range of 900 °C–1800 °C. This analysis involved six actual charge compositions with solid reductant (Csolid) consumption ranging from 5 to 20 kg per 100 kg of Cr and Mn ore mixture. The mechanism of the combined carbothermic reduction of Cr, Mn, Si, and Fe was investigated using the Cr-Si-Al-Ca-Mn-Mg-O-C system. According to thermodynamic data, the optimal consumption of Csolid per 100 kg of ore mixture is 17 kg, and the optimal temperature range for smelting ferroalloys is between 1600 and 1700 °C. Laboratory tests were conducted in a high-temperature Tamman furnace at 1700 °C, resulting in experimental samples of the new complex ferroalloy with an average composition of 14.85% Fe, 14.05% Si, 7.55% Mn, 57.54% Cr, and 6.01% C, with P < 0.03% and S < 0.02%. The phase composition included (Cr, Fe, Mn)3Si and carbides Cr23C6 and (Fe, Mn)3C. The resulting alloy is suitable for alloying high-carbon and tool steels.

Effect of reduction behavior from Fe2O3 to FeO on the formation of metallic Fe in multi-stage reduction

The current study investigated the reduction behavior of iron ore using hydrogen in four-stage reduction processes. Reduction reactions from Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 and from Fe3O4 to FeO proceeded at the first and second stages, respectively. The third and fourth stages subsequently reduced FeO to metallic iron. Iron ore mixture of hematite and goethite achieved the final reduction degree to be 87% by multi-stage reduction processes. As the duration of reduction at the first stage was decreased, the final reduction degree was improved. The first reduction stage produced the most stable iron oxides as magnetite, while the second reduction stage corresponded to the reduction condition where wustite is the most stable. Decreasing the duration time of the first reduction stage resulted in the decrease of stable magnetite formation, consequently increasing the surface area of reduced iron ore. The omission of the first reduction stage resulted in the highest degree of final reduction of 95%. Kinetic analyses for each reduction reaction were performed to derive the optimal reduction conditions. The reduction of hematite to magnetite at the initial stage of iron oxide was controlled by diffusion, and the rate-controlling step of reduction was gradually shifted to chemical reaction in the reduction from FeO to metallic iron.

Recycling Blast Furnace Dust as Raw Material in Iron-Making

A large amount of dust is formed as one of the primary by-products during the blast furnace ironmaking process. Iron and carbon are mainly compositions in the dust. Blast furnace dust (BFD) is cycled to protect the environment and recover valuable components. In this study, BFD is used pelletization process with iron ore concentration for raw materials charging to the iron-making furnace. The mixture of BFD and iron ore (30; 40; 50 by mass %) with 2 % bentonite as a binder was used for making pellets. The produced pellets were tested drop strength and fired at 1200 °C for 30 minutes in the atmosphere environment. Fired pellets were examined compressive strength and reduced at 900; 1000; 1100 °C in 30 minutes. Mechanical, porosity and reduction degree properties of reduced pellets were analysed. The results show that green strength and compressive strength are acceptable values. Good porosity is observed when using a high amount of BFD so that it gives a high degree of reduction. XRD, SEM were used for characterization. Iron whiskers were observed in the sample, which was reduced at 1000 °C. It is clearly shown that the pellets using BFD are appropriated for charging to blast furnace as raw materials.

The Origin of Mineral Waste from Constanta Port and the Necessity to Introduce it into the Circular Economy

Abstract Constanta Port is the largest port on the Black Sea. Only here are operated the largest ships that have access through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. Of these, the largest tonnage is operated in berths 80 – 84 belonging to COMVEX SA. In the port there are also terminals for operating bulk cargo belonging to SOCEP and Minmetal. During the operation of ships, transport and storage of bulk cargo, basic activities of the terminal, losses of bulk materials occur, which periodically collected are waste because they no longer meet the original characteristics of the goods. According to GD 111/2002, these quantities of materials are called technological losses and are a mixture of iron ore, bauxite, coke and coal. The mineral components of this waste, defined as mineral waste, are from the handled materials, and which are of the highest quality. This quantity cannot be shipped to customers and therefore the respective quantities of goods represent operating and storage losses. Periodically, this mixture must be removed so that the land surfaces on which the stacks of materials are formed remain clean. The production of mineral waste is closely linked to the activity of the Ore Terminal. The mineral mixture from cleaning operations is stored in temporary storage dumps. In addition to the fact that these quantities of goods represent losses, they also represent an impact on the environment. The storage of this waste involves occupying important, available, adjacent areas and sometimes production areas. This also has implications for the operator's handling capacity as it requires additional operations involving energy consumption, labour consumption, vehicle use, etc. In conclusion, this scenario negatively affects the economic and social development of the company operating with bulk materials. Due to the specificity of the bulk cargo handling terminal, between 1991 and until now, significant quantities of mineral waste valued at approx. 650.000 t. Similar wastes are a characteristic of large ports, which transit such bulk goods, such as: Rotterdam – EMO operator – Netherlands, Dunkirk and Sollac sur Mer – France, Tianjin – China.

DETECTING MOISTURE IN BAUXITE USING MICROWAVES

AbstractMathematical modelling of microwaves travelling through bauxite ore provides a way to compute moisture content in the free space transmission method given data on signal attenuation, phase shift and variable bauxite depth. We extend a recently developed four-layer model that uses coupled ordinary differential wave equations for the electric field together with continuity boundary conditions at interfaces between ore, air and antenna to find a solution that incorporates multiple internal reflections in ore and air. The model provides good fits to data, depending on ore permittivity and conductivity.Our extensions are to use effective medium models to obtain electromagnetic properties of the ore mixture from moisture content and to incorporate the damping effects of scattering from the ore surface. Our model leads to a formula for the received signal showing how signal strengths SS and phase shifts depend on the moisture content of the bauxite ore, through the effects of moisture on permittivity and conductivity. We show that SS may be noninvertible, indicating that attenuation data alone cannot be used to infer moisture content. Combining with phase data typically corrects the noninvertibility. Reducing the operating frequency dramatically improves the usefulness of signal strength data for inferring moisture content.

AN ASSESSMENT OF INFLUENCE OF SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF FEED ON THE RESULTS OF BALL MILL GRINDING PROCESS COURSE FOR POLISH COPPER ORES

The article concerns issues related to the copper ore ball mill grinding process, operating at different technological parameters. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of various operating parameters and feed characteristics on selected technological effects (comminution degree, yields of the finest particle size classes, ready for downstream flotation operations). The research program included grinding tests of two lithological types of Polish copper ore (dolomite and sandstone) and their mixtures in the proportions: 70% dolomite +30% sandstone and 30% dolomite +70% sandstone. Material was treated under wet and dry grinding in Bond’s ball mill. Three different grinding time were applied together with three levels of mill’s rotational speed. The feed material with three different particle size compositions was used in the rests. The results show that increases in yields of fine particle size fractions for each sample are dependent on the particle size composition of feed, grinding time and rotational speed of mill. Together with increasing of grinding time, fine particle size fraction contents increase too, especially for the coarse feed without fine particles. In general, higher comminution degrees were obtained for ore mixtures, the most favorable results for a mixture of 30% sandstone +70% dolomite, where S 50 equaled 358 and S 90 = 178. Correlation analysis showed that in fact all technological parameters under investigation were significantly related to the obtained comminution effectiveness.

Optimization of carbothermal reduction of low-grade manganese ore utilizing microwave heating

The upgrading of low-grade Egyptian manganese ore, utilizing microwave carbothermal reduction, was investigated. Standard ore-dressing methods were found fruitless because of the complex linkage of iron and manganese phases. Thermodynamic calculations showed the possibility of iron oxide selective reduction in the Fe-Mn-Si-O-C system. The current experiments indicated that the mixture of low-grade manganese ore and charcoal powders has good microwave heating ability, besides iron metal balls formation, which resulted in ore enrichment. The iron balls characterization indicates a high purity as they contain about 97 %iron. The results showed that the most significant factor affecting the degree of reduction was the experiment exposure time, followed by the charcoal ratio. The maximum reduction of 84.45 % was attained at a microwave exposure time of 7 min, a charcoal ratio of 1.0, and a basicity of 0.28.

Lead isotope fingerprinting techniques help identify and quantify 3000 years of atmospheric lead pollution from Laguna Roya, northwestern Iberia

Legacy pollution research has established that over the past 3000 years, mining and metallurgical activities have resulted in widespread deposition of lead (Pb) pollution. However, there is still a limited understanding of how humans have impacted the long-term cycling of Pb in the environment. We present a 4,000-year lake sediment Pb isotope record from Laguna Roya, northwestern Iberia, that identifies and quantifies the predominant sources of atmospheric Pb pollution. For the first time, Pb isotopic compositions of ancient slag samples dated (∼600 BCE–200 CE) from a mining district in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula are compared to Pb isotope ratios of Pb pollution deposited contemporaneously in lake sediments. In addition, literature Pb isotope ratios of ores from mining regions throughout Iberia are compared with those of leaded gasoline and coal to identify additional sources of anthropogenic Pb. Deposition of atmospheric Pb pollution begins after 950 BCE, and until 1750 CE, the Pb isotopic composition most resembles the southwestern slag deposits, containing a mixture of Pb ores from southeast Iberia (up to 36%) and southwest Iberia (∼74%). Between 1750 and 1960 CE, Pb pollution is attributed to Pb mining in southcentral Iberia. After 1960 CE, the dominant Pb pollution source (∼85%) is again metal refining in southwestern Iberia, and only ∼15% is from leaded gasoline. Provenance and reconstruction of the temporal and spatial distribution of legacy Pb pollution further our understanding of how humans have affected the biogeochemical cycle of this toxic element in the environment over time.

CFD Analysis of Pressure Variation inside Iron-Ore Slurry Pipelines

Abstract: Slurries, basically regarded as two – phase (solid – liquid) mixtures of ore and the carrier medium, generally water, are transported through underground pipelines. The rheological properties of the slurry also play an important role in determining the salient parameters of hydraulic transport such as head loss and pressure drop in commercial slurry pipelines. CFD has provided an upper hand in mathematical modelling and flow simulation, as it provides accurate and dependable flow simulation results. This article primarily focuses on determining the pressure drop across the ends of the pipeline, as slurry flows through it, and to establish a graphical depiction of the various simulations made using different set of conditions. The pressure drop for R500 radius of curvature of bends was found to be lying between 4.27% to 6.53%, as the bend angles increased from 3° to 18°, while the same was found to be lying between 3.49% to 6.2% for R2500 radius of curvature of bends. The pressure drop for R500 radius of curvature of bends was found to be lying between 4.91% to 8.3%, as the inlet velocity of slurry increased from 0.5 m/s to 3m/s, while the same was found to be lying between 5.05% to 8.63% for R2500 radius of curvature of bends.

A prediction of blend grinding result based on individual ore size measurements and grinding tests

Dry ball mills of Tata Steel IJmuiden’s pelletizing plant grind a blend of iron ores, coke breeze and mineral additives. Blend composition can be adjusted depending on raw material supply and product demand. A grinding prediction method on blends has been developed in order to aid improvement of blend selection. A batch testing procedure on individual ores was applied. Parameters describing grinding kinetics were determined by using simulation and fitting to the results of the tests. The grinding of certain ore mixtures was simulated using the obtained parameters of the individual ores. The calculated particle size distributions were compared to laboratory grinding results of the mixtures. Grinding parameters of each ore were subsequently summarised in a single parameter, being the time required in a laboratory mill to achieve a specified target average particle diameter. The incorporation of the grinding time into linear models improved the prediction of product quality from the industrial grinding system. Results and mean average error of this prediction were determined by means of cross validation.

Effects of process parameters on the growth behavior and granule size distribution of iron ore mixtures in a novel high-shear granulator

Effects of process parameters on the growth behavior and granule size distribution of iron ore mixtures in a novel high-shear granulator

Preparation and Consolidation Mechanism of Nickel Laterite Carbon Composite Hot Briquette

Blast furnace smelting process has advantages in producing ferronickel products because of its low comprehensive energy consumption and high production efficiency. However, laterite nickel ore has poor performance of pellets and lump ore due to its own characteristics. At present, the main lumping method is low basicity sinter, which is difficult to optimize the charge structure. This paper mainly studies the preparation process of laterite nickel carbon composite hot briquette (LN-CCHB) and the influence of process parameters on the basic compressive strength properties, so as to explore a new charge for smelting laterite nickel in blast furnace process. Results showed that the influence of pressure and temperature of hot briquette on the compressive strength of NL-CCHB is obvious. The compressive strength of NL-CCHB increases with the increase of briquetting pressure increases first and then decreases with the increase of hot briquetting temperature. The FC/O ratio (the ratio of the fixed carbon mol (C) in coal to the reducible oxygen mol (O) in iron oxides) has little effect on the compressive strength of NL-CCHB. In the experimental range, the mixture of laterite nickel ore and pulverized coal can obtain NL-CCHB with compressive strength of more than 1300N after hot briquetting. After heat treatment, NL-CCHB with compressive strength of more than 1800N can be obtained. The optimum hot briquetting process parameters are: FC/O ratio 1.25, hot briquetting temperature 450°C, hot briquetting pressure 80MPa. The optimum heat treatment process parameters are: FC/O ratio 1.50, heat treatment temperature 550°C.

Study on purification of flake graphite by heat activation and hydrofluoric acid

ABSTRACT Graphite is an allotropic type of carbon composed of hexagonally organised carbon atom layers in a planar condensed ring structure (graphene layers). In recent years, researchers have reported the purification of graphite using various separation techniques, leading to the development of many methods for purifying graphite to separate it from the ore mixture. However, the majority of these methods are time-consuming, detrimental to the environment, expensive, need much energy, and have rather difficult manufacturing conditions. Although graphite is an essential strategic resource, and China has the world’s largest deposits and output of graphite, China’s graphite processing technology is very low, restricting the area of application. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the heat-activated hydrofluoric acid method (HAH), which is a simple and quick protocol that is often used to purify flake graphite. The optimum reaction parameters for purifying graphite are also explored, including hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration, activation temperature, activation time, and sulphuric acid concentration. The results showed that the HAH process could purify raw flake graphite up to 99 %. As a result, the purification method in this study is applicable to the production of high-purity graphite.

Electrochemical co-reduction of praseodymium and bismuth from 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquid

Electrochemical reduction of rare-earth elements is an important industrial process in the separation and purification of naturally occurring ore mixtures and concentrates. Due to the extremely low reduction potential, high-temperature molten salt mixtures are generally used for this process, which is very energy intensive. As an alternative, room-temperature ionic liquids can be used to achieve the same goals at lower environmental cost. For this to become viable on an industrial scale, further research is required to understand the electrochemical reduction process of single rare-earth elements and how different external factors influence the electrochemical deposition process. For this purpose, praseodymium was chosen as an example of a rare-earth element to study electrochemical deposition from an ionic liquid. It was found that Pr alone cannot be reduced at an Au electrode surface in significant quantities, likely due to the formation of a blocking layer on the electrode surface. The addition of a small concentration of a bismuth salt significantly enhances the deposition rate and is highly beneficial for the deposition and separation of Pr from the ionic liquid.

Metallurgical byproducts application aimed at improving ore concentration efficiency at Talnakh Concentrator

Talnakh Concentrator processes the mixture of high-grade and cupriferous ores to produce copper and nickel-pyrrhotite concentrates via the process implemented in 2016. Since 2018, pursuing a comprehensive use of raw materials, Talnakh Concentrator proceeded with reconcentration of low-nickel pyrrhotite product to produce low-grade reflotation concentrate (0.8&ndash;1.2% of nickel) sent to Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant named after B.I. Kolesnikov (hereinafter, NMP) for hydrometallurgical processing. Testing of Copper Plant&rsquo;s byproducts application was aimed at increasing nickel recovery as a result of the nickeliferous pyrrhotite surface activation by copper ions. It is impractical to apply blue vitriol, traditionally used for this purpose, as it leads to a significant decrease in technical and economic performance due to an increase in operating costs for reconcentration. The Copper Plant products, such as decopperized electrolyte and a coppernickel solution from PGM Concentrator were tested as activators. These products contain not only residual amount of copper ions, but also a substantial quantity of sulphuric acid. The study showed that Copper Plant&rsquo;s solution application increased the amount of nickel recovered to the product of reconcentration and improved the product pyrrhotite content that favorably effected its subsequent pressure oxidation leaching. Application of the copper-nickel solution from PGM Concentrator is considered to be the best option due to a higher ratio of copper ions to sulphuric acid. Solutions applied during nickel-pyrrhotite flotation at Talnakh Concentrator were also studied. The authors simulated the initial composition alteration of Talnakh Concentrator&rsquo;s feed with an increase in a share of cupriferous ore, containing much less pyrrhotite than high-grade ore. It was found out that if the feed contained critical amount of cupriferous ore, application of Copper Plant&rsquo;s solutions contributed to maintenance of sulphur content in the nickel-pyrrhotite concentrate of Talnakh Concentrator that provided energy potential required for the appropriate thermal conditions of NMP&rsquo;s smelting vessels.

Reduction Reactivity of Low Grade Iron Ore-Biomass Pellets for a Sustainable Ironmaking Process

Currently, fossil fuels are still the primary fuel source and reducing agent in the steel industries. The utilization of fossil fuels is strongly associated with CO2 emissions. Therefore, an alternative solution for green steel production is highly recommended, with the use of biomass as a source of fuel and a reducing agent. Biomass’s growth consumes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which may be stored for variable amounts of time (carbon dioxide removal, or CDR). The pellets used in this study were prepared from a mixture of low-grade iron ore and palm kernel shells (PKS). The reducing reactivity of the pellets was investigated by combining thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and laboratory experiments. In the TGA, the heating changes stably from room temperature to 950 °C with 5–15 °C/min heating rate. The laboratory experiments’ temperature and heating rate variations were 600–900 °C and 10–20 °C/min, respectively. Additionally, the reduction mechanism was observed based on the X-ray diffraction analysis of the pellets and the composition of the reduced gas. The study results show that increasing the heating rate will enhance the reduction reactivity comprehensively and shorten the reduction time. The phase change of Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe increases sharply starting at 800 °C. The XRD intensities of Fe compounds at a heating rate of 20 °C/min are higher than at 10 °C/min. Analysis of the reduced gas exhibits that carbon gasification begins to enlarge at a temperature of 800 °C, thereby increasing the rate of iron ore reduction. The combination of several analyses carried out shows that the reduction reaction of the mixture iron ore-PKS pellets runs optimally at a heating rate of 20 °C/min. In this heating rate, the reduced gas contains much higher CO than at the heating rate of 10 °C/min at temperatures above 800 °C, which encourages a more significant reduction rate. In addition, the same reduction degree can be achieved in a shorter time and at a lower temperature for a heating rate of 20 °C/min compared to 10 °C/min.

Brass products in the coronet excavated from an M2-numbered Sui-Tang-dynasty tomb situated in Kun Lun Company in Xi'an, Shaanxi

Ancient Chinese brass smelting technology has promoted the invention of zinc smelting, thus becoming an important part of the metallurgical history. However, the information concerning its origin and development is still controversial. In that regard, thorough analysis of composition and structure of the early brass is crucial for studying various stages of the ancient brass smelting technology history. This study aimed to investigate brass artifacts from Kunlun M2 tomb in Xi'an, Shaanxi, dating back during Sui to early Tang Dynasty (581–712 AD). The composition and metallographic characterization of the materials was performed using XRF, SEM–EDS and metallographic analysis. According to the results, brass was composed of 83 wt% of copper, 12 wt% of zinc, and 3 wt% of tin. Furthermore, its microstructure consisted of α-isometric single crystals with some slip lines and a few twinned grains. This indicated that brass was obtained by melting an appropriate mixture of zinc ores and copper ores at a temperature above 920 °C. Furthermore, brass support components were installed on the coronet after integral hot forging and partial cold shaping. Besides, the use of brass in the coronet was in conformity with the social hierarchy of that historical period, and also reflected the attention paid to the properties of materials.