Mixture Of Glacial Acetic Acid Research Articles

Reaction of aroylpyruvic acids methyl esters with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Antioxidant activity of the obtained compounds

4-{[(2Z)-4-Aryl-2-hydroxy-4-oxobut-2-enoyl]amino}benzoic acids were synthesized by reacting methyl esters of aroylpyruvic acids with 4-aminobenzoic (p-aminobenzoic) acid in glacial acetic acid in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate. 4-{[(2Z)-4-Aryl-1-methoxy-1,4-dioxobut-2-en-2-yl)]amino}benzoic acids were synthesized by reacting the above reagents in a mixture of glacial acetic acid–ethanol (1:1) without adding anhydrous sodium acetate. Structure of the obtained compounds was confirmed by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was studied.

Development of Thin-Layer Chromatography–Densitometric Procedure for Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses and Stability Studies of Cefazolin

Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin used to treat severe infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin, and soft tissues. This study presents the optimal conditions for the determination of cefazolin by thin-layer chromatography with densitometric detection. A chloroform–methanol–glacial acetic acid mixture (6:4:0.5, v/v/v) was selected as the mobile phase, while TLC silica gel 60F254 plates were used as the stationary phase. Next, the developed procedure was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The obtained results showed that the method is selective, precise, and accurate in a linearity range of 0.04–1.00 µg/spot (r > 0.99). Subsequently, qualitative and quantitative analyses of formulations containing cefazolin were performed. It was found that the amount of antibiotic is highly consistent with the content declared by manufacturers. The suitability of the developed method for stability testing under varying environmental conditions was also verified. It was found that under the tested conditions, the degradation process follows first-order kinetics. The lowest stability was registered in an alkaline environment and in the presence of an oxidizing agent, and the highest stability was recorded in water, and these results were confirmed by the calculated kinetic parameters. The developed method can be used in qualitative and quantitative analyses and stability studies of the analyzed antibiotic.

Aggressive angiomyxoma of the pelvis and abdominal wall: Dramatic response to chemical ablation therapy.

Aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is a rare, locally aggressive soft tissue neoplasm with a marked tendency for local recurrence after surgery. Although hormone therapy, radiation therapy, and vascular embolization can be performed, we investigated the safety and efficacy of a new chemical ablation protocol for AAM. This study included two female AAM patients from 2012 to 2016. The patients' clinical and imaging data were collected. The amount of anhydrous ethanol and glacial acetic acid used for chemical ablation was documented, and the management of any complications was detailed. The maximum dimensions of the residual tumor were 12.6cm and 14.0cm. In one case, the lesion was in the pelvis and protruded into the vulva. Eighty milliliters of liquid with a mixture of glacial acetic acid, anhydrous ethanol, and iohexol (10:9:1) was used for chemical ablation therapy via multipoint injections with a single needle. However, a pelvic fistula developed 1 month later. In another case, the lesion was located in the abdominal wall. The ablation procedure was improved by performing chemical ablation therapy with multiple needles for multi-point injections of smaller than 30ml injections for each procedure. To date, no recurrence or metastasis has been observed in the two cases. The preferred treatment for AAM is complete resection. Chemical ablation therapy is a novel adjuvant therapy for AMM. Nonetheless, more research is needed to confirm these findings.

An Improved Synthetic Method for Sensitive Iodine Containing Tricyclic Flavonoids

The synthesis of new iodine containing synthetic tricyclic flavonoids is reported. Due to the sensitivity of the precursors to the heat and acidic conditions required for the ring closure of the 1,3-dithiolium core, a new cyclization method has been developed. It consists in the treatment of the corresponding iodine-substituted 3-dithiocarbamic flavonoids with a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of glacial acetic acid-concentrated sulfuric acid at 40 °C. The synthesis of the iodine-substituted 3-dithiocarbamic flavonoids has also been tuned in terms of reaction conditions.

Miniaturized and improved method for Apparent Total N-Nitroso Compounds determination in beer

A miniaturized and improved method for Apparent Total Nitroso Compounds determination in liquid matrices was developed. The main improvement is based on a miniaturized and modified apparatus for chemical denitrosation of nitroso compounds by hydrogen bromide in a glacial acetic acid mixture. The reaction is carried out in a teflon reaction coil while the reaction product, gaseous nitric oxide, is drifted to a chemiluminescence detector by the flow of argon together with a vacuum obtained by the detector's oil pump. The apparatus significantly increased the efficiency of the Apparent Total N-Nitroso Compounds determination (compared to the previous method), specifically, the dead volume of the apparatus was significantly decreased, and the effect of the reverse reaction was eliminated as well. The apparatus shortens the analysis time (1.4 min/injection), further it provides a lower detection limit (3 μg(N-NO)/l), quantification limit (10 μg(N-NO)/l), and method uncertainty (15%), and is simpler for the operation.

Conformational transition of Poly-L-proline studied by IR, NMR, and SAXS

Poly-l-proline (PLP) takes two extreme local conformations, right-handed helix (Helix-I) and left-handed helix (Helix-II) and two overall conformations at a steady-state, PLP-I and –II, each of which is constructed by sequences of Helix-I and –II, respectively. The study with IR and proton NMR spectroscopy has verified that PLP-I dissolved in glacial acetic acid is gradually converted into PLP-II (forward-mutarotation) and PLP-II dissolved in a mixture of glacial acetic acid and n-propanol is gradually converted into PLP-I (reverse-mutarotation), and has roughly evaluated the rate of the conformational change: It takes ca. 48 hrs. and ca. 40–50 h at 25 °C, respectively, for the forward- and reverse-mutarotation process to reach the middle stage. The analysis of the SAXS data has shown that the conformation of PLP at the middle stage of the forward mutarotation process is represented by joining alternatively rodlike structure of Helix-I and –II, which has equal 180 ± 90 proline residues per a helical rod, whereas the overall conformation of PLP-II dissolved in CD3COOD is represented by an intact helical rod or an interrupted helical rod having a few breaking-points. These data suggest that the conformational transition of PLP would proceed in a zipper-like pattern.

Preparation and Properties of Nanocellulose fromMiscanthus x giganteus

Miscanthus x giganteusstalks were used to make organosolvent pulp and nanocellulose. The organosolvent miscanthus pulp (OMP) was obtained through thermal treatment in the mixture of glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide at the first stage and the alkaline treatment at the second stage. Hydrolysis of the never-dried OМP was carried out by a solution of sulfuric acid with concentrations of 43% and 50% and followed by ultrasound treatment. Structural changes and the crystallinity index of OMP and nanocellulose were studied by SEM and FTIR methods. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed an increase in the crystallinity of OMP and nanocellulose as a result of thermochemical treatment. We show that nanocellulose has a density of up to 1.6 g/cm3, transparency up to 82%, and a crystallinity index of 76.5%. The AFM method showed that the particles of nanocellulose have a diameter in the range from 10 to 20 nm. A thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that nanocellulose films have a denser structure and lower mass loss in the temperature range of 320–440°C compared to OMP. The obtained nanocellulose films have high tensile strength up to 195 MPa. The nanocellulose obtained from OMP exhibits the improved properties for the preparation of new nanocomposite materials.

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Polyfunctionally Substituted Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from 5‐Cinnamoylamino‐2‐Cyanomethyl‐1,3,4‐Thiadiazole

Cinnamoyl isothiocyanate 1 was reacted with 2‐cyanoethanoic acid hydrazide 2 to afford 1‐cyanoacetyl‐4‐substituted thiosemicarbazide 3, which on treatment with a mixture of glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride gave the desired 5‐cinnamoylamino‐2‐cyanomethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole 4. Compound 4 was subjected to react with aromatic aldehydes, phenylisothiocyanate, carbon disulphide, and arylidene malononitrile to give coumarin 5, thiazolidines 8,9, and 1,3,4‐thiadiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridine 13 derivatives. The structures of all synthesized compounds were ascertained by spectral and analytical data. Antimicrobial activity of some of prepared compounds was investigated, and compounds 7, 8 were found to exhibit the highest strength.

SYNTHESIS OF POLYFUNCTIONALLY SUBSTITUTED HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM 5-CINNAMOYLAMINO-2-CYANOMETHYL-1,3,4-THIADIAZOLE

Cinnamoyl isothiocyanate 1 was reacted with 2-cyanoethanoic acid hydrazide 2 to afford 1-cyanoacetyl-4-substituted thiosemicarbazide 3 which on treatment with a mixture of glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride gave the desired 5-cinnamoylamino-2-cyanomethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole 4. Compound 4 was subjected to react with aromatic aldehydes, phenylisothiocyanate, carbon disulphide and arylidene malononitrile to give coumarin 5, thiazolidines 8,9 and 1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine 13 derivatives. The structures of all synthesized compounds were ascertained by spectral and analytical data.

Fabrication of microfibrillated cellulose gel from waste pulp sludge via mild maceration combined with mechanical shearing

This article describes a facile route, which combines mild maceration of waste pulp sludge and a mechanical shearing process, to prepare microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) with a high storage modulus. In the maceration, the mixture of glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide was used to extract cellulose from never-dried waste pulp sludge. Then, two different mechanical processes including disc refining (DR) and ultrasonication plus homogenization (UH) were applied to the cellulose after maceration and resulted in MFC with a highly tangled fibril network. All of the resultant cellulosic suspensions (2 % w/w) exhibited a gel-like and shear-thinning behavior with storage moduli (G′) ranging from 200 to 4000 Pa. Among them, the 30-min DR-treated MFC gels had the maximum G′, which was much higher than for previously reported MFC gels at the same concentration. Additionally, after mechanical processing, specific surface areas and water retention values of MFC were accordingly increased with the enhancement of shear force, while the storage moduli (G′) were not consistently increased. Finally, a strong MFC gel was successfully prepared from never-dried waste pulp sludge via a one-step disc refining process and using cost-effective chemicals. The obtained hydrogels will have potential as low-density reinforcing fillers or as a template for further surface modification.

A rapid, ideal, and eco-friendlier protocol for quantifying proline

Proline, a stress marker, is routinely quantified by a protocol that essentially uses hazardous toluene. Negative impacts of toluene on human health prompted us to develop a reliable alternate protocol for proline quantification. Absorbance of the proline-ninhydrin condensation product formed by reaction of proline with ninhydrin at 100°C in the reaction mixture was significantly higher than that recorded after its transfer to toluene, revealing that toluene lowers sensitivity of this assay. λ max of the proline-ninhydrin complex in the reaction mixture and toluene were 508 and 513nm, respectively. Ninhydrin in glacial acetic acid yielded higher quantity of the proline-ninhydrin condensation product compared to ninhydrin in mixture of glacial acetic acid and H3PO4, indicating negative impact of H3PO4 on proline quantification. Further, maximum yield of the proline-ninhydrin complex with ninhydrin in glacial acetic acid and ninhydrin in mixture of glacial acetic acid and H3PO4 was achieved within 30 and 60min, respectively. This revealed that H3PO4 has negative impact on the reaction rate and quantity of the proline-ninhydrin complex formed. In brief, our proline quantification protocol involves reaction of a 1-ml proline sample with 2ml of 1.25% ninhydrin in glacial acetic acid at 100°C for 30min, followed by recording absorbance of the proline-ninhydrin condensation product in the reaction mixture itself at 508nm. Amongst proline quantification protocols known till date, our protocol is the most simple, rapid, reliable, cost-effective, and eco-friendlier.

Synthesis of Some Novel 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives and Biological Screening for Anti-Microbial, Antifungal and Anthelmintic Activity

The present manuscript describes synthesis of some new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives and evaluation of their antimicrobial, antifungal and anthelmintic activity quantitatively and qualitatively. First, thiosemicarbazide was cyclized with different aromatic acids and ethanol to yield 5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine. Then, N-substituted alpha-chloroacetanilides were synthesized from aromatic amines and chloroacetyl chloride in a mixture of glacial acetic acid and sodium acetate under cold conditions. Finally, 5-phenyl-1,3,4- thiadiazol-2-amine was reacted with N-substituted alpha-chloroacetanilides using potassium hydroxide to yield the corresponding N-phenyl-2-[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino] acetamides. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. These molecules were evaluated for antimicrobial, antifungal and anthelmintic activity.

Development and Validation of a New Simple Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Coumarin and its 7-Hydroxy Metabolite as a Marker of Cytochrome P450 2A6 in Rats

In this study, a simple and reliable high performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection was developed and validated for rapid determination of coumarin hydroxylase activity in rat hepatic microsomes. The chromatographic separation was achieved using Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column (150×4.6 mm, 5 μm), which was kept at 40°C. The isocratic mobile phase consisted of methanol and 1% glacial acetic acid mixture (35:65, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The effluent was monitored at 320 nm using photodiode array detector (PDA). 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (6-OH CZX) was used as internal standard. The method exhibited good linearity (R2 >0.999) for both coumarin (COUM) and its 7-hydroxy metabolite (7-OH COUM) over the assayed concentration range (0.025-5.0 μM) and demonstrated good intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy (relative standard deviations and the deviation from predicted values were less than 15%). The detection limits were 0.001 and 0.005 μM for coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin, respectively. This method was also successfully applied for studying the effect of three phytochemicals on hepatic CYP2A6 activity in rats.

Abstract 2515: Synthesis of substituted chromone-2-phenylcarboxamides as anti-breast cancer agents

Abstract Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and causes the second leading cancer deaths in women. The overall survival rate of breast cancer patients has substantially increased during the last decades due to early tumor detection. Unfortunately, the recovery rate of advanced breast cancer by current available drug treatment is still unacceptably low. Although chemotherapy is the main stay of cancer treatment at present, most of the drugs cause general toxicity to any proliferating cells and tend to severely limit the therapeutic values of these drugs. In an attempt to overcome these problems, the synthesis of new anti-breast cancer agents with unique mechanisms of action was developed. Chromones are benzannulated oxygen containing heterocyclic compounds widely distributed in nature that have a -pyrone ring. The chemical core of chromone has been classifies as a privileged structures in drug discovery, due to its uses in a wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as anti cancer, anti-HIV, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. Based on these considerations, we attempted the synthesis of novel substituted chromone-2-phenylcarboxamides as anti-breast cancer agents. The starting material chromones-2-carboxylic acid was obtained by the hydrolysis reaction of ethyl esters with the mixture of glacial acetic acid and concentrated HCl (2:1v/v) and the mixture was heated to reflux for 12 h. The acids were obtained in 70-80% yields. A suspension of substituted chromone-2-carboxylic acid in DMF was added to substituted anilines, in the presence of diphenylphosphorylazide and triethylamine. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, which furnished the target compounds i.e., substituted chromone-2-phenylcarboxamides. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 ER+ve breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 ER-ve breast cancer cell lines and Ishikawa cells using the CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay. N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxamide showed the most potent cytotoxicity with an IC50 values of 29.5 and 25.7 µM on MCF-7 and Ishikawa cell lines, respectively. This research was supported by National Center for Research Resources and the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health through Grant Number 8 G12MD007582-28. Citation Format: Kinfe Ken Redda, Madhavi Gangapuram, Mohammad A. Ghaffari, Suresh Eyunni. Synthesis of substituted chromone-2-phenylcarboxamides as anti-breast cancer agents. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2515. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2515

Preparation, characterization and biological evaluation of chitosanmoxifloxacin prodrugs for pharmaceuticals

OBJECTIVE: In recent years, excipient development has become major area of research in pharmaceutical drug delivery because it influences the formulation development and drug delivery process in various ways. In modern pharmaceutical science biopolymers are choice of research as excipient because of their low toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegrability, stability and renewable nature. Chitosan, a biodegradable polysaccharide derived from chitin and found widely in nature, possesses properties making it particularly suitable as a carrier, including its high viscosity, charge distribution and release mechanisms. Our present research work includes preparation and characterization of chitosan-moxifloxacin conjugates designed in accordance with specific biomedical requirements. METHODS: In this research work chitosan based chitosan-moxifloxacin conjugates have been successfully formulated by using distilled water and glacial acetic acid mixture and the film was made by solution casting method. Formulated films were characterized by various analytical methods such as UV, IR and DSC as well as biological methods. RESULTS: The antibacterial activity of chitosan-moxifloxacin conjugates was tested against various microorganisms viz, gram positive bacteria’s Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus and the results indicated that the antibacterial activity of chitosan-moxifloxacin conjugates was several time greater than that of parent drug moxifloxacin. This may be due to the favorable pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, excellent bacterial susceptibility and good stability of the drug conjugates. CONCLUSION: This proposed combination may result in the enhancement of the separate activities of chitosan and moxifloxacin. KEYWORDS: MFX (Moxifloxacin), CH (Chitosan), conjugate, prodrug, electrostaticinteraction, antimicrobial etc.

Implementation of a design of experiments to study the influence of the background electrolyte on separation and detection in non‐aqueous capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry

Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) background electrolytes are most often composed of a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (ACN) with soluble ammonium salts added as electrolyte. In this study on NACE-MS, we used a mixture of glacial acetic acid and ACN giving rise to an acidic background electrolyte (BGE) with a very low dielectric constant. Impressive changes in selectivity and resolution were observed for structurally closely related indole alkaloids including diastereomers upon addition of ammonium formate as electrolyte and upon variation of the solvent ratio. In order to obtain best separation and MS detection conditions and to reveal the influence of the parameters of the BGE on separation and detection and vice versa of the MS parameters on separation, an optimization strategy was employed using a design of experiments in a central composite design with response surface methodology. It was proven that at high electroosmotic flow conditions capillary electrophoretic separations and thus optimization can be realized without interference from the coupling to an MS system. Several significantly interacting parameters were revealed, which are not accessible with classical univariate optimization approaches. With this optimization, alkaloid mixtures from a plant extract of Mitragyna speciosa, containing a large number of diastereomeric compounds were successfully separated.

Validated High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital and Carbamazepine in Human Serum

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of phenytoin (CAS 57-41-0), phenobarbital (CAS 50-06-6, phenobarbitone) and carbamazepine (CAS 298-46-4) is described. The serum was extracted with ethyl acetate, the dried extract was reconstituted in mobile phase and the aliquot was injected. The eluent drugs were detected at 230 nm. The mobile phase consisting of methanol: water: glacial acetic acid mixture (67:33:1, v/v/v) was used at a flow rate of 1 ml/min on C-18 column. The absolute recovery was above 96% of all the three drugs over a concentration range of 0.5-50.0 micrograms/ml. The inter-day and intra-day precision relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 0.79-5.13% and 0.11-6.81%, respectively. The method is simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive and is presently used for therapeutic drug monitoring in epileptic patients. The results obtained with this method showed very good clinical correlation.

T(11;14)(q13;q32) in Mantle Cell Lymphoma Patients Is Present Only on Mature Malignant Cells. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting and Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Analysis

Abstract 4405 Background:Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a distinct incurable B-cell neoplasm with a median survival of 3 to 5 years. t(11;14)(q13;q32) is the hallmark of the disease leading to overexpression of protooncogene cyclin D1. At least 60% of MCL patients have unmutated VH genes. Chemoresistance to conventional treatment and continuous disease relapses even after high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation define the clinical course of the disease. A possible cause of this frequent failures may be that t(11;14)(q13;q32) occurs in early hematopoietic precursors, capable of multilineage differentiation. Aim:evaluation of t(11;14)(q13;q32) in different hematopoietic lineages of MCL patients. Methods:Bone marrow mononuclears from 12 MCL patients (including pleomorphic and blastoid variants) were sorted by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (BD FACSVantage SE) to divide the following cell lineages: CD45+CD34+ (progenitor cells); CD45+CD5+CD19+light chain Ig (mantle cell lymphoma); CD45+CD5-CD19+ (normal B-cells); CD45+CD14+ (monocytes); CD45+CD3+ (T-cells); CD45-GlyA+ (erythrokaryocytes) and granulocytes by light scattering, excluding CD14+CD45+ cells. The purity of sorted cells was checked by flow cytometry (BD FACSCanto II) and correlated to the number of sorted cells – if there were more than 50 thousands cells the purity was more than 92% (usually more 97%), but if there were less than 20 thousands cells the purity was 80% (never less). After sorting cells in the test-tube were washed from the PBS, fixed in methanol and glacial acetic acid mixture and layered onto slides by Cytospin centrifuge (Cellspin II Tharmac). The probes have been denatured at 75°C for 2 minutes, and hybridized with dual fusion LSI IGH-CCND1 probes (Vysis Inc.) at 37°C for 17–20 hours. Signals were visualized with Olympus IX-61 microscope with triple filter cube (DAPI / FITC / TexasRed). Results:t(11;14)(q13;q32) was present in 97% of sorted mantle cell lymphoma cells (range 84–100%), whereas in cells of all other lineages including normal B-cells t(11;14)(q13;q32) was not found at all. However, direct assessment of t(11;14)(q13;q32) in CD34+CD45+ cells and in normal B-cells was difficult due to the small number of these cells. In one case (classic variant MCL) we have sorted two “independent” cell populations 1 log different in the level of expression CD5: CD5dimCD19+ and CD5+CD19+. In both subpopulations t(11;14)(q13;32) was detected in 98,5% cell nuclei, indicating no correlation between CD5 level and fusion gene expression. In three cases using together FACS and FISH we were able to detect the population of MCL cells in bone marrow as small as 0,1–0,05%, whereas histology examination and standard FISH analysis failed to detect bone marrow involvement. Conclusion:Out data give evidence for the absence of t(11;14)(q13;q32) in early hematopoetic cells. FACS allows increase FISH sensitivity in 100–1000 times. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

L-Aspartic acid incorporated optically active poly(amide-imide)s: synthesis and characterization

N-trimelliticimido-l-aspartic acid (1) was prepared from the reaction of trimellitic anhydride with l-aspartic acid in a mixture of glacial acetic acid and pyridine solution (3/2 ratio) under refluxing conditions. The solution polycondensation of the corresponding activated monomer with eight aromatic diamines were carried out in DMAc. The resulting poly(amide-imide)s were obtained in quantitative yields, showed admirable inherent viscosities (0.20–0.36 dl g−1), good optical activity (+7.32o to +15.24o), and were readily soluble in polar aprotic solvents. They start to decompose (T 10%) above 170 °C and display glass-transition temperatures at 120–237 °C. All of the above polymers were fully characterized by UV, FT–IR, and 1HNMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analyses, DSC, inherent viscosity measurement, and specific rotation.

A case report of a chemical burn due to the misuse of glacial acetic acid

As young and elastic skin is what everyone dreams of, various measures have been implemented including chemical, laser resurfacing and dermabrasion to improve the condition of ageing skin. However, the high cost of these procedures prevents the poor from having access to treatment. Glacial acetic acid is widely used as a substitute for chemical peeling because it is readily easily available and affordable. However, its use can result in a number of serious complications. A 28-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital with deep second-degree chemical burns on her face caused by the application of a mixture of glacial acetic acid and flour for chemical peeling. During a 6-month follow-up, hypertrophic scarring developed on the both nasolabial folds despite scar management. Glacial acetic acid is a concentrated form of the organic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell, and it is also an important reagent during the production of organic compounds. Unfortunately, misleading information regarding the use of glacial acetic acid for chemical peeling is causing serious chemical burns. Furthermore, there is high possibility of a poor prognosis, which includes inflammation, hypertrophic scar formation and pigmentation associated with its misuse. Therefore, we report a case of facial chemical burning, due to the misuse of glacial acetic acid, and hope that this report leads to a better understanding regarding the use of this reagent.