Mixture Of Garden Soil Research Articles

Growth response of tissue culture-derived bamboo (Bambusa tulda Roxb.) Plantlets to sources and levels of inorganic nitrogen

Information on nitrogen nutrition of bamboo plants during the nursery stage is very limited. The study was conducted to generate more information regarding the nitrogen nutrition of bamboo (Bambusa tulda Roxb.) specifically to evaluate the effect of forms and levels of N on the early growth stage performance of tissue culture-derived bamboo plantlets and identify the best form and optimum level of nitrogen for bamboo plants during the nursery stage. The acclimatized tissue culture-derived bamboo (Bambusa tulda Roxb.) plantlets were grown in black polyethylene bags measuring 24x15cm containing potting medium composed of 1:1v/v mixture of garden soil and rice hull charcoal. These were applied with two forms of nitrogen (N1-nitrate-N and N2-ammonium-N) which served as the factor A and 3 levels of nitrogen (L1-0g N plant-1, L2-0.25g N plant-1, and L3-0.50g N plant-1 which was the factor B of a 2×3 factorial RCBD experiment. The effects of the treatments on the performance of the bamboo plantlets were evaluated by gathering growth parameters such as height, number of leaves and culms and leaf size, and dry weights of leaf, stem, root, and total biomass weight. The form of N applied did not significantly influenced the size of bamboo plants but significantly affected the plant dry weight. Plants fertilized with ammonium-N produced heavier biomass weight than those applied with nitrate-N. The levels of N-application significantly influenced both the plant size and weight. Application of 0.25g N and 0.5g N plant-1 significantly increased the number of culms and leaves and total plant biomass dry weight. Based on the effect on the size and weight of plants, application of 0.25g N plant-1 was already optimum for bamboo plants during the nursery stage. For bamboo plants at the nursery stage, ammonium-N was better than nitrate-N with 0.25g N plant-1 as the optimum level of application.

Early Growth of Cloned Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides)

This study aimed to propagate lipote cuttings through clonal propagation using different growth hormones. The clones were raised in a non-misted closed chamber and transplanted into polyethylene bags for observation of their early growth. The growth performance of the clones was analyzed in terms of height, diameter, leaf number, chlorophyll content, leaf area, shoot biomass, root biomass, and total biomass. After three months, the study was terminated, and analysis of variance showed significant differences in percent survival, chlorophyll content, shoot biomass, and root biomass. Treatment 2, which used a mixture of garden soil and vermicompost at a 1:1 ratio, produced the best results in different growth parameters measurements.

Evaluation of different growing media based on agro-industrial waste materials for the morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics of stevia

Stevia is an excellent source of natural antioxidants that prevent carcinogenic effects and cardiovascular disease especially helpful in curing diabetes. It is the most emerging medicinal plant important for the food industry. The increased production of stevia is an important aspect of using different growing media, i.e., control (garden soil), garden soil: spent mushroom substrate, garden soil: farm yard manure, garden soil: organic compost, garden soil: sugarcane bagasse, garden soil: perlite, garden soil: leaf mold, garden soil: press mud, garden soil: peat moss, garden soil: vermicompost as in the present study. The treatment of garden soil and vermicompost significantly increased plant height (54.70 cm), leaf fresh weight (18.79 g), number of branches per plant (12.26), leaves number per plant (297.46), leaf and shoot dry weight (8.98, 17.23), root length (17.38 cm), and root fresh weight (17.38 g) as compared to control. Garden soil and vermicompost significantly improved chlorophyll a (3.1 mg/g) and b (1.5 mg/g), total chlorophyll (3.45 mg/g), carotenoids (0.42 mg/g), and flavonoids (56 mg/g) as compared to other treatments. The increased level of minerals, i.e., potassium, nitrogen, sodium, zinc, calcium, and phosphorus were also observed in the mixture of garden soil and vermicompost as compared to control and other treatments. Plant height revealed a significant association with all the studied traits of growth, photosynthetic pigments, minerals, and alike association trend was revealed from the biplot. • Vermicompost, spent mushroom substrate and press mud are valuable growing media for stevia growth • Spent mushroom substrate and Press Mud increased the stevia growth than in soil • Vermicompost can be used for peat replacement in stevia production • Effective growing media are vital to the soilless plant cultivation industry • Spent mushroom wastes showed a greater reuse potential in improving yield and quality

In Vitro Propagation and Genetic Fidelity Assessment of Hedychium longicornutum Griff. ex Baker, a Vulnerable Zingiberaceous Plant of Thailand

Hedychium longicornutum Griff. ex Baker is a Zingiberaceous plant that has been used for traditional medicines and ornamental purposes. Though this plant is a vulnerable plant of Thailand, it has a high potential to be promoted as a new economic ornamental plant due to its exotic inflorescences. However, the usage of this valuable plant on a large scale is restricted since the population of H. longicornutum in natural habitat is limited. This current study established a micropropagation protocol to ensure sustainable use of this plant for commercial and conservation purposes. In vitro axenic plants of H. longicornutum were initiated from seeds. Optimum shoot multiplication medium was evaluated by culturing leafy-shoot bases on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with 0-35 µM of N6-benzyladenine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ). BA supplemented media were better than those TDZ media since no abnormalities of shoot morphology, shoot elongation, and root regeneration were found. MS supplemented with 15 µM BA was revealed to be the most effective medium for shoot multiplication (9.75 leafy-shoots/explant with 9.54 cm height). Regenerated shoots spontaneously rooted on MS medium. The in vitro raised plants were successfully grown ex vitro and showed the highest survival rate (100%) on planting substrate consisting of 2 garden soil mixture: 1 smashed charcoal. The genetic fidelity of the micropropagated plants compared with mother plants grown in the field was assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The results consistently demonstrated the genetic uniformity of the regenerants. This is the first report of an established in vitro true-to-true type propagation in H. longicornutum.

Implementation of environmental care character for elementary school students through verticultural culture techniques

The limited area of planting land requires the agricultural system to increasingly utilize a minimalist space in order to produce products that the community wants. This can be done with vertical farming cultivation techniques. This system is suitable to be applied in limited land or in densely populated settlements. One of them is in SD Muhammadiyah Wirobrajan 3 which has limited land. The target of this community service program is 4th grade students of SD Muhammadiyah Wirobrajan 3, Yogyakarta. The implementation activities of this service can be divided into three stages, namely the counseling stage on the introduction of verticulture cultivation techniques to participants, the demonstration stage in the form of vegetable crop cultivation training, and the monitoring stage which is carried out two weeks after the implementation of the service. The vertical rack used is in the form of a vertical paralon pipe rack. Vegetable seeds planted are chicory seeds, spinach, caisim and lettuce. While the planting media used is a mixture of garden soil, compost, husk charcoal, dolomite and NPK fertilizer which is mixed homogeneously so that it is ready for use. At the age of two weeks after planting, the seeds planted on the vertical paralon have begun to appear, indicating plant growth. The introduction of a vertical farming system to students in addition to having a direct impact on the greening of the school environment can also be a form of learning facilities in schools to love the environment more.

In vitro propagation and DNA barcoding of the rare medicinal plant Aerva Lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult grown in Gebel Elba

Aerva Lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult is an important medicinal multipurpose plant that belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. An efficient protocol for In vitro propagation of A. Lanata was established. Nodal segment explants collected from mature shrubs from the Gebel Elba, South Egypt. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyl adenine (BA) (2.22, 4.44, 8.90 and 17.80 M) and Kinetin (Kin) (2.32, 4.60, 9.30, and 18.6M) individually for shoot induction. The highest shoot induction percentage (93.33%) with maximum number for shoots (4.07 shoots per explant) was noticed on MS medium supplemented with 4.44 M BA. The maximum number of multiple shoots per explants (9.13) was obtained in the combination BA (4.44 M) and NAA (2.14 M). For root induction, the highest rooting percentage (80%) with mean root number (4.33 roots per shoot) and length (3.83 cm) of roots were noticed on half- strength MS medium augmented with 4.90 M IBA. Rooted plantlets were transferred into plastic pots containing sand, peat moss and garden soil mixture at equal volumes, and successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse with a survival rate of 73.3%. Plant identification is a crucial aspect to understand and conserve plant diversity from extinction. DNA barcode analysis of A. Lanata was carried out using. The present in vitro propagation protocol would facilitate an alternative method for rapid and large-scal production of this important medicinal plant. We therefore, used the rbcL gene to identify A. lanata. Maximum likelihood tree analysis was performed to evaluate the discriminatory power of the rbcL gene. Our findings showed that using rbcL gene sequences enabled identifying the majority of the samples (90%) to the genus and species level.

An Efficient Regeneration System for Native Orange (<i>Citrus reticulata</i>) through <i>In-Vitro</i> Culture Technique

Citrus reticulata (Mandarin Orange), commonly known as “Sweet Orange”, is one of the most difficult plants to improve through traditional breeding approaches as it poses various biological limitations that greatly hinder the cultivar improvement. In the present study, using the fresh seed of native orange as explant, an efficient, reproducible, regeneration method was developed through in vitro organogenesis. Mature, healthy and dehusked seeds were treated with Murashige and Skoog, (MS) media containing 3% sucrose, 0.7% agar supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of phytohormones. The highest calli initiation (93.3% ± 0.5%) responses were observed on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 3.0 mg/L followed by 2,4-D at 3.5 mg/L (86.7% ± 1.75%) in this experiment. Maximum shoot regeneration (86.7% ± 3.35%) responses were reported using MS medium supplemented with the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 3.0 mg/L and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 2.0 mg/L. MS medium supplemented with NAA at 1.0 mg/L showed the best rooting (80% ± 2.89%) response in comparison to (70% ± 5.20%) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 1.0 mg/L. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized in pots containing sterile garden soil mixture to examine their response in natural conditions.

Degradation of PVC/rPLA Thick Films in Soil Burial Experiment

Some of the biodegradable polymers can be blended with a synthetic polymer to facilitate their biodegradation in the environment. The objective of the study was to investigate the biodegradation of thick films of poly(vinyl chloride)/recycled polylactide (PVC/rPLA). The experiments were carried out in the garden soil or in the mixture of garden soil and hydrocarbon-contaminated soil under laboratory conditions. Since it is widely accepted that the biosurfactants secreted by microorganisms enable biotransformation of various hydrophobic substances in the environment, it was assumed that the use of contaminated soil, rich in biosurfactant producing bacteria, may accelerate biodegradation of plastics. After the experimental period, the more noticeable weight loss of polymer films was observed after incubation in the garden soil. However, more pronounced changes in the film surface morphology and chemical structure as well as decrease of tensile strength were observed after incubation of films in the mixture of garden and contaminated soil. It turned out that as a result of competition between two distinct groups of microorganisms present in the mixture of garden and hydrocarbon-contaminated soils the number of microorganisms and their activity were lower than the activity of indigenous microflora of garden soil as well as the amount of secreted biosurfactants towards plastics.

In vitro plant regeneration in rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) through epicotyl segments by direct shoot organogenesis

The effect of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of growth hormones on direct regeneration from one month old epicotyl segments of in vitro grown rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) seedlings was studied. The earliest bud induction in 7.5 days, highest bud induction frequency (98.50%), percent regeneration(90.53) were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1mglit-1) with an average number of 12.50 buds per explants. The epicotyls segments with proliferated buds were transferred to elongation media in order to improve the recovery of normal shoots. Maximum number of elongated shoots (8.50) was obtained on MS medium having BAP (0.5mglit-1) + Gibberellic Acid (GA3)(1.0 mglit-1).These elongated shoots were then rooted on MS medium containing Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.1mglit-1) + Indole-3-aceticacid(IAA)(0.5mglit-1) with highest rooting percentage(96%) and root number(5.0). Early (10.10 days) rooting was observed in MS medium supplemented with NAA1.0 mglit-1 + IBA0.5 mglit-1.The plantlet survival was 98.52%, when plantlets were transferred to plastic pots containing a mixture of garden soil and vermiculite (1:1). The hardened plants were successfully established in the soil. The present study developed protocol which can be reliably used for in vitro regeneration of rough lemon and for gene transfer studies in rough lemon, especially to induce salinity and Phytophthora tolerance.

In vitro regeneration by callus culture of Anoectochilus elatus Lindley, an endangered terrestrial jewel orchid

A process of organogenesis via callus with successful plantlet formation was developed for Anoectochilus elatus. Indirect organogenesis was achieved from in vitro-derived node, internode, and leaf explants. The explants were cultured on Mitra medium fortified with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators such as cytokinins (N6-benzyl adenine [BA], thidiazuron [TDZ], kinetin [KN], N6-(2-isopentyl) adenine [2ip] and zeatin [ZEA]), auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D], α-naphthalene acetic acid [NAA], indole-3-acetic acid [IAA], indole-3-butyric acid [IBA], and 4-amino-3,4,6-trichloro picolinic acid [Pic]), and additives (citric acid, trisodium citrate, peptone, coconut water, potato extract, and banana pulp). Organogenic callus proliferation was highest from internode (77.8 %), followed by node (69.7 %) and leaf explants (64.2 %), on Mitra medium supplemented with TDZ (1.0 mg L−1) and NAA (0.5 mg L−1). Organogenic callus derived from internodal explants produced an average of 41.8 shoots per explant, with average length of 2.5 cm, on Mitra medium supplemented with BA (1.0 mg L−1), NAA (0.5 mg L−1) and coconut water (10 %). In rooting experiments, a maximum of 3.2 roots per shoot was observed with an average length of 2.1 cm with 97.8% response on Mitra medium amended with AgNO3 (1.0 mg L−1). The rooted plantlets were acclimatized in a mixture of garden soil, sand, vermicompost, and used tea waste (8:4:2:1 [w/w/w/w]) in a greenhouse environment, with a 72.3% survival rate. Finally, the well-developed plants were transferred to the National Orchidarium, Yercaud, Tamil Nadu, a unit of the Botanical Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, for further maintenance and establishment under natural conditions for conservation.

PERENCANAAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN MELALUI PENDEKATAN PREDIKSI EROSI DAN KLASIFIKASI KEMAMPUAN LAHAN DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI KOLOH PASIRAN LOMBOK TIMUR

Erosion is a form of land degradation is very serious in Koloh Pasiran watershed. This condition perceived more severe by the fact that the understanding of the process of saving the natural resources of forest, soil and water have not received maximum attention. This is evidenced by the presence of illegal logging, forest fires around the area of the watershed during the dry season and flooding during every rainy season. Therefore, the research conducted with the aim to: 1) determine the level of erosion and soil and water conservation planning in the Koloh Pasiran watershed, 2) determine the land capability class in Koloh Pasiran watershed and 3) to plan land use capability classes based on erosion rate. Observations and sampling of soil samples for prediction of erosion, soil conservation and classification approach according, planning based on common land unit. This land unit maps obtained from the land use maps overlay by slope, soil and land use maps done by estimating the magnitude of the erosion equation USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) of Wischmeier and Smit (1978). Determine land capability class with land capability classification approach according Arsyad (1989). Land use planning and soil and water conservation in addition to using USLE equation also uses land capability classification according Arsyad (1989). The results show the level of erosion prediction calculation slight to very severe erosion. Mixture of garden soil with a 2% slope erosion rates relatively slight. Dry land with a slope of 2% classified as severe erosion and the shrub land with a slope of 2-3% erosion classified as severe to very severe. While in secondary forest land and primary forests with a slope of 2-25% relatively slight erosion. Land capability class in Koloh Pasiran watershed can be classified into class IV (3 units of land), class V (5 units of land), class VI (1 unit of land) and VIII (2 units of land). The limiting factors are: (e) the slopes are steep and severe erosion rate and (s) low water holding capacity. Direction of land use for high density mixed garden with bench terrace with good construction, dry with good bench terrace construction and given a booster plants around the lip of land, shrub land used for community forestry, agroporestry and natural forests, while for secondary forests and forest maintained primary sustainability

Micropropagation of Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig through rhizome bud

An optimized protocol was developed for in vitro plant regeneration of a medicinally important herb Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig using sprouted buds of rhizomes. The rhizomes with sprouted bud were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (Physiol Plant 15:473-497, 1962) medium (MS) supplemented with either N(6)-benzyladenine (BA) alone (1.0-4.0mg L(-1)) or in combination with 0.5mg L(-1) naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Of these combinations, MS supplemented with a combination of 2.0mg L(-1) BA and 0.5mg L(-1) NAA was most effective. In this medium, best shoots (3.6) and roots (4.0) regeneration was observed simultaneously with an average shoot and root length of 4.7cm and 4.2cm respectively. Regeneration of shoots and roots in the same medium at the same time (One step shoot and root regeneration) reduced the time for production of in vitro plantlets and eliminates the media cost of rooting. Cent-percent (100%) success in plant establishment was observed in both gradual acclimatization process as well as when plants were directly transferred to outdoor in clay pots containing a mixture of garden soil and sand (2:1) without any sequential acclimatization stage.

Effect of 2, 4-D, BAP, KN, IAA and IBA onin vitroRegeneration ofOcimum canumSims – An Important Hoary Basil Plant

The effect of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KN), IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was evaluated for in vitro shoot regeneration of Ocimum canum Sims. This important medicinal plant species belongs to the family Lamiaceae and it is also known as hoary basil. Nodal segment explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different phytohormones. 2, 4-D resulted in callus induction from nodal segments when supplemented with MS medium. The highest callus induction (90.17%) was recorded on MS medium containing 2, 4-D (2 mg/l). When nodal segments were cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.5–2.0 mg/l), KN (0.5–2.0 mg/l) as sole and with combination of BAP (0.5 mg/l) and IAA (0.10–1.00 mg/l), multiple shoots proliferation was initiated. The maximum number of shoots (12.75±0.64), with average length 6.04±0.08 cm, was recorded with MS medium containing BAP (1.5 mg/l) as sole. Repeated subculture of in vitro proliferated shoots yielded 35–40 shoots from a single nodal segment explant after 4–5 months. Developed single shoots were transferred for rooting to ½ MS medium containing IBA (1.5 mg/l) for best rooting of each shoot (3.99±0.23). The regenerated plantlets with well-developed roots were transferred to plastic pots containing a mixture of garden soil, farm yard manure and sand (1:1:1) in controlled environment for achieving high survival percentage (80 – 85%). Thus, a comprehensive micropropagation protocol was developed for O. canum Sims first time using nodal segment explants. This protocol can be used for commercial propagation and for future genetic improvement studies.

High frequency plant regeneration from the mature seeds of Garcinia indica

A high frequency plant regeneration system was developed for the production of high yielding elite clones of Garcinia indica via direct organogenesis. A maximum number of 86.2 shoot buds per explant were induced from the mature seed segments cultured on Woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 2.0 mg dm-3 N6-benzyladenine and 1 mg dm-3 indole-3-acetic acid. Rooting was achieved on half-strength WPM medium supplemented with 3 mg dm-3 indole-3-butyric acid. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to greenhouse for further growth. The highest survival rate of 95 % was recorded using a mixture of garden soil and sand. Histological studies clearly revealed multiple shoot formation from mature seed segments.

Study of soil–plant transfer of 226Ra under greenhouse conditions

A soil–plant transfer study was performed using soil from a former uranium ore processing factory in South Bohemia. We present the results from greenhouse experiments which include estimates of the time required for phytoremediation. The accumulation of 226Ra by different plant species from a mixture of garden soil and contaminated substrate was extremely variable, ranging from 0.03 to 2.20 Bq 226Ra/g DW. We found differences in accumulation of 226Ra between plants from the same genus and between cultivars of the same plant species. The results of 226Ra accumulation showed a linear relation between concentration of 226Ra in plants and concentration of 226Ra in soil mixtures. On the basis of these results we estimated the time required for phytoremediation, but this appears to be too long for practical purposes.

Naphthalene and anthracene mineralization linked to oxygen, nitrate, Fe(III) and sulphate reduction in a mixed microbial population.

A microbial consortium from a mixture of garden soil and an enrichment of a coal-tar contaminated sediment mineralized naphthalene and anthracene when oxygen, nitrate, Fe(III) (soluble and insoluble) or sulphate were provided as terminal electron acceptors (TEAs). Rates of polyaromatic hydrocarbon disappearance and mineralization were similar in the presence of oxygen and nitrate, and slower with the other TEAs. A maximum mineralization of 37.5% naphthalene and 8.5% anthracene occurred in 30 and 160 days respectively when oxygen was provided as the TEA. On the other hand, only 9.5% naphthalene and 3.2% anthracene were mineralized in 42 and 160 days respectively with FeOOH. Mineralization occurred only when a TEA was provided and ceased when the naphthalene concentration decreased to non-detectable levels (less than 0.008 micromoles/L), as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. CH4 was not detected in the headspace of any microcosm. These results showed that mineralization of polyaromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene and anthracene can be linked to wide range of TEAs demonstrating that intrinsic polyaromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation is possible if any of these TEAs were available.

Plant regeneration from anther derived callus cultures of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

SummaryGinger anthers collected at the uninucleate microspore stage were subjected to a cold treatment (08) for 7.d and induced to develop profuse callus on MS medium supplemented with 2–3 mg l–1 2, 4-D. Plantlets could be regenerated from these calli on MS medium supplemented with 5–10 mg l–1 BAP and 0.2 mg l–1 2,4-D. The regenerated plantlets could be established in soil with 85% success, when they were planted in potting mixture of garden soil, sand and vermiculite in equal proportions and kept in a humid chamber initially for 22–30 d. This is the first report of successful regeneration of plants from ginger anther cultures and the protocol can be used for possible development of androgenic haploids and dihaploids in ginger.

Micropropagation ofGmelina arborea

Multiple shoots were obtained from single node explants of matureGmelina arborea Roxb. on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA). Seven to nine shoots were formed whenin vitro-derived single node explants were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.1 μM BA. For root initiation the cut ends of microshoots were pulsed for 5 min with 246 μM indole-3-butyric acid and transferred to a plastic cup containing sterile vermiculite. The shoots were covered with polyethylene bag and maintained in a culture room. After hardening, plantlets were transferred to earthen pots containing a mixture of garden soil: compost and have been established in the field.