Fuel Oil Mixtures Research Articles

Effect of Adding Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) Nano-Powder to Lubricant on Performance and Emissions in a Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine

The two-stroke engine has many advantages, including low maintenance costs, a high specific power, and a simple structure, compared to four-stroke engines. Since two-stroke engines use a fuel–oil mixture instead of fuel alone, two-stroke engines do not need an oil pan. Unlike the lubrication system in four-stroke engines, the moving parts are lubricated with a fuel–lubricant mixture. As long as the engine is running, the fuel and lubricant burn together. The combustion of this fuel–lubricant mixture can adversely affect exhaust emissions and cause excessive carbon deposits on the spark plug. In this paper, experiments were carried out using different amounts of oil (100:3, 100:3.5, and 100:4 vol.) in a two-stroke gasoline-powered generator. In addition, we attempted to improve the lubricant’s properties by adding hBN (0.5% vol. or 1.3% wt.) to the lubricant. It was observed that the flash point and pour point did not change as a result of the addition of hBN to the lubricant, and the density and viscosity index increased linearly depending on the amount of hBN. In a series of experiments, the generator was examined for performance and emissions. With the addition of hBN, there was a significant decrease in the specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature, the CO2 increased, and the CO and HC decreased. These results show that hBN improves combustion. As a result, it was reported that reducing the amount of lubricant leads to increased emissions and decreased performance. It was found that when 0.5% hBN by volume is added to the lubricant, the lubricating property improves, and thus, the amount of oil added to the fuel can be reduced to an acceptable level (from 100:4 to 100:3.5) without causing mechanical failure in the engine.

Method for assessing the anti-carbon properties of unmanned aerial vehicle engines

At present, the process of design and production of unmanned aerial vehicles has been making progress in Russia, which is caused by the relatively low cost, small size, absence of life hazard to a pilot, stealth, self-sustainability, mobility compared to manned aircraft. At the same time, two-stroke gasoline engines, possessing a higher power-to-volume ratio, unsophisticated design, and lower production costs in comparison with four-stroke gasoline engines, have become widely used in these aircraft. These engines lack a conventional lubrication system, so the oil is supplied to lubricate the cylinder-piston group in the form of a fuel-oil mixture, which burns during the operating procedure together with the fuel. In this case, high-temperature deposits such as carbon and lacquer are accumulated on the parts of the cylinder-piston group. The formation of carbon reduces the engine power, its service life and efficiency, causes an increase in operating costs. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of motor oils with a high level of anti-carbon properties. However, currently a method for assessing the anti-carbon oil properties for unmanned aerial vehicle engines is not available. In accordance with the described chemmotological process, the method was developed, the test equipment (Panel Coking Test Apparatus) was selected and the test modes were established (plate temperature – 290°C, oil temperature in the crankcase – 100°C, spray speed – 800 rev/min, test time – 4 h), allowing you to evaluate and rank motor oils for unmanned aircraft engines based on the anti-carbon properties in the laboratory. As tested, Motul Kart Grand Prix 2T oil has the least tendency for carbonization among tested motor oil samples. Laboratory and bench tests of Novoyl-DD and Motul Kart Grand Prix 2T oils show a high degree of convergence.

D-shaped optical fiber refractive index sensor for application in fuel oil mixtures and leakage detection

D-shaped optical fiber refractive index sensor for application in fuel oil mixtures and leakage detection

Influence of an Iron Nitrate Additive on the Joint Cracking of a Mixture of Fuel Oil and Mechanically Activated Oil Shale

Influence of an Iron Nitrate Additive on the Joint Cracking of a Mixture of Fuel Oil and Mechanically Activated Oil Shale

The Effect of Carbonates and Silicates on the Cracking of a Mixture of Fuel Oil and Mechanically Activated Oil Shale

The study cracking of a mixture of mechanically activated oil shale (MO OSh) and fuel oil, a mixture of demineralized MO GS and fuel oil has been investigated. The data on the composition of liquid products showed that after the removal of mineral components, oil shale is more easily destroyed due to the release of kerogen. It is shown that in the obtained liquid products of the cracking of the mixture of fuel oil – demineralized MO OSh, the proportion of oils increases to 74.6 % wt. In the composition of gaseous products of cracking, the amount of hydrogen, methane and ethane is noticeably reduced. According to the data on the fractional composition of liquid products, it was found that during the cracking of mixtures of fuel oil and MO HS, after the removal of carbonates and silicates, the proportion of gasoline and diesel fractions inc

Modification of ANFO detonation parameters by biowaste addition

The present study relates to modification of ammonium nitrate fuel oil mixture. For many years, ammonium nitrate fuel oil has been one of the most popular explosives for use in mining operations. Therefore, it is manufactured and used widely in large volume. Although ammonium nitrate is a relatively strong oxidation agent, it is insufficient to detonate by itself. Therefore, it is generally admixed with liquid fuel such as diesel and various modifiers. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and metal aluminium are typically used as additive. This paper studies ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) composition modified by biowaste dung as additive to generate efficient explosion and to result low cost blasting.The experiment results of modified ANFO with biowaste dung as additive illustrate that physical stability and absorption increased by 5% percent compared to regular ANFO. Also was revealed that average detonation brisance increased from 20.5 to 27.5 mm and detonation speed increased from 2300 to 3800 m/s compared to regular ANFO. This modified ANFO is lowered blasting cost from 50 to 150 tugriks per 1kg ANFO compared to aluminium and TNT additives.

Analysis of the Impact of Application of Fuels With Addition of Biocomponents on Functioning of Transport Means

Abstract The study describes a method and a model for assessment of the impact of addition of fatty acid methyl esters to fuel oil on selected parameters of transport means. For this purpose, criteria for assessment of operational parameters of the analyzed mixture have been identified. A model has been developed to find out how the values of the analyzed parameters reflect the state of transport means powered by fuel oil mixtures and methyl esters of fatty acids. Ten operational parameters have been accepted for the research object description. The parameter values were measured depending on the analyzed mixture composition. The obtained results allowed to determine the components of the object state vector. The developed model has been verified by application of the method of mean fuzzy diagram.

Reducing CO2 emissions from tractor engines by using the diesel fuel and rapeseed oil blend

The paper presents the results of some experimental research that led to the conclusion that diesel engines that fit agricultural tractors can reduce CO2 emissions by using a fuel oil mixture made up of 50% diesel and 50% refined rapeseed oil. Following the experimental determinations made and presented in the paper, both in load and idle operation, using a fuel mixture consisting of diesel and rapeseed oil, a reduction of up to 25% of CO2 emissions was obtained. Such a reduction in CO2 emissions is important because this gas belongs to the greenhouse effect category, and at the moment, a large number of U650 tractors are still being used in agriculture.

Petroleum Diesel Fuel and Linseed Oil Mixtures as Engine Fuels

The actual problem is the use of alternative biofuels in automotive diesel engines. Insufficiently studied are the indicators of toxicity of exhaust gases of these engines operating on biofuel. The aim of the study is to identify indicators of the toxicity of exhaust gases when using of petroleum diesel fuel and linseed oil mixtures as a fuel for automotive diesel engines. Physical and chemical properties of linseed oil and its mixtures with petroleum diesel fuel are considered. Experimental researches of D-245.12C diesel are carried out on mixtures of diesel fuel and corn oil with a different composition. An opportunity of exhaust toxicity indexes improvement using these mixtures as a fuel for automobiles engine is shown.

Optimization of Diesel Fuel and Corn Oil Mixtures Composition

Possible ways of utilizing the corn oil as a fuel for diesel engines are considered. The experimental work on the D-245.12S diesel engine fueled with mixture of the corn oil and diesel fuel of different percentage has been carried out. A possibility of exhaust toxicity characteristics’ improvement by means of using these mixtures as a fuel for automobile diesel engines is demonstrated. The optimization method of the oil diesel fuel and corn oil mixtures’ composition are suggested. Optimization calculations are conducted. The optimal composition of the biofuel mixture is calculated.

Remote Detection of Ammonium Nitrate by Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance using a Portable System

This paper shows the advances in the development of a portable system for remote detection of ammonium nitrate by nuclear quadrupole resonance. Three different probe coils were constructed and compared in terms of the signal intensity and the noise rejection under different environments, using the developed system. For the gradiometer probe coil, which showed the best performance in terms of noise rejection, the ‘90°’ equivalent pulse was determined for different distances between the sample and the probe, and the remote detection of ammonium nitrate was achieved not only in a shielded room inside the laboratory, but also in the outdoors. The system was capable of detecting 200 g ammonium nitrate at 3 cm apart from the probe within 12 s with a steady-state free precession pulse sequence. The comparable results were obtained with a free induction decay sequence in 25 min for the total acquisition time. The compact size of the system will allow the applications for the substance detection in the outdoors especially for landmines made from ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixtures instead of military explosives.

Combustion Simulation on Fuel Oil-Mixture Gas Converter Based on FLUENT

Fuel oil-mixture gas converter is used for heavy oil exploitation is a new equipment of thermal recovery. Strength calculations and enthalpy values are related in the design. For selection and design to each part-structure of the fuel-mixture converter. Applied the analysis software of ANSYS FLUENT, fuel-gas combustion simulation is to combustion chamber of Fuel oil-mixture gas converter. The results show that the design is feasibility.

Mutagenic assessment of Prestige fuel oil spilled on the shore and submitted to field trials of bioremediation

The mutagenicy of the slightly weathered fuel oil from the Prestige oil spill and the effects of different bioremediation products (nutrients and/or microorganisms and biodiesel) on the potential mutagenic activity of this heavy fuel oil spilled on the shore were evaluated for a period of 1 year using the Ames Salmonella assay with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 in the absence and presence of exogenous metabolic activation (S9 fraction from rat liver). The in situ bioremediation experiment was performed using tiles located in the supra-littoral and intertidal zones of a beach seriously affected by the fuel oil spill. The results obtained showed the mutagenic activity of the slightly weathered fuel oil extracts at the beginning of the experiment in strain TA98 that persisted for more than 150 days in both the untreated control and treated tiles independently of the zone of the beach considered. However, after 360 days neither the control nor the treated tiles in the intertidal zone showed mutagenic activity and a weak positive response in strain TA98 was detected for the control fuel oil extracts from supra-littoral tiles. The application of biodiesel to accelerate the biodegradation of this type of fuel oil may constitute a further genotoxic hazard to the environment, since the mutagenic response achieved from the biodiesel–fuel oil mixture in the first samplings (days 0 and 30) was more potent than that obtained from the control tiles. The mutagenic activity was detected along the study with S. typhimurium TA98 in both the presence and absence of S9 microsomal fraction, but the addition of S9 fraction in the assay always increased the number of revertants induced. In general, these findings suggest that the bioremediation strategies used were not effective in eliminating the genotoxic hazard associated with this heavy fuel oil attached to rocky substrate since they did not achieve a decrease in the mutagenic response with respect to the untreated control tiles. These data also confirm that genotoxicity assays should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of bioremediation efforts associated with oil spills for a better risk assessment.

Changes in total oil hydrocarbon composition during degradation with sorbent bacterial preparation

Accidental or deliberate spillage of crude oil into the environment is leading to serious pollution problems. Therefore, these areas of oil pollution can be decontaminated by microorganisms. However, biological degradation capabilities of oil and its derivatives, also their effect on living organisms and on the environment varies. Microorganisms that degrade oil hydrocarbons are found in almost all types of soil; however, their existence does not guarantee the effective degradation of oil pollutants. In order to evaluate capabilities of newly developed SORBENT bacterial preparation (SBP) to degrade heavy hydrocarbons, degradation dynamics was observed in different soil types: loam, clay and sand, using crude oil and fuel oil mixture (1 : 1). Therefore, correlation between the intensity of oil component degradation and temperature as well as a correlation between the intensity of oil fraction degradation and the amount of SBP were evaluated. According to experimental data, soil samples polluted with heavy hydrocarbons and treated with SBP, during the first 9 weeks of biodegradation were composed of: up to 20–30% of alkanes, 30–50% of aromatic compounds, 50–60% of resins and 9–44% of asphaltenes. The investigations revealed that less polluted soil (up to 100 g/kg) treated with microorganisms was degraded almost 6 times better than heavily polluted soil (350 g/kg). Therefore, it can be stated that SBP is very effective in the degradation of all types of oil hydrocarbons, including resins and asphaltenes, which are known as the most difficult ones to degrade. This paper reflects findings from the EU funded 7th Framework programme project “SORBENT” (232533). Keywords: bacterial preparation, heavy oil hydrocarbons, oil degradation, oil fractions, soil pollution

Evaporation of single droplets of ethanol–fuel oil mixtures

Measurements of droplet evaporation behaviour are reported for mixtures of pure and denatured ethanol with No. 2 fuel oil. A model for the evaporation of droplets of these mixtures is presented which uses continuous thermodynamics to describe the fuel oil fraction. Activity coefficients were used to describe non-ideal phase equilibrium behaviour. Distribution function parameters for the fuel oil were fitted from a continuous thermodynamics simulation of the ASTM distillation test; this simulation was also used to test the accuracy of the phase equilibrium model. The model is shown to give very good agreement with the measurements. Internal boiling of the liquid is seen to take place during evaporation of the alcohol, but is not sufficiently violent to eject mass from the droplet.

Estimation of the impact in the air quality by the use of clean fuels (fuel oil versus natural gas)

The extended use of fuels with high sulfur content (fuel oil) in the electric power industry represents one of the biggest concerns on air quality currently in Mexico. The organic sulfur compounds in the fuel oil are oxidized as SO x during combustion, causing high concentration at the surface level near the releasing point. Shifting towards cleaner energy is crucial, however natural gas (NG) production is currently scarce and substantial investment is required to assure the NG supply to replace the fuel oil. Large investments should be made by the public and private sectors to replace heavy fuel oil use by NG. In order to support decision takers, this work assess the air quality impact due to cleaner energy use and determine the optimal NG and fuel oil mixture required to reduce substantially the SO 2 concentration. The dispersion model was applied to compare, against a base case, a set of artificial emissions scenarios with different fuel oil and NG mixtures. The model was previously validated against SO 2 field measurements performed at an Industrial Corridor, Mexico. The results show that increasing 40% the NG consumption, the SO 2, concentration in the air is reduced in 90%, therefore not further NG increasing is needed.

Particle Emissions from a Small Two-Stroke Engine: Effects of Fuel, Lubricating Oil, and Exhaust Aftertreatment on Particle Characteristics

The effects of fuel and lubricating oil formulation and exhaust catalytic aftertreatment on physical and chemical characteristics of two-stroke engine exhaust particles were studied. The exhaust particles were produced with a professional chainsaw engine. The employed fuels were a 98-octane oxygenated, low-sulfur, low-aromatic reformulated gasoline, which served as a reference, and a 95-octane nonoxygenated alkylate gasoline that had no aromatics and olefins. The applied lubricating oils were a semisynthetic mineral-based oil and a biodegradable ester-based oil. In total eight fuel–lubricating oil–catalyst combinations were studied. The test runs were conducted on a test bench and exhaust was diluted in a full-flow dilution tunnel. The size and number emissions of the exhaust particles were measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) composition of the particles were analyzed with a thermal–optical transmission analyzer (TOT). In addition, the inorganic ion and metal composition of the particles were quantified, and the gaseous total hydrocarbon (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were measured. The volatility characteristics of the exhaust particles were studied with a thermal desorption unit combined with the SMPS. The particle mass (PM) emissions ranged without catalyst from 2.9 to 3.4 g/kWh and with catalyst from 1.7 to 2.4 g/kWh, the catalytic converter thus reducing PM emissions by 19–50%. Without catalyst the alkylate fuel–biodegradable oil combination gave the highest particle mass emissions, but with catalyst with the same fuel–oil mixture the emissions were the lowest. The count median diameter (CMD) of the particles ranged from 57 to 123 nm. Without catalyst, the alkylate fuel–biodegradable oil combination gave the lowest number emissions, but with catalyst with the same fuel–oil combination the emissions were the highest. The catalytic converter reduced the particle size by 22–56 nm, but it also increased the number emissions by a factor of 1.3–2.6. In thermal analysis 88–98% of the exhaust particle volume proved to be volatile, the solid fraction consisting of elemental carbon and metal residues. With the mineral-based lubricating oil, the metal residues appeared in two modes at the evaporation temperatures of 350°C and higher, while in the particles produced with the biodegradable oil the residues were unimodally distributed.

DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSION AND ENGINE TESTING PROCEDURES AND STANDARD SIDECAR DESIGN PROTOTYPE FOR TRICYCLES

The absence of a comprehensive policy to address the problems faced by the local three-wheelers (tricycles) became obvious when the Clean Air Act was implemented in January 2003, requiring all motor vehicles to comply with the exhaust emission standards equivalent to Euro 1. The National Center for Transportation Studies was commissioned to develop standards and baseline references for motorcycles and tricycles to facilitate compliance. The objectives are to a) establish baseline information on tricycle drivers and passengers; b) develop standard configuration in the design for the conversion of motorcycle into tricycles; c) develop emission test protocol applicable to local tricycles; and, d) determine the effects of various fuel-oil mixtures for 2-stroke and 4-stroke motorcycles. A comprehensive study of tricycles and its users across Metro Manila was produced including sidecar designs and prototype, real-road test and chassis dynamometer simulation data.

A Field Demonstration of the Efficacy of Bioremediation to Treat Oiled Shorelines Following the Sea Empress Incident

Bioremediation was investigated as a method of treating a mixture of Forties Crude Oil and Heavy Fuel Oil stranded on Bullwell Bay, Milford Haven, UK after the grounding of the Sea Empress in 1996. A randomised block design in triplicate was used to test the efficacy of two bioremediation treatments: a weekly application of mineral nutrients dissolved in seawater and a single application of a slow-release fertilizer. Each treatment supplied an equivalent amount of nitrogen and phosphorus. Concentrations of residual hydrocarbons normalised to the biomarker 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane showed that after two months the oil was significantly (p<0.001) more biodegraded in the treated plots than in the controls. On average, the oil in the nutrient amended plots was 37% more degraded than that found in the controls. There was no evidence that the bioremediation treatments increased the toxicity of the oiled sediment. The results confirm that bioremediation can be used to treat a mixture of crude and heavy fuel oil on a pebble beach. In particular, the data suggest that the application of a slow-release fertilizer alone may be a cost-effective method of treating low-energy, contaminated shorelines after a spill incident.

96/00477 Optimum power generation characteristics of an MHD generator with kerosene oil-heavy fuel oil mixture as working fluid

96/00477 Optimum power generation characteristics of an MHD generator with kerosene oil-heavy fuel oil mixture as working fluid