Mixed Polyvinyl Alcohol Research Articles

Research and performance analysis of water-resistant phosphogypsum masonry materials

Phosphogypsum is a solid waste produced by the phosphoric acid industry. With the development of the phosphoric acid industry, the emissions of phosphogypsum are increasing year by year and its recycling rate is low. The environmental problems caused by tailings storage are becoming increasingly serious. The chemical formula of the main component of phosphogypsum is . its performance is similar to that of natural gypsum. Using phosphogypsum as a raw material to produce phosphorus building gypsum is one of the main ways to utilize phosphogypsum resources. However, phosphogypsum building materials have poor water resistance and low strength, which greatly limits their application. Based on the analysis of the poor resistance mechanism of phosphogypsum, this paper analyzed and studied the mechanical and water resistance properties of phosphorus building gypsum by separately adding different amounts of polyvinyl alcohol and silane emulsion and mixing polyvinyl alcohol and silane emulsion . The conclusion is that adding waterproofing agents and water-reducing agents can greatly improve the water resistance of phosphogypsum building materials.

Preparation of hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular dual‐network hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties

AbstractHydrogel has a wide range of functionalities and great potential for application in various fields. However, the disadvantages such as weak strength and susceptibility to water loss limit its application in complex environments. In this study, glycerol and water were used as binary solvents to construct dual‐network hydrogels by mixing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the natural polymer gelatin (GEL) through a simple one‐pot method. Glycerol was introduced to form hydrogen bonds with PVA and GEL, on the one hand, resulting in the excellent mechanical properties of the prepared hydrogels; on the other hand, glycerol also endowed the hydrogels with excellent anti‐drying and anti‐freezing properties, which enabled them to be stably applied in extreme environments. In addition, by adjusting the proportion of glycerol, the mechanical properties of the hydrogel can be adjusted to adapt to the applications in different scenarios. This kind of organic hydrogel with adjustable mechanical properties for anti‐drying and anti‐freezing has great potential for development in various fields.Highlights Organic hydrogels with high mechanical strength were prepared by the one‐pot method. The anti‐drying and anti‐freezing gel is suitable for extreme conditions. The multifunctional gel is removable and can be reused to save costs.

The Deep Eutectic Solvent in Used Batteries as an Electrolyte Additive for Potential Chitosan Solid Electrolyte Membrane

The electrolyte or ion conductor acts as a bridge to transfer the ions the electrodes generate. In general, electrolytes are in the form of liquids. However, liquid electrolytes have drawbacks, including needing to be more practical and leaking quickly. Therefore, people switch to solid matrix electrolytes as battery electrolytes. An ideal solid electrolyte membrane must have chemical stability, thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, high flexibility, low cost, and abundant material availability. Lithium extraction from used batteries using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) was found to be an intelligent solvent. Mixing the method with lithium salt on a chitosan membrane can increase conductivity. This study aims to determine the lowest resistance value and highest conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes using Li2CO3 from used batteries. After separating the Lithium-Cobalt component from the used battery, it was extracted with deep DES solvent and precipitated using Na2CO3 to produce the Li2CO3 compound. Polymer electrolyte was synthesized by mixing polyvinyl alcohol and adding 0.2 grams, 0.4 grams, 0.6 grams, 0.8 grams, and 1 gram of chitosan. Li2CO3 variables are 0.2 grams, 0.4 grams, 0.6 grams, 0.8 grams, and 1 gram. The results showed that the higher content of chitosan and Li2CO3 led to an increase in ionic conductivity. These results concluded that the best solid electrolyte membrane was obtained with a variation ratio of 0.2 grams of chitosan with the addition of 1 gram of Li2CO3.

A facile method to fabricate multifunctional polyvinyl alcohol mineralized hydrogels with high strength and adaptable shape

AbstractHydrogel‐based materials are widely used in many fields, but most of them compared to tendons with the same water content do not exhibit high toughness, strength or fatigue resistance, which limits their application. The Hofmeister effect can adjust the mechanical properties of hydrogels by ions affecting the aggregation of polymer chains. Herein, we prepared a bioactivated hydrogel through simply mixing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Na2CO3 aqueous solutions. PVA chains are aggregated by strong hydrogen bonds between CO32− and OH, at which stage the hydrogel is soft and easy to shape. Further salting out promotes the formation of crystal microphase of PVA chain, resulting in high mechanical strength and excellent toughness. The existence of Na2CO3 endow the hydrogel with conductivity, exhibits high and stable sensitivity in strain sensing, and could be used to monitor human actions. On the basis of this method, Ca2+ was added to prepare mineralized PVA hydrogels, which had high stability and long‐term swelling resistance in different ionic solutions. In vitro cell experiment, hydrogel had obvious effect of promoting bone cell proliferation and calcium deposition. This work provides a facile and feasible method for preparing bionic hydrogels with high strength, toughness, and adaptable shape.

Dual-wavelength amplified spontaneous emission from interface-engineered polymer films using atomically thin red coral

Naturally available two-dimensional (2D) materials having van der Waal's heterostructure are an impetus for generating amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from dye-based polymer films. Under continuous wave (CW) laser pumping, the problem of scatterer mobility due to induced thermal gradient can be mitigated by such films. In this work, liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method has been used to synthesize 2D red coral (2D-RC) from its bulk form. In order to obtain CW-pumped ASE from a rhodamine B (RhB) dye mixed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film, 2D-RC has been used as a passive scatterer. Dual-wavelength ASE at ∼591 nm and ∼626 nm has been obtained by designing a step on the film and by introducing film-glass interfaces. Enhanced ASE has been obtained by designing a film-based Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity in addition to the interfaces. Far-field diffraction patterns obtained due to induced optical non-linearity and thermal lensing in the system have been used to demonstrate scatterer ability by comparing with other commonly used passive scatterers. Thus, dual-wavelength ASE from dye-mixed polymer films has been demonstrated by means of interface engineering and induced step using the newly synthesized van der Waal's heterostructure, namely 2D-RC, as a passive scatterer which may pave the way towards further exciting NLO effects based applications.

Expired yogurt-derived, three-dimensional water evaporator with sustainable self-cleaning and high mechanical properties for the desalination and purification of oil-contaminated seawater

In this study, expired yogurt-derived three-dimensional water evaporators were developed using a freeze-drying calcination technique and applied to the desalination and purification of oil-contaminated seawater. By mixing polyvinyl alcohol and a super absorbent polymer, the maximum pressure of the expired yogurt-derived water evaporator is capable of being maintained at 2.5 MPa, which is much greater than any previously reported values. Moreover, super absorbent polymer and polyvinyl alcohol can also adjust the pyrrolic nitrogen content, thereby increasing light-to-heat efficiency by reducing the evaporation enthalpy of water. The optimized water evaporator exhibited an excellent solar evaporation rate of 3.25 kg m−2 h−1 and a high light-to-heat efficiency value of 96.47 % under one-sun irradiation. After desalination, the concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions satisfied drinking water standards. The optimized water evaporator exhibited excellent salt inhibition and antibacterial properties during the water evaporation process, resulting in a sustainable self-cleaning capability. The optimized water evaporator can purify oil-contaminated seawater because of its unique wetting characteristics and microporous structure. The expired yogurt-derived, three-dimensional water evaporator developed in this study shows great potential for the purification of oil-contaminated seawater.

A novel fabricated polyvinyl alcohol/ bentonite nanocomposite hydrogel generated into colloidal gas aphron

Polyvinyl alcohol/bentonite (PVA- Ben) nanocomposite hydrogel is commonly used as an adsorbent for removing many dye residues in wastewater treatment. In the present study, a novel polyvinyl alcohol/bentonite nanocomposite, (CGA-PVA-Ben) hydrogel, is fabricated by mixing polyvinyl alcohol and bentonite dispersions in the presence of a high shear force via a colloidal gas aphron (CGA) generator. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods are used to characterize both the novel (CGA-PVA-Ben) and also conventional (PVA-Ben) nanocomposite hydrogels. The results of EDS, XRD, and FTIR analyses show that the (CGA-PVA-Ben) hydrogel has the same bonds, functional groups, and exact composition as the (PVA-Ben) hydrogel. However, FE-SEM analysis demonstrates that the (CGA-PVA-Ben) has more porous and uneven surfaces. The presence of high shear forces during the mixing of polyvinyl alcohol and bentonite reagents in aphron generator reduces the mass density of hydrogel. Therefore, compared with neat hydrogel adsorbent, i.e., (PVA-Ben), the (CGA-PVA-Ben) has a unique characteristic behavior which is the adsorbent floatability after the adsorption process. This remarkable feature provides an alternative method in adsorption technology and it is an interesting advantage for easy removal of adsorbent from the contaminated effluents. Details of the adsorption characterization of this novel fabricated polyvinyl alcohol/ bentonite nanocomposite hydrogels will be discussed in a follow-up research paper.

Experimental study on the dynamic mechanical properties of high-performance hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete of mine shaft lining

Deep mine shafts are susceptible to rupture under dynamic loading. To solve this problem, hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (HFRC) is proposed as a construction material for mine shaft lining. Herein, its dynamic mechanical properties are experimentally studied. With high-strength shaft lining concrete as the reference, HFRC specimens are prepared by mixing polyvinyl alcohol fibers and imitation steel fibers at different volumetric ratios. Falling-weight impact tests demonstrate that the first-crack and failure impact energies of the HFRC are 2.4 and 20.0 times to the reference concrete, respectively. In addition, the HFRC provided better cracking resistance and higher toughness. Split Hopkinson pressure bar tests demonstrate that compared with the reference concrete, the peak stress and peak strain of the HFRC under a 0.7 MPa impact air pressure are increased by 46.19% and 34.11%, respectively. The toughness index is increased by 50.51% within the strain range from 0 to 0.008. These results indicate that compared with the reference concrete, the HFRC has significantly higher dynamic strength and compressive deformation capacity with well-improved brittleness; further, it can effectively resist impact loading under variable strain rates, thereby making it an ideal supporting material for mine shaft lining under dynamic loading.

Self-Healing, Self-Adhesive Silk Fibroin Conductive Hydrogel as a Flexible Strain Sensor.

Flexible and wearable hydrogel strain sensors have attracted tremendous attention for applications in human motion and physiological signal monitoring. However, it is still a great challenge to develop a hydrogel strain sensor with certain mechanical properties and tensile deformation capabilities, which can be in conformal contact with the target organ and also have self-healing properties, self-adhesive capability, biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, high strain sensitivity, and stable electrical performance. In this paper, an ionic conductive hydrogel (named PBST) is rationally designed by proportionally mixing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), borax, silk fibroin (SF), and tannic acid (TA). SF can not only be a reinforcement to introduce an energy dissipation mechanism into the dynamically cross-linked hydrogel network to stabilize the non-Newtonian behavior of PVA and borax but it can also act as a cross-linking agent to combine with TA to reduce the dissociation of TA on the hydrogel network, improving the mechanical properties and viscoelasticity of the hydrogel. The combination of SF and TA can improve the self-healing ability of the hydrogel and realize the adjustable viscoelasticity of the hydrogel without sacrificing other properties. The obtained hydrogel has excellent stretchability (strain > 1000%) and shows good conformal contact with human skin. When the hydrogel is damaged by external strain, it can rapidly self-repair (mechanical and electrical properties) without external stimuli. It shows adhesiveness and repeatable adhesiveness to different materials (steel, wood, PTFE, glass, iron, and cotton fabric) and biological tissues (pigskin) and is easy to peel off without residue. The obtained PBST conductive hydrogel also has a wide strain-sensing range (>650%) and reliable stability. The hydrogel adhered to the skin surface can monitor large strain movements such as in finger joints, wrist joints, knee joints, and so on and detect swallowing, smiling, facial bulging and calming, and other micro-deformation behaviors. It can also distinguish physical signals such as light smile, big laugh, fast and slow breathing, and deep and shallow breathing. Therefore, the PBST conductive hydrogel material with multiple synergistic functions has great potential as a flexible wearable strain sensor. The PBST hydrogel has antibacterial properties and good biocompatibility at the same time, which provides a safety guarantee for it as a flexible wearable strain sensor. This work is expected to provide a new way for people to develop ideal wearable strain sensors.

Self-healing, stretchable, and highly adhesive hydrogels for epidermal patch electrodes

Flexible, self-healing and adhesive conductive materials with Young's modulus matching biological tissues are highly desired for applications in bioelectronics. Here, we report self-healing, stretchable, highly adhesive and conductive hydrogels obtained by mixing polyvinyl alcohol, sodium tetraborate and a screen printing paste containing the conducting polymer Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and diol additives. The as prepared hydrogels exhibited modelling ability, high adhesion on pig skin (1.96 N/cm2), high plastic stretchability (>10000%), a moderate conductivity, a low compressive modulus (0.3−3.7 KPa), a good strain sensitivity (gauge factor = 3.88 at 500% strain), and remarkable self-healing properties. Epidermal patch electrodes prepared using one of our hydrogels demonstrated high-quality recording of electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) signal. Because of their straightforward fabrication, outstanding mechanical properties and possibility to combine the electrode components in a single material, hydrogels based on PVA, borax and PEDOT:PSS are highly promising for applications in bioelectronics and wearable electronics. Statement of significanceSoft materials with electrical conductivity are investigated for healthcare applications, such as electrodes to measure vital signs that can easily adapt to the shape and the movements of human skin.Conductive hydrogels (i.e. gels containing water) are ideal materials for this purpose due softness and flexibility.In this this work, we report hydrogels obtained mixing an electrically conductive polymer, a water-soluble biocompatible polymer and a salt. These materials show high adhesion on skin, electrical conductivity and ability to self-repair after a mechanical damage.These hydrogels were successfully used to fabricate electrode to measure cardiac and muscular electrical signals.

Numerical modeling of rebar-matrix bond behaviors of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer composites

Geopolymer composites represent promising alternatives to ordinary Portland cement materials, whose properties can be improved by mixing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers and nano-SiO2 (NS). In this study, bond tests and numerical modeling were conducted to investigate the effects of PVA fibers and NS on the rebar-matrix bond behaviors of geopolymer composites. A modified mathematical model derived from the Harajli model and a finite element numerical model based on the Mori-Tanaka homogenization and the Tsai-Hill failure criterion were proposed. The prediction results of the numerical and modified mathematical models were compared to those of an existing model and the experiment. The results showed that PVA fibers and NS can effectively improve the bond strength and toughness of the geopolymer composites and that the bond behavior is optimized when the PVA fiber content is within 0.6%–0.8% and the NS content is 1.5%–2%. The numerical and modified mathematical models can effectively reflect the rebar-matrix bond behaviors of the NS and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer composites. The proposed numerical model exhibits high prediction accuracy, providing an effective guide and reference for predicting the bond behaviors of rebar and geopolymer composites.

Mechanical, optical and antioxidant properties of 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin doped polyvinyl alcohol/oxidized maize starch blend films

In the present study, the different weight ratios of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin (7H4MC) mixed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/oxidized maize starch (OMS) blend films were achieved by the solvent casting method and coded as PSC. The prepared film samples were characterized by employing techniques such as FTIR, UTM, and SEM. The film samples were also subjected to their wettability, biodegradation and migration rate studies. Experimental outcomes showed that strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between components of the blend films contribute to increase the mechanical properties, smoother surface morphology, increase in surface hydrophobicity, improvement in biodegradability, and exhibited migration rates below the overall migration limit (OML). Furthermore, moisture content, density, optical properties, water absorption, water solubility, water vapour transmission rate and antioxidant properties are discussed in detail. With all these properties, PVA/OMS/7H4MC blend films have the potential to use as packaging material.

A rose bengal/graphene oxide/PVA hybrid hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties and light-triggered antibacterial activity for wound treatment

The numerous advantages of hydrogel make it possible to apply as dressing. However, it is challenging in designing hydrogels with desired antibacterial activity and enhanced mechanical properties at the same time. Herein, a graphene oxide/rose bengal/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid hydrogel (β-GO/RB/PVA HD) is prepared by freezing and thawing a mixed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution of rose bengal (RB) immobilized with chitosan microspheres (CM) and a modified graphene oxide network (β-GO). The mechanical properties and light-triggered antibacterial activity of hydrogel are systematically evaluated. The β-GO inorganic network interpenetrate into the PVA porous structure, which significantly improves the mechanical properties of hydrogel. The hyperthermia generated by β-GO under 808 nm light irradiation combined with reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by RB under 550 nm light irradiation give rise to excellent antibacterial activity requiring irradiation for only 10 min as demonstrated by our experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, β-GO/RB/PVA HD exhibits outstanding biocompatibility and water-absorbing capacity. More importantly, the hybrid hydrogel can significantly accelerate bacteria-accompanied wound healing. The results demonstrated that the hybrid hydrogel could be a promising wound dressing for preventing bacterial infection.

Cement stabilisation of recycled concrete aggregate modified with polyvinyl alcohol

ABSTRACT During the past few decades, the engineering and geotechnical properties of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) has been investigated to evaluate its potential to use as a road construction material. This research studied the usage of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cement for improving the mechanical strengths of RCA to be used as an alternative material in pavement base/subbase applications. The results showed that mixing PVA > 1.5% into the cement-stabilised RCA has a vital role in improving the compressive strength along with gaining a higher modulus of toughness. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) value of stabilised RCA with 3% cement and RCA with 3% cement and 1.5% or 2% PVA met the minimum requirement for 7 days of curing. The addition of PVA reduced the resilient modulus (MR); however, the MR value of all blends was still higher than the minimum recommended value. The specimens with 28 days of curing had higher resilient modulus values than 7-day cured samples. The CBR value and swelling in soaked condition reduced with increasing the PVA content. The cement-PVA-stabilised RCA, as a supplementary material with up to 1.5% or 2% PVA content and 3% General Portland (GP) were found to have physical and strength properties, which comply with road authority requirements.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Sodium Chloride (NaCl) for Iron (III) ions detection based on colorimetric and optical changes

Iron ions (Fe3+) is one of the most hazardous metals found in the water supply. The contamination of that metal originated from the corrosion process of pipes and cracks from waste disposal sites. High levels of iron would affect a bad impact to the environment. The current study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for heavy metals detection using a method which depends on colorimetric and optical changes. The approach to synthesize AgNPs adapted from polyol reduction method, i.e. by mixing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium chloride (NaCl) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). The colorimetric response of AgNPs to Fe3+ ions was observed visually and measured quantitatively by a spectroscopic method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. This work shows that the colloidal AgNPs were sensitive to identify Fe3+ ions.

Nano oxide intermediate layer assisted room temperature sintering of ink-jet printed silver nanoparticles pattern

Sintering of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) at low temperature is highly wanted in the manufacturing of flexible electronics. And for ink-jet printing, the metallic NPs after printing usually need thermal or chemical post-treatment to remove stabilizing agents and achieve conductivity. Here, we reported a facile method to realize one-step printed sintering of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink at room temperature by using intermediate coated layers composed of oxide NPs and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mixture. We found that the detachment of the stabilizer (citrate) from the AgNPs was caused by hydroxyl groups on the surface of the oxide NPs, which enabled the coalescence and sintering of the AgNPs. With the aid of SiO2 NPs based intermediate layer, the patterns showed resistivity as low as 3.45 μΩ cm after sintering. Moreover, the mixed PVA could ensure the forming quality of patterns owing to its adsorption of ink and the high adhesiveness of PVA with substrates. So, we envision that this approach could serve as an adaptive method for sintering of AgNPs based conductive patterns on various substrates at room temperature and promote the manufacture of printed electronics.

Hybrid reactive distillation using polyoctylmethylsiloxane membrane for isopentyl acetate production from mixed PVA by products

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe transesterification of methyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol catalyzed by ionic liquids is a new environment‐friendly method for isopentyl acetate (iso‐AmAc) production, and also appropriate for the recovery of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) byproducts. Therefore, it is of great significance for iso‐AmAc production from PVA byproducts to explore alternative processes with the goal of improving the conversion of the chemical equilibrium reaction and energy efficiency, including reactive distillation (RD), dividing‐wall reactive distillation (RDWC) and pervaporation (PV)‐based hybrid reactive distillation.RESULTThis article proposed four novel reactive hybrid processes with feedstock of mixed PVA byproducts and made a comparison with two conventional processes of RD and RDWC in terms of the minimum total annual cost (TAC) and CO2 emissions. The results revealed that the RDWC‐PV can give a 35.61% saving in TAC and a 40.27% reduction in CO2 emissions compared with the RD, and the other three RD‐PV hybrid processes have less CO2 emissions and equivalent TAC compared with the RDWC.CONCLUSIONIn summary, all hybrid processes proposed were more energy‐saving and economical than the conventional RD, especially the RDWC‐PV, due to synergistic advantages of various process intensification methods. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Electrodes

High density energy storage is one of the current demands for sustaining renewable energy systems. This requires high charging and discharging rate, large power density and stability for prolong time of service. Several materials have been explored however none of them satisfy most or all of these requirements. Graphene oxide and Poly Vinyl Alcohol based nanocomposites have recently gained attention due to high mechanical stability. We have explored the use of Graphene Oxide – Poly Vinyl Alcohol nanocomposite as electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The oxygen containing groups in Graphene oxide enables the composite to store pseudo charge making it attractive for supercapacitor applications. Nanocomposite were synthesized by mixing poly vinyl alcohol and graphene oxide in solution phase. Electrochemical characterization shows that the Graphene Oxide – Poly Vinyl Alcohol has high specific capacitance and long life cycle, further they are ecofriendly, economical and hence potential candidates to be used as electrodes in supercapacitors.

Development of High Sensitivity Nuclear Emulsion and Fine Grained Emulsion

Nuclear emulsion is a particle detector having high spacial resolution and angular resolution. It became useful for large statistics experiment thanks to the development of automatic scanning system. In 2010, a facility for emulsion production was introduced and R&D of nuclear emulsion began at Nagoya university. In this paper, we present results of development of the high sensitivity emulsion and fine grained emulsion for dark matter search experiment. Improvement of sensitivity is achieved by raising density of silver halide crystals and doping well-adjusted amount of chemicals. Production of fine grained emulsion was difficult because of unexpected crystal condensation. By mixing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to gelatin as a binder, we succeeded in making a stable fine grained emulsion.

Applicability of the Impact Response Analysis Method for Reinforced Concrete Beams Mixed with Polyvinyl Alcohol Short Fibers

Abstract The impact-resistant capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) structures can be rationally upgraded by mixing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) short fibers into concrete. The static and dynamic post peak residual tensile strength of the concrete that occurs because of the bridge effects of PVA short fibers. In this paper, to establish a simple impact response analysis method for RC structures under impact loading, a method that treats PVA short fibers mixed into concrete as shell elements of PVA plates with an equivalent tensile strength to the post peak residual tensile strength of the concrete is proposed. The applicability of the method has been investigated by conducting a three-dimensional elastoplastic finite element analysis using LS-DYNA code and comparing the results with the falling-weight impact test results for RC beams. From this study, it was confirmed that the crack distributions and the failure mode of RC beams mixed with PVA short fibers can be predicted and that the effects of mixing PVA short fibers on improving the impact resistant capacity can be estimated by using the proposed numerical analysis method.